scholarly journals THE RULE OF DECENTRALIZATION EQUALS TO LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT? GENERAL REMARKS ON LOCAL DEMOCRACY IN THE U.S. AN INTRODUCTION TO NEW EXPLORATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Maćkowska
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Local Democracy ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
Local Structures ◽  
Managerial System ◽  
Local Levels ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Made In

This article refers to a problem of democracy at local levels in the United States. Decentralization of public administration in a federal state raises many questions about local-self government and local democracy. Therefore, a brief introduction is hereby presented, including the following aspects: status of local units, home rule charters, and the managerial system at a local level. When necessary, short references to continental solutions are made in order to explain specific American local structures. Historical determinants are also mentioned in order to illustrate that the U.S. system does not pose an ideal and universal democracy, but there are many provisions that should be considered as a pattern. It is especially significant in the aspect of civil society and its role in contemporary democracy.

scholarly journals Virulence and Molecular Analyses Support Asexual Reproduction of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the U.S. Pacific Northwest

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 1208-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cheng ◽  
X. M. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reproduction Mode ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Systematic Collection ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Made In

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, occurs every year and causes significant yield losses in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW). A large number of P. striiformis f. tritici races are identified every year and predominant races have changed rapidly. Barberry and mahonia plants, which have been identified under controlled conditions as alternate hosts for the fungus, are found in the region. However, whether sexual reproduction occurs in the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population under natural conditions is not clear. To determine the reproduction mode of the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population using virulence and molecular markers, a systematic collection of leaf samples with a single stripe of uredia was made in 26 fields in the PNW in 2010. In total, 270 isolates obtained from the PNW collection, together with 66 isolates from 20 other states collected in the same year, were characterized by virulence tests and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In total, 21 races and 66 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were detected, of which 15 races and 32 MLGs were found in the PNW. Cluster analysis with the SSR marker data revealed two genetic groups, which were significantly correlated to the two virulence groups. The analyses of genotype/individual ratio, multilocus linkage disequilibrium, and heterozygosity strongly supported asexual reproduction for the pathogen population in the PNW, as well as other regions of the United States.

Letter from President Northwood to the Office of the Director of the U.S.G.S. regarding the Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Information Program (30 CFR Part 252). Pertinent parts of this letter were also sent to the Acting Chief of the U.S.G.S. Conservation Division and to the Director of the Bureau of Land Management concerning 43 CFR Part 3300.

Geophysics ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 638-638
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Professional Organization ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Bureau Of Land Management ◽  
Outer Continental Shelf ◽  
Information Program ◽  
New Energy ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Made In

The Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) is the primary international professional organization for 11,000 geophysicists from over one hundred countries. About 7,300 members reside in the United States. Members of SEG carry out worldwide $1.1 billion of geophysical exploration annually in the search for petroleum, other minerals and other energy resources. About 50% of this expenditure is made in the U.S. and about 60% of the data acquired in the U.S. is offshore. Our members are one of this nation's primary sources of manpower and technology so vital in the critical search for new energy sources.

NASA in Chile: Technology and Branding of a Satellite-Tracking Station

Design Issues ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Pedro Ignacio Alonso ◽  
Hugo Palmarola
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Satellite Tracking ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Tracking Station ◽  
Radio Signals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Made In ◽  
Archaeological Perspective

In 1957 as part of the Minitrack Network, the U.S. Army installed a satellite-tracking station in Peldehue, Chile, intended to track radio signals from what was then the United States’ Vanguard project. With the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958, the station came under its new administration, becoming the subject of a process of rebranding that included the monumental installation of the agency insignia, a rounded slab made in concrete and tiles. By examining this object from a design and archaeological perspective - as it nowadays lays abandoned nearby its original location - this paper attempts to advance our understanding of the Chilean station in terms of its place within a much larger global network by analyzing it within the intersection of design, military economies, technologies, ideologies, and cultural and geospatial considerations.

scholarly journals The Spread of Anti-Union Business Coordination: Evidence from the Open-Shop Movement in the U.S. Interwar Period

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Kuo
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Open Shop ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
American Business ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Labor Literature ◽  
The U.S

What explains the development of repressive employer coordination? Classic historical American business and labor literature focuses on institutions of labor repression and employer associations, but little systematic examination of such associations exists, particularly during the interwar period. Similarly, recent political science literature on the origins of industrial institutions underemphasizes the importance of repressive employer associations. I use new quantitative subnational evidence from the U.S. interwar period, with data from the open-shop movement in the United States at the local level after World War I. I test a variety of families of hypotheses regarding variation in repressive employer coordination, with specific data measuring the threat posed by organized labor. I find that such threats posed by unions are correlated to repressive employer associations. The results have implications for understanding local-level variation in the business repression of labor movements in the early twentieth century and contribute to our understanding of labor repressive institutions and the incentives of firms to collectively act.

scholarly journals Regulatory and Policy Analysis of Production, Development and Use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekrem Korkut ◽  
Lara B. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Policy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Clean Fuels ◽  
The U.S

The United States, spurred in part by international developments, is expanding its law and policy to incentivize the use of sustainable aviation fuels. While the U.S. has agreed to participate in the International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO’s) Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), it has only recently adopted federal rules that define greenhouse gas emission reduction standards for certain classes of airplanes (effective January 2021). However, such standards focus on engine efficiency rather than the fuel burned. For sustainable aviation fuels, the U.S. continues to rely on voluntary programs at a federal, state, and regional level. The federal Renewable Fuel Standard program allows producers to opt in. In addition, states have started to allow sustainable aviation fuel producers to “opt in” to their programs; this includes California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard, Oregon’s Clean Fuels Program, and Washington’s newly adopted Clean Fuels Program. Other states are also starting to consider such programs. Elsewhere, states like Hawaii are starting to support SAF production in other ways, including through tax mechanisms. In addition, regional and private efforts to adopt and/or promote sustainable aviation fuels are underway. This piecemeal approach—due in part to the lack of cohesive U.S. federal policy—stands in contrast to the European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive and Emissions Trading System, and adoption of policies by European countries. Because of aviation’s international nature, tracking what is happening in Europe matters greatly for U.S. carriers. As the U.S. works to meet its international obligations through CORSIA, finding a way forward with sustainable aviation fuel in the United States may depend on a more defined federal policy. Actions taken by both the EU and European countries offers some guidance for actions that could be taken by the U.S. Even in the absence of more defined measures, better tracking of voluntary measures is a critical step.

scholarly journals Children Asylum Seekers Face Challenges in the United States

Refuge ◽  
2002 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Andrew Morton ◽  
Wendy A. Young
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Law ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asylum Policy ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Made In

This article outlines U.S. policy toward children asylum seekers. It highlights the gaps in U.S. detention and asylum policy which jeopardize the protection of children. It also discusses advances made in recent years, such as issuance of the U.S. “Guidelines for Children’s Asylum Claims” which establish evidentiary, procedural, and legal standards for asylum adjudicators dealing with children’s claims. Finally, it suggests reforms that are necessary to bring the United States into compliance with international law and to ensure that children are provided the refuge they deserve.

NATO's Northern Front: Developments and Prospects

1982 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-205
Author(s):  
Dov S. Zakheim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Economic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Defense Spending ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
Warsaw Pact ◽  
The North ◽  
Warning Time ◽  
The U.S

Beginning in the mid-1970s, a number of observers of the so-called Nordic balance began to draw attention to the growing imbalance in NATO and Warsaw Pact capabilities in the region. The U.S.-Norwegian prestocking arrangement was one NATO response to the limited warning time for a Soviet move to cut off the North Cape area. Whereas Norway, in conjunction with the United States, is currently in the midst of a major effort to restore the credibility of its northernmost defenses, Denmark has been amongst the most reluctant of Alliance members to increase its level of defense spending. Furthermore, Greenland's home rule represents another complication. Given Greenland's clear determination to go its own way in international economic affairs, it is important to assess whether it might do the same on defense matters. Greenland's importance to NATO is often overlooked but cannot be overstated. Finland's neutrality and Sweden's more forceful armed neutrality permit NATO to adopt a posture which does not impose upon Denmark and Norway the burden of hosting foreign troops upon their soil.

Domestic “Dogs of War” Unleashed

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelton Stromquist
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Municipal Politics ◽  
Strike Activity ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Housing Shortages

Municipal politics offers an opportunity to assess the impact of the Great War on the lives of workers in Australia and the United States and the fortunes of labor and socialist parties. Although both countries lay on the periphery of the European conflict, each contributed significant manpower and economic resources to the war effort. Each also faced the disruptive impact of the war on their economies. Locally soaring prices, spot unemployment, housing shortages, and the loss of breadwinners’ income put great stress on working-class families that labor and socialist parties sought to address. In the pre-war period, these parties in both countries contested for power in cities but more successfully in the United States, despite limits on municipal home rule. A pre-war surge in strike activity was also more intense in the United States. These circumstances shaped the local politics of the war years in which locally mobilized anticonscription and antiwar activity in Australia surged at the local level. In the United States, urban elites successfully used socialist opposition to the war to severely repress and ultimately disable socialists’ capacity to maintain their pre-war strength in cities. As a consequence, while US socialists’ gains eroded during and after the war, in Australia successful local mobilization against conscription enabled the Labor Party to make gains in municipal as well as state and national politics. The war dramatically changed the political landscape for labor and socialists in both countries—for the worse in the United States and for the better in Australia.

George Taylor and the War Labor Board, 1942–45

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-49
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Schatz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Labor Management ◽  
Vice Chairman ◽  
The U.S

During World War II, the National War Labor Board served as the industrial equivalent of the U.S. Supreme Court, issuing edicts of highly contentious labor-management disputes, and the Regional War Labor Boards and the board’s national staff resolved thousands of disputes at the local level and in specific industries. This chapter explains how the national and regional boards succeeded. It focuses on George W. Taylor, the NWLB’s vice chairman and mentor of the Labor Board staff, and Regional War Labor Board III headquartered in Philadelphia and chaired by Sylvester Garrett. It challenges earlier interpretations by Lichtenstein, Stone, Lynd, and others that the NWLB undermined unions and hurt workers. The opposite is more accurate. The board prevented Congress from passing draconian anti-union legislation, protected unions, helped the unions acquire many more members, and helped the United States produce the arms and other materiel needed to defeat the Axis powers.

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