Comparing the Effect of Fast Tempo Music and Slow Tempo Music During Aerobic Exercise on Cardiovascular Endurance in Overweight Adolescents

Temporal expectation is the ability to focus attention at a particular moment in time to optimize performance, which has been shown to be driven by regular rhythms. However, whether the rhythm-based temporal expectations rely upon automatic processing or require the involvement of controlled processing has not been clearly established. Furthermore, whether the mechanism is affected by tempo remains unknown. To investigate this research question, the present study used a dual-task procedure. In a single task, the participants were instructed to respond to a visual target preceded by a regular or an irregular visual rhythm under a fast (500 ms) or slow (3,500 ms) tempo. The dual-task simultaneously combined a working memory (WM) task. The results showed temporal expectation effects in which the participants responded faster to the regular than to the irregular conditions in a single task. Moreover, this effect persisted under dual-task interference in the fast tempo condition but was impaired in the slow tempo condition. These results revealed that rhythmic temporal expectation induced by fast tempo was dependent on automatic processing. However, compared with the faster tempo, temporal expectation driven by a slower tempo might involve more controlled processing.

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Differences between Tempos of Step Error and Postural Sway in the Stipulated Tempo Step Test for Children and Their Relationships

World Journal of Education ◽

10.5430/wje.v11n6p31 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

Hiroki Aoki ◽

Shin-ichi Demura ◽

Kenji Takahashi ◽

Hiroshi Hirai

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Path Length ◽

Postural Sway ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Step Test ◽

Total Path Length ◽

Fast Tempo ◽

Balance Ability ◽

Path Lengths ◽

Slow Tempo

Recently, to evaluate dynamic balance ability, a stipulated tempo step test has been developed, and a step error between tempo and contact time of feet has been used as an evaluation variable. The step error, postural sway, and their relationships may differ between the slow tempo (40 bpm) and fast tempo (120 bpm). This study aimed to examine the aforementioned problem with 62 participant children (30 boys and 32 girls). The step error and postural sway variables (X-axis path length, Y-axis path length, total path length, peripheral area, and rectangular area) during stepping while matching both tempos were measured. Means of one minute and three intervals (0–20 sec, 20–40 sec, and 40–60 sec) for each variable were calculated in both tempos. The results of the paired t-test showed that means of all variables were larger in the 40 bpm tempo than in the 120 bpm tempo. In the multiple comparison tests after the results of the two-way repeated measures ANOVA, the means of three intervals in all variables were larger in the 40 bpm tempo than in the 120 bpm tempo; the means of the sway variables, excluding that of the X-axis path length, in the 40 bpm tempo were larger in the 0–20 sec interval than in the 20–40 sec interval or the 40–60 sec interval. Correlations between step errors and those between the step error and sway variables of both tempos were insignificant or under moderation. The correlations between the step error and sway variables in both tempos were insignificant or significant but low, and those among sway variables were high, except between the X- and Y-axis path lengths. The relationship between both axis path lengths differed according to the tempo. In conclusion, in the case of the stipulated tempo step test targeting children, the slow tempo has a greater step error and postural sway than the fast tempo, and the sway in the early step stage is greater in the slow tempo. The relationships between step errors and between the step error and sway variables of both tempos are low; hence, the ability related to the test may differ in both tempos. The relationships among sway variables in both tempos are high, except between the X- and Y-axis path lengths.

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The Effects of Rhythm Training on Tennis Performance

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/v10078-012-0051-3 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 123-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mustafa Söğüt ◽

Sadettin Kirazci ◽

Feza Korkusuz

Keyword(s):

University Students ◽

Training Group ◽

The Other ◽

Measurement Instruments ◽

Experimental Procedure ◽

Tennis Players ◽

Training Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fast Tempo ◽

Slow Tempo

The Effects of Rhythm Training on Tennis PerformanceRhythm training is an integral part of sports. The purposes of the study were to analyze the effects of rhythm training on tennis performance and rhytmic competence of tennis players, to compare the improvement levels of tennis specific and general rhythm training and to examine the effects of shorter and longer tempos on rhythmic competence. Thirty university students whose mean score of International Tennis Number (ITN) was 7.3 (±0.9) were divided randomly into three sub-groups: Tennis Group, General Rhythm Training Group and Tennis-Specific Rhythm Training Group. The experimental procedure lasted 8 weeks. During this period, all groups had the same tennis training twice a week. The Tennis Group had regular tennis training sessions. In addition to regular tennis training sessions, the General Rhythm Training Group followed the general rhythm training sessions and the Tennis-Specific Rhythm Training Group had tennis-specific rhythm training. The measurement instruments were ITN, Rhythmic Competence Analysis Test and Untimed Consecutive Rally Test. The results indicated that participation in tennis-specific or general rhythm training resulted in progress in tennis playing levels, forehand consistency performance and rhythmic competence of the participants. On the other hand, attendance to the regular 8-week tennis training was enough to solely increase the tennis playing level but not sufficient to develop forehand consistency performance and rhythmic competence. Although the participants in the TRTG had better improvement scores than the ones in the GRTG, no significant difference was found between the rhythm training groups. The results also revealed that participants exhibited higher rhythmic competence scores on fast tempo compared to slow tempo.

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Effects of Aerobic Exercise, Resistance Exercise or Both on Percent Body Fat in Overweight Adolescents: The HEARTY Trial

Canadian Journal of Diabetes ◽

10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.08.025 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. S9-S10

Author(s):

Ronald J. Sigal ◽

Angela S. Alberga ◽

Gary S. Goldfield ◽

Glen P. Kenny ◽

Stasia Hadjiyannakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Exercise ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Body Fat ◽

Percent Body Fat ◽

Overweight Adolescents

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Physiological effects of a technology-based music-making program in skilled nursing residents

American Journal of Recreation Therapy ◽

10.5055/ajrt.2013.0050 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 25-33

Author(s):

Brigid Lyons, BS, CTRS ◽

Rhonda Nelson, PhD, CTRS ◽

Pei-Chun Hsieh, PhD, CTRS

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Nursing Home Residents ◽

Future Research ◽

Significant Elevation ◽

Recreation Therapy ◽

Skilled Nursing ◽

Music Making ◽

Fast Tempo ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Slow Tempo

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a technology-based music-making intervention (the Beamz) in elevating heart rate and producing a relaxation response in skilled nursing home residents. Using a quasi-experimental counterbalanced design, results indicated that this brief intervention produced a statistically significant elevation in heart rate and systolic blood pressure when played at a fast tempo. Heart rate was also significantly elevated when slow tempo music was used. In addition, participants reported a statistically lower level of relaxation following the slow tempo session and expressed that they found this new activity intervention enjoyable. Implications of findings and future research possibilities using technology-based music-making interventions in recreation therapy practice are discussed.

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Effects of Music Pitch and Tempo on the Behaviour of Kennelled Dogs

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11010010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Veronica Amaya ◽

Kris Descovich ◽

Mandy B. A. Paterson ◽

Clive J. C. Phillips

Keyword(s):

White Noise ◽

Internal State ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Piano Music ◽

Sensory Sensitivity ◽

Structural Rules ◽

Fast Tempo ◽

Slow Tempo ◽

Different Characteristics ◽

And Control

Confinement can be stressful for some dogs and this can lead to behavioural issues and poor welfare. A key component of the stress response is behavioural arousal, characterised by increased alertness and sensory sensitivity. This makes behavioural observations a useful tool to assess stress, as they provide insight into an animal’s internal state. Auditory enrichment has been shown to reduce arousal-related behaviour in dogs, but it is not clear if specific characteristics of a music track, such as tempo and/or pitch, produce these effects. The aim of this study was to compare behavioural responses of dogs to music tracks played with different characteristics (high pitch, low pitch, fast tempo, and slow tempo), as well as white noise and a control. Pitch and tempo modifications were applied to ten piano music songs and the six treatments (four different treatment-song combinations, white noise, and control) were presented daily, for ten minutes each, to ten dogs over ten days. Behavioural changes seemed to be driven by low-pitch tracks, which increased the level of alertness of the dogs. These findings could be related to the Morton’s motivations-structural rules: harsh, low frequency vocalisations signal aggressive motivations in mammals. Dogs may have perceived low-pitch tracks as more unsettling and were therefore more active and alert when listening to them.

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A stressful task is when to turn off the music: Effect of music on task performance mediated by cognitive effort

Psychology of Music ◽

10.1177/0305735621996027 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 030573562199602

Author(s):

Ana Arboleda ◽

Christian Arroyo ◽

Brayan Rodriguez ◽

Carlos Arce-Lopera

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Task Performance ◽

Cognitive Effort ◽

Task Characteristics ◽

Decision Making Process ◽

Web Interface ◽

Fast Tempo ◽

Stressful Task ◽

Slow Tempo ◽

And Task

Studies on the effect of music on task performance are contradictory about this relationship’s direction and valence. Task characteristics may be accounting for these inconclusive findings. Thus, this study employs effort to mediate music’s effect on task performance (objective and perceived) under a stressful decision-making process. This is a between-group experiment with three conditions: slow-tempo music, fast-tempo music, or no music. We designed a computer web interface, where participants did a stressful task. Results demonstrated that participants made a strong effort under the conditions with music. Hence, turning the music off under stressful activities is favorable in terms of performance. The article contributes to understanding the interaction between music and task performance, expanding the discussion within a stressful task.

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PENGARUH MUSIK DENGAN TEMPO CEPAT & LAMBAT TERHADAP ATENSI MAHASISWA

MANASA ◽

10.25170/manasa.v8i2.1957 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 52-61

Author(s):

Christ Billy Aryanto ◽

Rhesa Megananda

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Cognitive Process ◽

Pop Music ◽

Subject Design ◽

Starting Point ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fast Tempo ◽

Contrast Analysis ◽

Slow Tempo ◽

And Control

This study aims to investigate the effect of listening to music with fast and slow tempo onundergraduate student’s attention. Music is used to accompany students in carrying out activitiesin daily life. The results of previous studies have shown that music can be a distraction when theywere doing their work, but other studies have shown that music has no effect on attention. Attentionis the first stage in the cognitive process, which is the starting point for a person’s cognitiveproesses to finally create a memory. In this study, an experiment with within-subject design wascarried out by listening to music with a different tempo when doing an attention test. Fourteenundergraduate students aged 21-23 years were involved in this study by completing 3 forms ofConcentration Grid Test in 3 different conditions, namely while listening to instrumental popmusic with fast tempo, slow tempo, and in a silence. The results of repeated measures ANOVAshowed that there was an effect of tempo on students’ attention with F(2.26) = 6.84, p<0.05. Theresults of the contrast analysis showed that participants who listened to instrumental pop musicwith a slow tempo had a significantly higher score that fast tempo (t = 3.433, p<0.01) and control(t = 2.908, p<0.01), but fast tempo instrumental pop music has no significant difference withcontrol (t = 0.525, p = 0.604). Thus, slow tempo music can increase the attention, but instrumentalpop music with fast tempo does not distract the students.

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Contributions to music play selection for music therapy on the patients with hypertension and coronary

Romanian Medical Journal ◽

10.37897/rmj.2016.3.10 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 237-242

Author(s):

Alexandru Chiţu ◽

◽

Ioan Bradu Iamandescu ◽

Keyword(s):

Music Therapy ◽

Classical Music ◽

Statistical Processing ◽

Hypotensive Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Fast Tempo ◽

Coronary Patients ◽

Selection For ◽

Slow Tempo ◽

Selection Of

In one tentative selection of music songs for music therapy for the hypertensive and coronary patients, the authors tried to evaluate the predilection for this patients for one music with fast tempo which is contraindicate because the activation of sympathetic tone with hypotensive effect and with increasing myocardial oxygen consumption effect. Preferences for fast or slow tempo music were evaluated in 200 subjects (four groups of patients: hypertension, coronary heart disease, non-cardiac + a control group of healthy subjects). The attractiveness of the subjects investigated for music was performed by awarding marks from 1 to 10 couples of the 6 songs heard (fast vs. slow). Statistical processing of differences between the averages of 4 groups showed significantly increased preference for fast music group coronary (p <0.01) and hypertension (p <0.05). The opinion of the authors is to advise these patients to listen predominant cardiac slow classical music (especially baroque, with major psychological relaxing effects but also having the effect of decreasing sympathetic hypertension.

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Music Tempo and Perception of Time: Musically Trained vs Nontrained Individuals

Timing & Time Perception ◽

10.1163/22134468-bja10042 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Miria N. Plastira ◽

Marios N. Avraamides

Keyword(s):

Musical Training ◽

Time Estimation ◽

Reproduction Task ◽

Critical Variable ◽

Equal Duration ◽

Fast Tempo ◽

Perception Of Time ◽

Slow Tempo

Abstract In this experiment we explored the effect of music tempo on the perception of time. Musically trained and nontrained participants carried out a reproduction task with music clips of various durations and tempos. Results revealed that the reproduced durations were longer for fast-tempo music clips than for slow-tempo music clips of equal duration. In addition, short clips were more accurately reproduced compared to longer stimuli. Notably, the error in reproducing the duration of a stimulus was overall lower for musically trained than nontrained participants, but more so for short than long clips. Finally, the accuracy in estimating the duration of the music clips correlated positively with years of musical training, further suggesting that musical training is a critical variable for time estimation.

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