scholarly journals THE CONCEPT OF FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 288 (6) ◽  
pp. 216-220
Author(s):  
Y. Bushynskiy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Capital ◽  
Location Factors ◽  
The Real ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Individual System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Real Investment

The different characteristics that describe individual regions lead to significant differences in the ability to raise capital in the form of investment in the regional structure. This is largely determined by factors that are taken into account in the process of localization of investment by potential investors (also from abroad), more broadly identified with localization factors or synthesized using the index of investment attractiveness. It was substantiated that investors ’decisions are influenced by a number of subjective factors that are quite difficult to measure, and they express an individual system of preferences, partly determined by the investor’s knowledge, including the image of the region. It was proposed during the analysis of investment attractiveness of the region to determine the real investment attractiveness, which should be interpreted from the standpoint of “popularity” of investing in a particular sphere. Since the region is able to absorb financial and physical capital in the form of investment, the definition by analyzing the value of investment in enterprises or foreign direct investment allowed to identify the disadvantage of this approach as an opportunity to analyze attractiveness based on ex post investment in contrast to the ex ante approach. It also established that the real investment attractiveness can be assessed on the basis of past investments and thus select the region that attracted the most of them, and relatively symptomatic variables can be indicated, the increase of which will indicate increasing attractiveness. It was proposed to divide location factors into “hard” and “soft” by the nature of the impact, which correspondently will allow identifying directly with the cost of doing business and income and – the subjective feelings of investors and their internal value system.

scholarly journals Election Interference: The Real Harm and The Only Solution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens David Ohlin
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The Real ◽  
Counter Measures ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Clinton Presidency ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
The Impact

Although politicians and intelligence analysts have criticized Russian interference in the 2016 and 2018 elections, international lawyers seem to be at a loss for how to understand the particular harm posed by this interference. In addition to the hacking of email accounts and disclosure of private information, the most salient aspect of the interference was the use of social media platforms, including Twitter and Facebook, to sow division and heighten nativist tendencies within the electorate. Strictly speaking, the goal of the 2016 interference was to delegitimize a potential Clinton presidency or to help elect Donald Trump as president. But far more important was the method used to accomplish these goals: the impersonation of American citizens during participation in the political process. This latter development points to the real harm of election interference, which has less to do with sovereignty and more to do with the collective right of self- determination. Foreign interference is a violation of the membership rules for political decision-making, i.e., the idea that only members of a polity should participate in elections—not only with regard to voting but also with regard to financial contributions and other forms of electoral participation. Outsiders are free to express their opinions but covertly representing themselves as insiders constitutes a violation of these political norms, which are constitutive of the notion of self- determination, just as much as covertly funneling foreign money to one candidate. The only solution to this form of election interference is transparency, i.e., to expose such interventions for what they are: attempts by foreigners to make political statements while pretending to be Americans. This article ends by cataloguing the mistakes of the Obama Administration in failing to expose this interference in real time—which is the only way to nullify its insidious impact. Ex post investigations, prosecutions, and counter-measures designed to deter future misbehavior are all insufficient to nullify the impact of electoral interference. However, recent efforts by the Justice Department and the FBI, including a new policy codified in the US Attorneys Manual, and contemporaneous indictments of Russians for interference in the 2018 election, suggest that some government actors finally understand that transparency is the only solution to election interference.

scholarly journals The impact of regulatory fines on shareholder returns

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Strydom ◽  
M. Ward ◽  
C. Muller
Keyword(s):  
Public Support ◽  
Shareholder Returns ◽  
Share Prices ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Competitive Behaviour ◽  
Study Methodology ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Event Study Methodology

Corruption has been shown to undermine the efficiency of market-based economies by allowing participants to profit from illegal rent-seeking activities, which decrease public support for business and increase the cost of capital (Zingales, 2015). Over the past decade, the Competition Commission in South Africa has investigated and issued punitive fines amounting to around R8bn to companies engaged in non-competitive behaviour. Using event study methodology, we examine the impact on the share prices of listed companies upon the announcement of an investigation, a fine, and the payment of thefine. We find that shareholder returns were unaffected at the initiation and payment stages of the process, but that the returns were positively affected at the conviction stage. A buy-and-hold longitudinal study was also undertaken to determine if an ex-post portfolio consisting of stocks of convicted companies out-performed an equal-weighted all share benchmark, as well as a portfolio of matched companies which had not been fined. The results reveal that both the portfolio of fined companies and the matched portfolio of non-fined companies out-performed the market benchmark over a 24-year period. However, the portfolio consisting of convicted companies underperformed the portfolio of companies which had not been fined. We conclude that the market anticipated the fines and that the quantum of fines levied was less than expected. We also find that the non-competitive behaviour of convicted companies did not benefit their shareholders in the long-term.

scholarly journals CURRENT STATE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY OF UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halina Koshelek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
The Real ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
The Cost

Carrying out business activities, enterprises ensure the development of the modern economy of the country, form the budget of different levels. Entrepreneurship itself forms an effective management system, is a requirement for achieving economic growth. The result of entrepreneurial activity is to make a profit. It is worth noting that experts provide contradictory assessments of the development of entrepreneurship in Ukraine. In the international ranking of ease of doing business Doing business-2020, Ukraine has taken 64th place, rising by 7 positions and improving 5 of the 10 key indicators. According to general statistics, there is a positive trend of growth of economic entities in recent years, but it does not provide growth in sales, this growth is accounted for by enterprises. It is self-employed entrepreneurs, who are the driving force of any country's economy, a means of overcoming the problems of low solvency and unemployment in the country. In the structure of economic entities in Ukraine by type of economic activity, the number of wholesale and retail trade enterprises and enterprises engaged in information and telecommunication activities is growing year after year, but the number of construction enterprises, transport enterprises, industrial enterprises, and agricultural enterprises is decreasing. The analysis of the cost structure by economic elements of Ukrainian enterprises showed that in general the largest share in the cost structure of business entities in Ukraine for the period from 2012 to 2019 is occupied by material costs. That is, the production of products (goods, services) is material-intensive and the country does not introduce innovative technologies. Due to the industrialization of the real sector of the economy, especially in manufacturing, the country has lost the complex types of production that provided the value chain. The result of such losses was the loss of entire sectors of complex exports and the stagnation of the real sector of the economy. As a result of provided research, it can be noted that there are certain problems in the country for the development of entrepreneurship, which is a special type of activity. The state should support small and medium-sized businesses in the country because entrepreneurship itself is a powerful "locomotive" that will make it possible to ensure proper growth of production and welfare. The prospect of further research should be the study of business engineering as a modern management technology that can significantly accelerate the reform of the domestic economy on a market basis.

scholarly journals Port Efficiency and Supply Chain: Implication for Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Sukanta Sen ◽  
Md Akramuzzaman Shaikh ◽  
Anis Mohammad Tareq ◽  
Mohammad Shahedul Islam ◽  
Wang Xuefeng
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Global Supply Chain ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Port Efficiency ◽  
Infrastructure Improvement ◽  
Freight Forwarder ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Port and supply chains are closely connected to each other as a port is considered as an important node of the global supply chain. Sothe efficiency level of port has an impact on the performance of supply chain operations. Chittagong port is the principal seaport of Bangladesh and it provides a major gateway to the outside world. The cost of doing business is increasing as a result of the inefficiency in the main seaport of the country. In this paper, an effort has been taken to examine the efficiency of Chittagong Port and the causal factors of inefficiency. The impact of inefficiency at Chittagong port on the supply chain of Bangladesh has also been identified. To do this, at first a relationship has been built between port efficiency and supply chain in respect of Bangladesh. Relevant data has been gathered through extensive review of the literature, field surveys, interacting with top management of different business entities such as shipping agency, freight forwarder, logistics companies, exporter, importer as well as Government regulatory and monitoring bodies using both the structured and unstructured questionnaires. The study has revealed that theinefficiency at Chittagong port causes serious consequences on the supply chain of exporter and importer and lead to loss and disruption of trade and ultimately incur extra costs and time. This paper, therefore, recommends a substantial infrastructure improvement to Chittagong port along with other related measures in order to facilitate the supply chain of exporter and importer.

scholarly journals IMPORT AND TELECOM SECTOR REVENUE IN EXPLAINING THE MOTIVES TO INVEST IN INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY BY ARMENIAN OPERATORS

2022 ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Mariam Poghosyan
Keyword(s):  
Econometric Model ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
The Real ◽  
Use Of Services ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Telecom Sector ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Impact

By estimating the impact of real imports of innovative technologies and non-innovative equipment on the real revenue of the telecommunications operators; and the impact of real imports of non-innovative equipment and the real revenue of the telecommunications operators on the real revenue of the telecommunications operators in Armenia from the second half of 2014 till the end of 2020, we have identified which factors will mainly lead to the growth of the sector and force them to invest in innovative technology. According to the analysis of the econometric model #1, it can be said that companies increase the cost of importing innovative technologies and equipment by 6.11%, on average, as soon as revenue decreases by 1%. Secondly, import of non-innovative equipment, like phones, once every 24 months, could lead to an increase in import of innovative equipment. According to the model #2 the costs of importing non-innovative equipment have a statistically significant impact on the revenue of telecom companies, however, the import of new generation phones does not lead to a huge increase in the use of services offered by operators. 11 months after the introduction of innovative technologies, their impact on the revenue of the telecom companies becomes statistically significant and negative. We conclude that the decrease of telecoms revenue leads to the growth of real imports of innovative technologies. The model results will enable telecoms to overcome the situations that would decrease companies’ revenue, to revise the periods set for importing equipment and innovative technology.  

scholarly journals The Impact of Web-based Technology on Small Businesses

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Courtney S. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Small Business Administration ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Vitality ◽  
The Impact

The problem discussed in this paper is the need to understand ways to implement web-based technology to reduce the cost and time in doing business. The specific focus of this paper is to understand what the risks, challenges, and methodology are for implementing web-based technology for reducing the operating costs for the small business and still protect the security of the business.  The key research questions included are: (a) What are the challenges of small business implementing web-based technology within their companies. (b) Which project methodology should be used to implement web-based technology projects in small business? (c) What are the risks and issues when implementing web-based technology in small business? According to the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA, 2011),seven out of 10 new employer firms survive at least 2 years, half at least 5 years, a third at least 10 years, and a quarter stay in business 15 years or more. Besser (2012) wrote that small businesses are the vast majority of businesses and make a significant contribution to national economic vitality.

Australian LNG: the cost myths and truths

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 587
Author(s):  
Martin Wilkes
Keyword(s):  
Poor Performance ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Labour Costs ◽  
Development Cycle ◽  
Project Costs ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

In recent years the media has published articles relating to the high cost of doing business in Australia. The impacts of low productivity, high-labour costs, and poor performance have all been highlighted as ailments with Australia and within the LNG (construction) industry in particular. This has led to views that Australia is a high-cost environment and Australian LNG is expensive. The numbers that are often quoted appear to support these views, however they overlook—and sometimes mask—aspects of individual projects that are important to understand before making any generic pronouncements about the competitiveness of the Australian industry in general. This extended abstract: Exposes the inadequacies of the general comparisons that have been made in the recent past. Demonstrates the actual impact of several identified issues. Demonstrates the importance of decisions made early in the project development cycle by respective owners on the projects and project costs. Identifies the differences and similarities in development and costs of LNG projects in Australia compared to other areas of the world, in particular the US. Examines the impact of lack of collaboration.

Information and the Cost of Capital: An Ex Ante Perspective

2010 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 817-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter O. Christensen ◽  
Leonidas E. de la Rosa ◽  
Gerald A. Feltham
Keyword(s):  
Rational Expectations ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Public Disclosure ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Recent Discussion ◽  
Equilibrium Prices ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT: Recent articles have demonstrated that increased public disclosure can decrease firms’ cost of capital. The focus has been on the impact of information on the cost of capital subsequent to the release of the information (the ex post cost of capital). We show that the reduction in the ex post cost of capital is offset by an equal increase in the cost of capital for the period leading up to the release of the information (the preposterior cost of capital). Thus, within the class of models framing the recent discussion, there is no impact on the ex ante cost of capital covering the full time span of the firm. The extent to which information is made publicly or privately available affects the timing of the resolution of uncertainty and when the information is reflected in equilibrium prices, but there is no impact on initial equilibrium prices. Within a noisy rational expectations equilibrium, rational investors may actually benefit from a higher ex post cost of capital.

scholarly journals Oil price volatility, macro-finance interactions and the role of monetary chocks

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Hammami Algia ◽  
Gmidéne Samia
Keyword(s):  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Structural Var ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Structural Shocks ◽  
The Real ◽  
Oil Price Volatility ◽  
Macro Finance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

<p>This paper deals the impact of major external (monetary, financial, Oil supply, aggregate demand) shocks on the real oil price. For this reason, we use the structural VAR methodology (SVAR) on the basis of which we define five structural shock estimate SVAR models to determine the relationship between these five shocks.</p><p>This paper presents the dynamic effects of these shocks on the real oil price and estimates the estimated contribution of these shocks to real oil price during the M11995– M2 2013 periods. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to identify the structural shocks underlying the real oil price.</p><p>The results show that financial and monetary chocks are two key determinants of oil prices. The results indicate that the period of financial stress has contributed to the downturn of the economy by boosting the cost of credit and making businesses, households, and financial institutions highly cautious, and consequently to rise of oil price.</p>

scholarly journals Does FDI Caused Profit Repatriation: Exploring the Moderating Role of Governance Institutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Ghalib Bin Faheem ◽  
Danish Ahmed Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

This paper investigates the impact of foreign direct investment, institutional quality on profit repatriation and net primary income taken as a proxy of profit repatriation. Inflation and GDP per capital were taken as controls. Data sample of 54 countries (developing) has been used for the first model of this research. And data sample of 100 countries (developed and developing both) has been used for the second model. The sample period is from 2008-2017. Finding of this study indicate that institutions quality is negatively impacting profit repatriation and net primary income. It also reveals foreign direct investment is negatively affecting profit repatriation but positively impacting net primary income. Results reveal that investors are unwilling to invest in countries where institutions encourage corruption, because these factors increase the cost of doing business. Developing countries have weaker institutions than developed countries and so, investors will be taking their profit back and not willing to re-invest in that particular country.

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