scholarly journals Problems of formation of the toxic hepatopathy forming in the conditions of chronic fluoride intoxication of the body

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 693-699
Author(s):  
Tatyana K. Yadykina ◽  
Nadezhda N. Mikhailova ◽  
Maria S. Bugaeva ◽  
Larisa G. Gorokhova ◽  
Vera V. Kislitsyna ◽  
...  

Introduction. Aluminium production is characterized by the accumulation of impurities of various toxic and chemical compositions in the air of working areas, the predominant among which are fluoride compounds. The accumulation of fluorides in the body causes the development of osteoarticular and associated systemic pathology. The aim of the study was to evaluate the hygienic and medico-biological features of toxic liver damage in the conditions of chronic fluoride intoxication of the body. Material and methods. The hygienic working conditions of the workers of the primary professions in aluminium production were evaluated. The analysis of hepatobiliary dysfunction based on clinical and instrumental methods was carried out in 263 subjects with fluoride intoxication and a comparison group of 116 persons. Experimental studies of the morpho-functional liver state in modelling chronic fluoride intoxication were carried out based on toxicological, biochemical, pathomorphological methods with histological analysis of tissues. The toxic properties of sodium fluoride were studied in 117 white laboratory male rats with its peroral route intake into the body. Results. The qualitative composition of the air in the working areas in the electrolysis building was analyzed. The prevalence of pathological disorders of the biliary tract in metallurgists engaged in aluminium production was assessed. Clinical studies revealed a significant prevalence of toxic fluoride hepatopathy, fatty hepatosis, cholecystitis and other disorders in the group of patients with chronic fluoride intoxication. The harmful effect of sodium fluoride on hepatocytes, vessels of the portal tract was shown in an experiment. Hyperfunction of the reticuloendothelial system, Kupffer cell proliferation, irreversible destruction of hepatocytes, necrosis against the background of severe dystrophy, and decreased synthetic activity of the liver were determined. Conclusion. The structure of occupational diseases in the workers engaged in the aluminium production is dominated by hepatobiliary pathology caused by toxic liver damage with fluoride confirmed by experimental data on destructive violations of its morphostructure.

Author(s):  
А.С. Казицкая ◽  
Т.К. Ядыкина ◽  
М.С. Бугаева ◽  
А.Г. Жукова ◽  
Н.Н. Михайлова ◽  
...  

В условиях непрерывного воздействия неблагоприятных факторов окружающей и производственной среды на человека особую актуальность приобретает изучение механизмов, поддерживающих гомеостаз организма. Длительное поступление фторидов в организм приводит к формированию хронической фтористой интоксикации, патогенез которой вызывает многочисленные споры и дискуссии. До сих пор недостаточно внимания уделяется изучению висцеральной патологии, обусловленной нарушениями иммунного статуса в условиях воздействия на организм соединений фтора. Практически отсутствуют исследования по изучению иммунной реактивности, определяющей морфофункциональный характер ответной реакции печени на ранних стадиях развития фтористой интоксикации. Цель работы - изучение действий патофизиологических механизмов иммунной реактивности печени при субхроническом действии на организм соединений фтора. Методика. Опыты проведены на 210 лабораторных крысах-самцах массой 180-220 г., разделенных на 2 группы: контрольную (n=80) и группу животных с субхроническим действием фторида натрия (n=130). Экспериментальные животные в течение 12 нед имели свободный доступ к водному раствору фторида натрия (концентрация 10 мг/л, что составляет суточную дозу фтора 1,2 мг/кг массы тела). Для изучения иммунологических и биохимических показателей забирали кровь из хвостовой вены через 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 нед от начала эксперимента. Для оценки состояния гуморального звена иммунитета определяли уровень сывороточных иммуноглобулинов (IgA, IgG, IgM) иммуноферментным анализом с помощью наборов реактивов ЗАО «Вектор-Бест» (Новосибирск). Уровень сывороточных цитокинов: TNF-α, IL-1β, 2, 4, 6, 10 определяли на анализаторе Multiskan EX методом иммуноферментного анализа с использованием наборов «Вектор Бест» (Новосибирск). Подсчет общего количества лейкоцитов произведен классическим способом в камере Горяева, анализ лейкоцитарной формулы - в окрашенных мазках периферической крови. Метаболические изменения оценивали по активности ферментов в ткани печени: щелочной фосфатазы (ЩФ), аланин- и аспартатаминотрансфераз (АЛТ, АСТ), лактатдегидрогеназы (ЛДГ), гаммаглутамилтранспептидазы (γ-ГТ). Активность ферментов определяли унифицированными методами с помощью наборов реактивов ЗАО «Вектор-Бест» (Новосибирск) на фотометре PM-750 (Германия). Гистологические исследования печени осуществляли после декапитации крыс, проводимой под эфирным наркозом. Результаты. Показано, что субхроническое воздействие фторида натрия сопровождается формированием внутриклеточных и внутрисосудистых повреждений печени. Активация медиаторов воспаления и развитие иммунологических нарушений в динамике эксперимента способствуют формированию системной воспалительной реакции, которая приводит к появлению стойких морфологических нарушений в печени и изменению активности ферментов основных метаболических путей. Заключение. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при разработке и проведении профилактических мероприятий в условиях воздействия на организм высоких концентраций фтора с последовательным применением детоксикационной, иммуномодуляторной и органопротекторной коррекции. Studying mechanisms, which maintain the body homeostasis, is particularly important in the conditions of continuous impact of adverse environmental and manufacturing factors. Long-term exposure to fluorides leads to chronic fluoric intoxication, the pathogenesis of which is a subject of multiple controversy and discussions. Not enough attention is still paid to elucidating the visceral pathology associated with fluorine-induced immune disorders. There are virtually no studies of immune reactions that define the morphofunctional nature of the liver response to early stages of fluoric intoxication. Aim. To study pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic immune reactivity in subchronic exposure of the body to fluorine compounds. Methods. Experiments were performed on 210 male rats weighing 180-220 g. The animals were divided into two groups: 1) control (n=80) and 2) subchronic exposure to sodium fluoride (n=130). The rats had free access to a 10 mg/l aqueous solution of sodium fluoride (daily dose, 1.2 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. Blood was withdrawn from the caudal vein at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks of the experiment for immunological and biochemical tests. Histological study of the liver was performed after decapitation of rats under ether anesthesia. Results. The subchronic exposure to sodium fluoride was associated with intracellular and intravascular damage of the liver. Activation of inflammatory mediators and development of immunological disorders during the experiment contributed to a systemic inflammatory reaction, which resulted in persistent morphological injuries of the liver and changes in enzyme activities in major metabolic pathways. Conclusion. The study results can be used for development and implementation of preventive measures against the effects of high fluorine concentrations, which would include a successive use of detoxification, immunomodulation and organ protection.


Author(s):  
Chanif Mahdi ◽  
Anna Zukiaturrahmah ◽  
Dyah Ayu Oktavianie Ardhiana Pratama ◽  
Putranty Widha Nugraheni

Liver has an important role in detoxification of toxins such as xenobiotic which could interfere the function of liver. Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic widely used,despite of its toxicity potentials. The enhancement of free radicals in the body could suppress antioxidant activity. Propolis of Trigona sp. has been known to contain very high amount of antioxidants. The enhanced serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in serum is used as marker of liver damage due to the increase of free radicals. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of Trigona sp. propolis ethanolic extract on SGOT and ALP levels in rats (Rattus novergicus) pretreated by chloramphenicol to induce liver damage. Test animals used for this research were male rats aged 8-12 weeks divided into five treatment groups: negative controlgroup (normal), positive control group (induced by 400 mg/kgBW chloramphenicol), first therapy group, second therapy group, third therapy group induced by chloramphenicol with and propolis extract with the dose of 8 mg, 16 mg, and 24 mg, respectively. Chloramphenicol was injected subcutaneously for 14 days, whereas propolis extract were administered orally for 21 days. The level of SGOT and ALP was determined using spectophotometry. The results showed that propolis extract could reduce levels of SGOT and ALP. Dose of 24 mg/kg was the effective dose to decrease levels of SGOT and ALP significantly (p<0.01). Hence, it may be concluded that the ethanol extract of propolis could be used as herbal therapy in rats model of liver damage.Keywords : ALP, liver, chloramphenicol, propolis, SGOT


Author(s):  
I.L. Kolisnyk

The study aimed at investigating the morphofunctional state of the pituitary gland in white rats under the subtoxic exposure to sodium fluoride. Mature male rats (N = 17), weighing 130-150 g, were intragastrically administered with aqueous solutions of sodium fluoride in a dose of 1/10 LD50 ranged from 20 mg / kg of body weight. The duration of the subacute experiment was 60 days. To assess the morphological rearrangement at the subcellular level of organization of the pituitary gland, electron microscopy was performed. The microscopic study revealed changes in the submicroscopic architecture resulted from dystrophic processes caused by the subtoxic exposure to sodium fluoride. Prolonged sodium fluoride intoxication led to a number of changes in the ultrastructure of the pituitary gland, manifested by the development of intracellular oedema, swelling of mitochondria, changes in the density of their matrix, partial reduction and loss of cristae, vacuolization and expansion of the cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in the number of primary lysosomes, in the redistribution of chromatin nucleus and a decrease in the number of ribosomes and glycogen granules. Hemocapillaries showed oedema of endothelial cells, uneven thickening of the basement membrane, vasodilatation with the development of stasis and sludge of erythrocytes. As in the vessels of the hypothalamus, the presence of fibrin and a significant number of platelets has been found. These changes indicate a disruption of bioenergetics associated with the mitochondrial apparatus and the development of hypoxic processes, which lead to a decrease in the activity of redox reactions occurring at the level of intracellular membranes and organelles.


Author(s):  
I. Yu. Bagmut ◽  
I. L. Kolisnyk

Summary. The pathogenesis of fluoride intoxication at the molecular, cellular and functional levels has not been sufficiently studied. There are very few modern data on these issues, so they are contradictory, since the effects of this trace element are multifaceted and cannot be characterized unambiguously. The aim of the study – to learn the state of the monooxygenase system of rat hepatocytes under conditions of the formation of fluoride intoxication. Materials and Methods. In the experiment, we used 30 sexually mature rats (N=30) of the Wistar population weighing 200–210 g for 1.5 months. Sodium fluoride solution was administered orally at doses of 1/10 DL50, which was 20 mg/kg of animal body weight. Results. The results of experiments on the study of oxygen consumption by rat liver microsomes under fluoride intoxication indicated that the rate of endogenous respiration of microsomes, the rate of NADPH oxidation, the rate of NADH oxidation in the presence of EDTA, and the rate of lipid peroxidation increase under the influence of fluorides. Sodium fluoride stimulated an increase in all parameters of microsomal oxidation, except for cytochrome b5. It should be assumed that in this case there is an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species, free radicals, which stimulate the development of free radical processes in the body and are, most likely, the leading link in oxidative stress. Conclusions. These changes indicate a violation of the bioenergetics of hepatocytes associated with the mitochondrial apparatus and the development of hypoxic processes, which lead to a decrease in the activity of redox reactions occurring at the level of intracellular membranes and organelles.


Author(s):  
Elvira Timeryanovna Valeeva ◽  
Guzel Fanisovna Mukhammadiyeva ◽  
Akhat Barievich Bakirov

Background: Exposure to numerous chemicals, including industrial ones, may result in liver damage. The body susceptibility to the environmental hazards largely depends on the activity of the enzymes in the xenobiotic detoxification system. Function abnormalities of such enzymes due to genetic variations would increase the risk of developing various diseases. Objective: To elucidate the relationship between polymorphism in glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) and the risk of toxic liver damage in a group of petrochemical workers. Methods: This study was conducted on 72 workers with toxic liver injury, 156 healthy workers, and 322 healthy individuals without history of occupational exposure to chemicals. Genotyping of the GSTP1 rs1695 gene polymorphism was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to perform genotyping of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes polymorphism. Results: There was a significant difference in genotype frequencies of the GSTP1 rs1695 gene polymorphism among the groups studied. The distribution of Val/Val genotype of the GSTP1 rs1695 gene polymorphism had a higher incidence in healthy workers compared with patients with toxic liver damage (p=0.036). No significant association was found between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and toxic liver damage. Conclusion: The GSTP1 rs1695 gene polymorphism can play a protective role in the development of toxic liver damage in petrochemical workers.


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-246
Author(s):  
Yu. S. Khramtsova ◽  
O. S. Artashyan ◽  
N. V. Tуumentseva ◽  
B. G. Yushkov ◽  
A. Yu. Bukharina

The aim of the study was to study the relationship between the condition of mast cells of testes and spermatogenesis in normal and with various types of testicular damage.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on male rats of the Wistar line. Two experimental models of testicular damage were used puncture and compression. Morphological and morphometric methods of investigation were used to study the relationship between spermatogenesis and mast cells. To assess the functional state of the testicles by chemiluminescence, a study was made of the level of total testosterone in the blood.Results. The similar destructive processes develop in the testicle with various injuries, characterized by the presence of necrotic tubules, seed balls, a decrease in the number of spermatogenic epithelial cells, an increase in the number of non-functioning tubules, and a change in a number of morphometric parameters. The reaction of mast cells to various types of damage is manifested in the enhancement of their functional activity. So after a puncture against the background of a decrease in the number of mast cells activation of their synthetic function occurs, while in squeezing the cells respond not only with an increase in functional activity, but also with an increase in their number in the organ.The conclusion. Disturbance of spermatogenesis in various injuries of the testis is accompanied by activation of the functional activity of mast cells, regardless of the nature of the damage. However, the increase in the number of mast cells in the body occurs only with the preservation of the blood–testis barrier. Since normal spermatogenesis is carried out against the background of a sufficiently high synthetic activity of mast cells, this reaction of increased synthesis and degranulation can be considered as compensatory.


2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
I.Yu. Bagmut ◽  
I.L. Kolisnyk ◽  
S.I. Kryzhna ◽  
A.V. Titkova ◽  
L.Yu. Svyrydenko

We calculated studied the state of the hormonal status in experimental animals under the influence of sodium fluoride in 45 adult rats (males and females) of the Wistar population, which were orally administered a solution of sodium fluoride at a rate of 20 mg / kg of weight daily in the morning on an empty stomach, under the model conditions of intoxication. The duration of the subacute experiment was 1.5 months, after which the animals were euthanized by decapitation. Comprehensive assessment of the hormonal status in white rats was carried out by radioisotope methods in the serum. The results showed reduced levels of folliculotropin and progesterone, increased levels of thyroxine, adrenocorticotropin, glucagon, triiodothyronine, thyrotropin and calcitonin, while insulin, somatostatin and serum glucose levels decreased. There was no change in the dynamics of the content of sex hormones - luteotropin, prolactin, testosterone compared with the control (P> 0.05). Furthermore, in the blood serum of rats, there was an increase in the levels of prostaglandin PGE2, prostacyclin (6 keto-PGF1a), leukotriene B4 and a decrease in the concentrations of prostaglandins PGE1, PGF2a and leukotriene C4. At all levels of the study of the endocrine system, deep shifts in the functional activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-cortical substance of the adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and sympatho-adrenal structures have been identified. Analysis of the detected changes in the hormonal status allows judging the nonspecific reaction of the body to fluoride intoxication and reflects the state of the protective-adaptive mechanisms, in which the hypothalamus, the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands play a large role. Changes in the dynamics of concentrations of hormones and histohormones reflected a significant stress of the protective-adaptive mechanisms, which, in terms of structural and functional units, led to disruption of metabolic processes, including those associated with the development of fluoride intoxication. Disruption of the balance of hormones and functioning of the endocrine organs and systems entails profound changes in the metabolic processes and the immunobiological reactivity of the organism, weakening the action of the protective-adaptive mechanisms in maintaining the homeostatic function.


2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (11) ◽  
pp. 1278-1282
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Yu. Khusnutdinova ◽  
Elvira F. Repina ◽  
Denis O. Karimov ◽  
Gulnara V. Timasheva ◽  
Tat’yana G. Yakupova ◽  
...  

Introduction. The formation of toxic liver damage is carried out with the participation of various mechanisms of pathological processes. Chemicals, drugs and alcohol play a significant role. Timely and correct selection of correction drugs will help reduce the risk of toxic organ damage. The aim of the study is a comparative assessment of the hepatoprotective activity of oxymethyluracil in the early stages of exposure to various toxic agents. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on male outbred white rats with a single injection of hepatotoxicants (carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol, ethanol) and a correction drug - oxymethyl uracil - followed by the study of biochemical parameters 1 and 3 days after the introduction of the chemical agent. Results. As a result of the studies carried out, it was found that specific metabolic changes are noted already one day after exposure to toxicants in the body of animals. Correction of tetrachloromethane and paracetamol intoxication with oxymethyl uracil leads to the normalization of the functional state of hepatocytes. Conclusion. Oxymethyl uracil exhibits hepatoprotective properties already in the early stages of acute toxic liver damage (1-3 days), being most effective in tetrachloromethane and paracetamol intoxication.


Author(s):  
M. S. Bugaeva ◽  
O. I. Bondarev ◽  
N. N. Mikhailova ◽  
L. G. Gorokhova

Introduction. The impact on the body of such factors of the production environment as coal-rock dust and fluorine compounds leads to certain shift s in strict indicators of homeostasis at the system level. Maintaining the relative constancy of the internal environment of the body is provided by the functional consistency of all organs and systems, the leading of which is the liver. Organ repair plays a crucial role in restoring the structure of genetic material and maintaining normal cell viability. When this mechanism is damaged, the compensatory capabilities of the organ are disrupted, homeostasis is disrupted at the cellular and organizational levels, and the development of the main pathological processes is noted.The aim of the study is to compare the morphological mechanisms of maintaining structural homeostasis of the liver in the dynamics of the impact on the body of coal-rock dust and sodium fluoride.Materials and methods. Experimental studies were conducted on adult white male laboratory rats. Features of morphological mechanisms for maintaining structural homeostasis of the liver in the dynamics of exposure to coal-rock dust and sodium fluoride were studied on experimental models of pneumoconiosis and fluoride intoxication. For histological examination in experimental animals, liver sampling was performed after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 weeks of the experiment.Results. The specificity of morphological changes in the liver depending on the harmful production factor was revealed. It is shown that chronic exposure to coal-rock dust and sodium fluoride is characterized by the development of similar morphological changes in the liver and its vessels from the predominance of the initial compensatory-adaptive to pronounced violations of the stromal and parenchymal components. Long-term inhalation of coal-rock dust at 1–3 weeks of seeding triggers adaptive mechanisms in the liver in the form of increased functional activity of cells, formation of double-core hepatocytes, activation of immunocompetent cells and endotheliocytes, ensuring the preservation of the parenchyma and the general morphostructure of the organ until the 12th week of the experiment. Exposure to sodium fluoride leads to early disruption of liver compensatory mechanisms and the development of dystrophic changes in the parenchyma with the formation of necrosis foci as early as the 6th week of the experiment.Conclusions. The study of mechanisms for compensating the liver structure in conditions of long-term exposure to coal-rock dust and sodium fluoride, as well as processes that indicate their failure, and the timing of their occurrence, is of theoretical and practical importance for developing recommendations for the timely prevention and correction of pathological conditions developing in employees of the aluminum and coal industry.The authors declare no conflict of interests.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-248
Author(s):  
I.Yu. Maklakova ◽  
◽  
V.V. Bazarniy ◽  
D.Yu. Grebnev ◽  
◽  
...  

The aim of this study was to study the effect of combined MMSC and HSC transplantation on liver regeneration under conditions of toxic carbon tetrachloride damage. Materials and methods. The study was performed on white male mice with toxic liver damage by intraperitoneal administration of carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 50 µl per mouse once. An hour after modeling liver damage, placental MMSCs and HSCs were administered intravenously at a dose of 4 million cells/kg and 330 thousand cells/kg, respectively, suspended in 0.2 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution. Control group animals were given 0.9% NaCl solution-0.2 ml intravenously. On days 1, 3, and 7 after cell transplantation, changes in inflammatory activity in the liver were evaluated, and mitotic and apoptotic indices were determined. On the 7th day after the introduction of cells, the activity of DNA repair enzymes of the PARP family was analyzed. Results. Combined MMSC and HSC transplantation leads to a decrease in the index of inflammatory activity in the liver due to a decrease in necrosis, hepatocyte dystrophy, and a decrease in infiltration. As a result of the study, an increase in the activity of PARP repair enzymes was found, which led to a decrease in programmed cell death. Also, cotransplantation of MMSCs and HSCs was accompanied by increased mitotic activity of hepatocytes. Conclusion. Cotransplantation of MMSCs and HSCs under conditions of toxic liver damage reduces the inflammatory response, stimulates the mitotic activity of hepatocytes, and increases the activity of enzymes of the DNA repair system. Activation of the liver's reparative system, in turn, reduces the programmed death of hepatocytes.


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