The Impact of the District’s Magnitude on the Gender Composition of the Municipal Deputy Corps

2021 ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Ruslan S. Mukhametov
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Electoral District ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The purpose of the study is to explain the difference in the proportion of women deputies in the representative bodies of different municipalities. The author assesses the impact of the electoral districts size on the gender composition of municipal legislative bodies (dumas). A review of theoretical and empirical works shows that more women are elected to Parliament under the proportional representation system than under the majority system with single-mandate constituencies. According to the author, the decisive factor is not the type of the electoral system, but the size of the electoral district. Two working hypotheses were formulated. According to the first, representative bodies of municipalities, whose elections are held according to a majority system with multi-member districts, will have a higher representation of women than local dumas which are formed on the basis of a majority system with single-member districts. According to the second hypothesis, higher representation of women in the deputy corps of settlements can be associated with the holding of elections under the majority system with multi-mandate districts. To test the proposed hypotheses in the context of municipalities, empirical material was collected. The study was carried out on the data from the Sverdlovsk region. The database of indicators of municipalities of Rosstat, as well as the official websites of local administrations were used as the source of information. The method of multiple linear regression is used as the main research method. The data was analyzed with the Gretl applied statistical program. Statistical calculations have revealed a positive and statistically significant impact of multi-mandate constituencies-based elections on the proportion of women in the deputy corps, which contributes to the study of gender aspects of politics. It is shown that the size of the electoral district is important for the representation of women in the city councils. The article notes that the transition to holding elections of deputies on the basis of a majority system with multi-mandate districts will help increase the proportion of women in municipal representative bodies.

scholarly journals City Elections in Kuban (Spring — Autumn 1919)

2021 ◽  
pp. 497-515
Author(s):  
A. A. Chemakin
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Editorial Office ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Electoral Law ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to the elections to the city councils of the Kuban Territory, which took place in the spring and autumn of 1919. The author dwells in detail on the Kuban electoral law, according to which, for the first time in Russia, a rather rare electoral system — раnаchage — was used, and on the results of its application. Election campaigns in Yekaterinodar and other cities of the region are considered, the results of voting and the composition of councillors are analyzed. By the example of Yekaterinodar, the difference in electoral preferences of residents of “bourgeois” and “proletarian” regions is shown, as well as the influence of the educational and property level, occupation on the political preferences of the townspeople. Special attention is paid to the story of the murder in the editorial office of the newspaper “Utro Yuga”, which was caused by the struggle between moderately socialist electoral associations, and one of the immediate reasons was S. Ya. Marshak's election poems. The general results of the elections show that in most cities of the region the victory was won by the “right” homeowners' lists, but the author believes that the reason for this was not so much a change in the mood of the masses as the absenteeism of the left and centrist electorate.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Impact of Floods on Housing Price Using a Spatial Matching Difference-In-Differences (SM-DID) Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 804
Author(s):  
Jean Dubé ◽  
Maha AbdelHalim ◽  
Nicolas Devaux
Keyword(s):  
Housing Price ◽  
Hedonic Pricing ◽  
Environmental Amenities ◽  
Sale Price ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Hedonic Pricing Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Many applications have relied on the hedonic pricing model (HPM) to measure the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for urban externalities and natural disasters. The classic HPM regresses housing price on a complete list of attributes/characteristics that include spatial or environmental amenities (or disamenities), such as floods, to retrieve the gradients of the market (marginal) WTP for such externalities. The aim of this paper is to propose an innovative methodological framework that extends the causal relations based on a spatial matching difference-in-differences (SM-DID) estimator, and which attempts to calculate the difference between sale price for similar goods within “treated” and “control” groups. To demonstrate the potential of the proposed spatial matching method, the researchers present an empirical investigation based on the case of a flood event recorded in the city of Laval (Québec, Canada) in 1998, using information on transactions occurring between 1995 and 2001. The research results show that the impact of flooding brings a negative premium on the housing price of about 20,000$ Canadian (CAN).

Quantifying changes in bicycle volumes using crowdsourced data

2022 ◽  
pp. 239980832110661
Author(s):  
Ali Al-Ramini ◽  
Mohammad A Takallou ◽  
Daniel P Piatkowski ◽  
Fadi Alsaleem
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crowdsourced Data ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
Bicycle Infrastructure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Most cities in the United States lack comprehensive or connected bicycle infrastructure; therefore, inexpensive and easy-to-implement solutions for connecting existing bicycle infrastructure are increasingly being employed. Signage is one of the promising solutions. However, the necessary data for evaluating its effect on cycling ridership is lacking. To overcome this challenge, this study tests the potential of using readily-available crowdsourced data in concert with machine-learning methods to provide insight into signage intervention effectiveness. We do this by assessing a natural experiment to identify the potential effects of adding or replacing signage within existing bicycle infrastructure in 2019 in the city of Omaha, Nebraska. Specifically, we first visually compare cycling traffic changes in 2019 to those from the previous two years (2017–2018) using data extracted from the Strava fitness app. Then, we use a new three-step machine-learning approach to quantify the impact of signage while controlling for weather, demographics, and street characteristics. The steps are as follows: Step 1 (modeling and validation) build and train a model from the available 2017 crowdsourced data (i.e., Strava, Census, and weather) that accurately predicts the cycling traffic data for any street within the study area in 2018; Step 2 (prediction) use the model from Step 1 to predict bicycle traffic in 2019 while assuming new signage was not added; Step 3 (impact evaluation) use the difference in prediction from actual traffic in 2019 as evidence of the likely impact of signage. While our work does not demonstrate causality, it does demonstrate an inexpensive method, using readily-available data, to identify changing trends in bicycling over the same time that new infrastructure investments are being added.

scholarly journals Electoral competition in the elections of the representative local self-government bodies in Chelyabinsk: before and after the 2014 reform

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 69-82
Author(s):  
Oleg Vydrin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electoral Competition ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Municipal Elections ◽  
Agent Model ◽  
Observation Units ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Principal Agent Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

Introduction. The article examines the dynamics of electoral competition over four electoral cycles from 2005 to 2019 as exemplified by forming representative bodies of local self-government in the city of Chelyabinsk. Particular attention is paid to the impact that the transition of Chelyabinsk to a twotier model of forming local self-government bodies in 2014 had on the electoral competition. The purpose of the paper is to study the dynamics of electoral competition in municipal elections in Chelyabinsk before and after the 2014 reform. Methods. The empirical basis of the study is the database “Electoral competition in the elections of municipal deputies of Chelyabinsk (2005—2019)”, which includes 414 observation units. The analysis of the empirical material is carried out according to the method of G.V. Golosov’s triangle of relative sizes, proposed for classifying party systems and adapted for analyzing elections in single-mandate constituencies. Scientific novelty. The author suggests a methodology for analyzing electoral competition in singlemandate constituencies. For the first time, the phenomenon of “controlled competition” is analyzed on the basis of 4 municipal elections cycles. Results. The analysis makes it possible to speak about fluctuations in electoral competition, its decline in 2009 and 2014 compared to the 2005 elections and increasing by the 2019 elections Conclusions. The “controlled competition” was formed in Chelyabinsk in the period preceding the reform of 2014. The reform introduced a level of local self-government, the effectiveness and necessity of which is not obvious with the existing design of the electoral system. In the course of the reform, the principal-agent model of relations between local self-government bodies and state authorities was finally consolidated. The reform contributed to conserving the “controlled competition”.

scholarly journals Does Subway Station Proximity Spur Residential Development? Analyzing The Impact Of The Sheppard Subway Line On Housing Development In The City Of Toronto.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyson Naseer
Keyword(s):  
Residential Development ◽  
Subway Station ◽  
Dissemination Area ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Subway Stations ◽  
Statistics Canada ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This study examines the pace and scale of residential development within a 1-kilometer radius of subway stations along the Sheppard Subway line within the City of Toronto during the years 1991-2016. The dataset used for this study was obtained from Statistics Canada that contained data on the number of housing units per dissemination area within a 1-kilometer radius of a subway station in addition to several variables used for analysis. The difference- in-differences method was used, findings indicated insignificant results meaning the Sheppard Subway Line did not spur residential development at a rate faster than the one observed for the Sheppard West corridor. This was further proved by examining the pace of development during the pre-treated and post-treated period amongst both the treated and control groups, findings indicated that both groups received similar amounts of residential growth, such that the difference in residential construction between the two corridors was statistically insignificant.

scholarly journals Study of Perceived Accessibility in Daily Travel within the Metropolis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 868-883
Author(s):  
Anastasia Vladimirovna Lukina ◽  
Roman Roaldovich Sidorchuk ◽  
Sergey Vladimirovich Mkhitaryan ◽  
Anastasia Alexeevna Stukalova ◽  
Irina Ivanovna Skorobogatykh
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Transport Accessibility ◽  
Synthetic Index ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Social Demographic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The growth of metropolises and the number of vehicles cruising within their boundaries creates a permanent problem of dissatisfaction with transport accessibility. This study aims to identify the difference between perceived (PA) and objective (OA) transport accessibility. For its implementation, it was necessary: to explore PA between different residential areas and travel modes, reveal the influence of the travel regime on the PA, compare the impact of social-demographic factors on the individuals' PA. The research methodology is based on a large cross-sectional study with 2,275 respondents. A quota sample was used for 12 administrative districts of the Moscow metropolis. The data was processed by IBM SPSS Statistics 20 statistical program to obtain descriptive statistics indicators. Correlation analysis of the respondent's answers to the four items for PA assessment was performed to assess the relationship between the results of the solutions. Next, a synthetic index of PA was calculated and analyzed differences using the integral index PA. The relationship significance was assessed using F-criterion-based one-way ANOVA. The novelty of our study is as follows: it contributes to previous research on the possibility of measuring perceived affordability in metropolitan areas and benchmarking OA and RA. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01316 Full Text: PDF

The Disclosure of Quality on Tourism Performance: Evidence from Top Tourist Cities in China

2020 ◽  
pp. 004728752095454
Author(s):  
Yanyan Gao ◽  
Wei Su
Keyword(s):  
County Level ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Tourism Promotion ◽  
City Tourism ◽  
Quality Disclosure ◽  
Heterogeneity Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tourism Economy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This article takes advantage of the designation of top tourist cities in China to estimate the impact of quality disclosure on the city tourism economy. According to theories regarding quality disclosure and certification, we develop a tourism promotion hypothesis for the designation, which is then tested with panel data from China’s 284 prefectural-level cities between 2000 and 2015. The difference-in-differences approach shows that gaining the designation increases both domestic and inbound tourism revenues, which is robust to various specifications. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the tourism promotion effect only persists for about three years, decreases over time, is smaller in developed areas, and is less salient for multiple or county-level designations.

scholarly journals MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY DUE TO AIDS: A STUDY OF BURDEN OF DISEASE AT A MUNICIPAL LEVEL

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane DA SILVA ◽  
Victoria RAMOS ◽  
Helena Caetano Gonçalves DA SILVA ◽  
Jefferson TRAEBERT
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Introduction: The purpose of measuring the burden of disease involves aggregating morbidity and mortality components into a single indicator, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY), to measure how much and how people live and suffer the impact of a disease. Objective: To estimate the global burden of disease due to AIDS in a municipality of southern Brazil. Methods: An ecological study was conducted in 2009 to examine the incidence and AIDS-related deaths among the population residing in the city of Tubarao, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Data from the Mortality Information System in the National Health System was used to calculate the years of life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality. The calculation was based on the difference between a standardized life expectancy and age at death, with a discount rate of 3% per year. Data from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases were used to calculate the years lived with disability (YLD). The DALY was estimated by the sum of YLL and YLD. Indicator rates were estimated per 100,000 inhabitants, distributed by age and gender. Results: A total of 131 records were examined, and a 572.5 DALYs were estimated, which generated a rate of 593.1 DALYs/100,000 inhabitants. The rate among men amounted to 780.7 DALYs/100,000, whereas among women the rate was 417.1 DALYs/100,000. The most affected age groups were 30-44 years for men and 60-69 years for women. Conclusion: The burden of disease due to AIDS in the city of Tubarao was relatively high when considering the global trend. The mortality component accounted for more than 90% of the burden of disease.

scholarly journals Representation and Rights: The Impact of LGBT Legislators in Comparative Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW REYNOLDS
Keyword(s):  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
National Parliaments ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Government Ideology ◽  
Bisexual And Transgender ◽  
Lgbt People ◽  
The Impact ◽  
National Legislatures ◽  
The Relationship

This article focuses on the link between the representation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in national legislatures and the existence of equality laws focused on sexual orientation. It addresses three interrelated questions: how many “out” LGBT legislators have served in national parliaments, what explains the cross-national variation in their legislative presence, and what is the relationship between the presence of gay legislators and the enactment of laws that treat gay and straight citizens equally? There is an established literature arguing that the representation of women and ethnic minorities “descriptively” in national legislatures improves the realization of their policy preferences and the position of the group within the society as a whole. This article draws on that literature and extends the analysis to LGBT communities. It finds that the presence of even a small number of openly gay legislators is associated significantly with the future passage of enhanced gay rights, even after including controls for social values, democracy, government ideology, and electoral system design. Once openly gay legislators are in office they have a transformative effect on the views and voting behavior of their straight colleagues. This “familiarity through presence” effect is echoed in studies of U.S. state legislatures and levels of social tolerance of homosexuality in the population at large.

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