scholarly journals SMART-SPECIALIZATION DEVELOPMENT OF FARMS

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (391) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
A. Hutorov ◽  
O. Gutorov ◽  
O. Krasnorutskyy ◽  
S. Groshev ◽  
O. Yermolenko
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
First Case ◽  
Smart Specialization ◽  
Production Capacities

Looking for ways to increasing efficiency of farms is an important national economic problem. At the same time, priorities should be given to endogenous factors of economic development. Moreover, the experience of the most successful farmers has shown that smart-specialization as a concept of sustainable, innovative and niche agricultural production has a high potential for improving management efficiency now. The aim of the research is to form the scientific bases for farms smart-specialization development. The conceptual fundamentals of development the smart-specialization of Ukrainian farms are outlined, which are based on the principles of innovativeness and competence of farmers, entrepreneurial search, rational production specialization, economic, environmental and social efficiency of land use, intensification of inter-farm interaction. It has been substantiated that transition to the smart-specialization makes it possible to reorient farms to a model of innovatively-oriented strategic specialized diversification of agricultural production, intensive, integrated growth in niche segments of the agrarian market under the conditions of the optimal realization of their land and resource potential, limited effect of economies of scale in farms and competitive pressure. It has been shown, that the system of managerial decisions in the conditions of smart-specialization of farms should be based on the balance of ensuring maximum efficiency or sensitivity of production to changes in market conditions. In the first case, a production should be more flexible, but less specialized. In the second case, a specialization will be narrow with the maximum full utilization of production capacities of the economy. Focusing on the product it is necessary to determine the optimal volume of production, based on market demand, taking into account seasonality. Two-way communication with production shows the interdependence of these factors on the level and chosen direction of the smartspecialization of a farm, causing a wide or narrow range of production, as well as the dynamics of the level of finished goods inventories. In order to increasing efficiency of farms in the transition to the smartspecialization model, the creation of the national information center (hub) for farming development on the basis of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Ukraine have been promised.

scholarly journals Strategic Planning of Production Capacities in Textile Enterprises

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bobir Tursunov
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Planning ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Target Market ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
Breakeven Analysis ◽  
Planning Production

In the article the author studied the process of planning production capacities at textile enterprises. The author considers the production capacity as a reflection of the maximum possible release of the ready-to-sell products of the relevant nomenclature within the established timeframe while effectively using the production potential of the enterprise. This implies the full use of all economic resources based on the use of advanced technology, advanced forms and methods of organizing labor and production. An important task for enterprises in the use of production capacity is to plan production capacity. Since in the case of not matching the production capacity to the parameters of the market environment, the enterprise has the risk of losing its target market due to the expectation of manufacturing an order or the capture of a larger market share by competitors. Otherwise, excess capacity will cause problems in the formation of market demand, which will inevitably lead to loss of income due to excessive costs to maintain the production system in an optimal state, such as: inventory, depreciation, staff salaries. Founded that solving the problem of planning production capacity lays the foundation for ensuring rhythmicity. The concept of strategic capacity planning relies on achieving economies of scale and development curves, focusing the capacity and flexibility of production. At the end of the article has been visually presented the process of capacity planning and suggests the decision tree, balance models, breakeven analysis and sensitivity analysis as evaluation methods for solving the design problem of production capacity.

Determining the structure of pharmaceutical industry in Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
Sara Emamgholipour ◽  
Lotfali Agheli
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Monopolistic Competition ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Measure Concentration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Purpose As the pharmaceutical industry is one of the key sectors of the health-care system, the identification of its structure is of particular importance. This paper aims to determine the structure of the pharmaceutical industry in Iran to provide appropriate solutions for pricing and regulation by policymakers. Iran is a growing pharmaceutical market with over $4bn in sales, so the supply side needs to be examined to meet the domestic consumption. Design/methodology/approach This research is a descriptive and retrospective analytical study which examines the Iranian pharmaceutical industry through library studies and using pharmaceutical data of the country’s Food and Drug Administration during 1992-2016. Due to data availability in firm level, the concentration ratio of N leading firms and the Herfindahl–Hirschman index are used to measure the concentration of the pharmaceutical market in 2014 and 2016. Findings The results show that pharmaceutical manufacturing, importing companies and distributing companies play roles in monopolistic competition market, loose oligopoly market and oligopoly market, respectively. For all companies, the magnitudes of Herfindahl–Hirschman indices indicate non-competitive settings. As a result, these companies set their own prices, and market demand affects their sales. In addition, demand for medicines is shaped in the form of supply-induced demand. Research limitations/implications This research was accomplished with no computational limitation. However, it was confined to only one country, one industry and the mentioned period of study. Practical implications The pharmaceutical manufacturers have no influence on medicine prices, and government pricing regulations lessen the market power of such market agents. However, the easy entry to and exit from market stimulate producers to participate in manufacturing activities. The pharmaceutical importers may expand their imports in response to entry new actors; however, the new entrants weaken the coordination on pricing decisions. Social implications As pharmaceutical distributers act in an oligopoly market, they can collude, reduce competition and lower the welfare of pharmaceutical consumers. In such conditions, high investment requirements and economies of scale may discourage the entry of new firms. Originality/value Although there are various studies on market structure in non-pharmaceutical industries, this study is a new effort to measure concentration in the Iranian pharmaceutical market and to determine its structure.

scholarly journals Acute musculoskeletal neck and back pain

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Y. N. Maksimov ◽  
D. Kh. Khaibullina
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
First Case ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Neurological Research

Back and neck pain is widespread in the population. Preferably, patients of working age are sick, which leads to serious economic losses. The transition of pain from acute to chronic increases financial costs, so effective treatment of back pain is an important medical, social and economic problem. Musculoskeletal pain (MSP) prevails among all types of back pain. The source of the MSP can be various structures of the musculoskeletal system: bones, joints, muscles, fascia, tendons, ligaments, intervertebral discs. The provoking factors for the development of the MSP are static and dynamic overloads arising from physical work, long stay in a fixed posture, unprepared movements, hypothermia, vibrations. The leading diagnostic method for the MSP is a physical research of a patient which includes a detailed collection of complaints and anamnesis, inspection in statics and dynamics, carrying out global and special tests, neuroorthopedic and neurological research. In most cases, the analysis of the results obtained allows you to set a clinical diagnosis without appointing additional research methods. Two cases of acute MSP with different localization, clinical manifestations and flow are offered to the discussion. In the first case, the process was localized in the muscles of the law back. In the second patient, the muscular tonic syndrome developed in the muscles of the neck and shoulder belt and was supported by functional blockades of the vertebral motor segments. For the treatment of both patients, NSAID, muscle relaxant, glucocorticoid, as well as non-drug therapy methods were used. For local injection therapy, a drug group of glucocorticoids was used, having a sodium phosphate and betamethazone dipropionate as part of the sodium betamethasone. The combination of two betamethazone salts provides both the rapid and prolonged effect of the drug, which makes it reasonable to use it with acute musculoskeletal pain.

scholarly journals Using desirability functions when making managerial decisions in the mineral resource complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-224
Author(s):  
Artem Valer’evich PONOMAREV ◽  
◽  
Lyudmila Vital’evna VLASOVA ◽  
Irina Vladislavovna PEREGON ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Technology ◽  
Desirability Function ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Partial Function ◽  
Generalized Function ◽  
Partial Functions ◽  
Desirability Functions ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
First Case ◽  
Business Entities

Relevance. The ever-growing flows of information, tight deadlines for decision-making, the need to maintain competitive positions require ranking calculations to identify leaders and promote leadership factors, ranking units of business entities according to selected criteria, etc. Reliability, visualization, and often acceleration of obtaining results predetermine the appeal to mathematical techniques. Purpose of the study: substantiation of choice of the most acceptable option of the desirability function for use in the process of making managerial decisions related to the development of subsoil resources. Research method: comparative analysis of options for calculating the desirability function, comparison method, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. Two options for calculating the desirability function are considered. The first one developed by E. Harrington, who proposed a special verbal-numerical scale, which made it possible to formalize the system of preferences of different experts. The partial function of desirability, in this case, is constructed so that it is close to "satisfactory" linear one. According to recommendations, the lower and upper boundaries of “satisfactorily” correspond to the minimum and maximum values of indicators for the available data array. There is a slightly different approach to the determination of the partial function of desirability described in a number of works. The generalized desirability function is a convolution of particular functions and is defined as the geometric mean or logarithmic mean. It is possible to use weighting factors with different significance of particular desirability functions. Comparison of various approaches is made for the conditions of management of logistics and equipment of OOO Gazpromtransgaz-Yekaterinburg. An analysis of the results shows that despite discreteness of the particular desirability functions, which in the first case lie in the range from 0.37 to 0.69, and give the entire range of values from 0 to 1 in the second one, the ratings for the generalized desirability function completely coincide with regard to determining a rating of quarterly values of industrial and economic activity. It follows that both methods of calculating partial functions are legitimate, however, the first option seems more convenient technically due to the absence of values of partial desirability functions close to zero, which complicate calculations using computer technology. A third version of the rating was also tested using calculated percentage estimates of the indicators under consideration with respect to the maximum desired value (taking into account their conversion into the relative indices). As in previous cases, the rating of countries according to the generalized function of desirability turned out to be comparable with previously calculated. Conclusions. Comparative calculations confirmed the validity of both options for finding particular desirability functions, since the ratings for the generalized desirability function coincide. The first version of the calculation is more convenient due to the lack of values of particular desirability functions close to zero, which simplifies the use of computer technology

Post-Collective Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ho ◽  
Francesco Zaratin
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Agricultural Prices ◽  
Rural Industrialization ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Daunting Challenge

Since the start of the economic reforms in 1978, China has developed today into one of the world’s leading producers of agricultural produce—particularly pork, poultry, fruits, vegetables, wheat, corn, and rice. The transition of China’s collectivist Soviet-style agricultural production toward a modernized, mechanized, and market-based agriculture has taken many decades to take effect. A major breakthrough that marked the start of China’s agricultural transition was the nationwide adoption of the Household Contract Responsibility System in the mid-1980s. In addition to these managerial and structural changes, the Chinese government engaged in the liberalization of agricultural prices and supply and marketing systems, as well as the stimulation of agricultural diversification, mechanization, and economies of scale. As agriculture continued to develop, millions of farmers were lifted out of poverty and migrated to the cities to find employment in the industries and services. At the same time, however, China encountered significant problems as a result. For one, how to ensure food security and feed close to one-fifth of the earth’s population with less than one-tenth of its farmland? On top of that, over time vast tracts of fertile, arable land were lost due to its (legal and illegal) conversion into urban construction land. Raising agricultural production was also severely constrained by the small and fragmented nature of Chinese farms. Well into the 2010s, over 90 percent of these were smaller than 2.5 acres, while cropland was scattered over numerous different plots. Furthermore, ensuring adequate social welfare, education, and health care for the rural populace had become a daunting challenge in the face of the growing divide between urban citizens and the peasant population. Last but not least, rapid rural industrialization through township and village enterprises (TVEs), once hailed as a miracle of China’s reforms, had taken a heavy toll in the form of soil, air, and water pollution, giving rise to “cancer villages”, “black rivers,” and heavily degraded natural resources. At the time of this writing, Chinese agriculture is caught in between two worlds: on the one hand, one may find smallholders tilling scattered agricultural plots, on the other hand, there are high-tech food-processing factories and the peri-urban, sometimes ecologically guided industrial farms. The stark contrast between a highly modernized sector versus a traditional one will continue to explain the paradoxical dynamics of Chinese post-collective agriculture for the foreseeable future.

Algorithm-Based Support for the Redesign of Product Variants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Redeker ◽  
Philipp Gebhardt ◽  
Thomas Vietor
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Graph Matching ◽  
Product Family ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Product Families ◽  
First Case ◽  
Subtractive Manufacturing ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Incremental Manufacturing is a novel manufacturing approach where product variants are manufactured based on a finalization of pre-produced parts through additive and subtractive manufacturing processes. This approach allows a multi-scale production with the possibility to scale product variants as well as the production volume. In order to ensure high economic efficiency of the manufacturing concept, there is a need for pre-produced parts that come as close as possible to the final variant geometries to ensure that only variant-specific features need to be added by additive or subtractive manufacturing steps. Furthermore, to ensure high economies of scale, a high degree of commonality should be ensured for the pre-produced parts manufactured in mass production. In this context, a graph-based method is developed that enables an automated analysis of product families, based on physical and functional attributes, for standardization potentials. The method thus provides support for the strategic definition of pre-produced parts and is embedded in an overall approach for the redesign of products for Incremental Manufacturing. For the demonstration of the approach, which is based on 3D Shape and Graph Matching methods, a first case study is carried out using a guiding bush product family as an example.

A Crop Production Ecology (CPE) Approach to Sustainable Production of Biomass for Food, Feed and Fuel

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Haverkort ◽  
P.S. Bindraban ◽  
J.G. Conijn ◽  
F.J. de Ruijter
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Production Ecology ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Natural Resource Base

With the rapid increase in demand for agricultural products for food, feed and fuel, concerns are growing about sustainability issues. Can agricultural production meet the needs of increasing numbers of people consuming more animal products and using a larger share of crops as fuel for transport, electricity and heat, while still sustaining the natural resource base? In addition to economic models and learning from statistics and trends, there is a perceived need for decision support tools at global, field and plant levels and for the certification of best practices based on crop production ecology (CPE). This paper illustrates the need for and availability of a generic approach to sustainability principles, criteria, indicators and norms to ensure maximum efficiency in the use of resources such as land, water, chemicals and energy in crop biomass production at various levels of scale. The authors propose a method based on a transportable CPE approach, covering ranges of commodities and environments, to address choices in agricultural production: which crop to promote where, how it should be grown to optimize the efficient use of resources, how to certify the best practices and which crop properties need genetic improvement to make the best use of scarce resources in adverse conditions.

scholarly journals Shortageflation 3.0. Gospodarka wojenna – państwowy socjalizm – kryzys pandemiczny

Ekonomista ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRZEGORZ KOŁODKO
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
New Production ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
War Economy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Real Socialism ◽  
Specific Reactions ◽  
Production Capacities

The crisis caused by the pandemic has induced governments and central banks to undertake non-orthodox actions aimed at the protection of people’s living standards and the maintenance of production and service activities of enterprises. The policy of the aggressive rise in money supply has resulted in a considerable increase in budget deficits and foreign debts. In this context, it is important to seek an answer to the question how this can accelerate inflationary processes and to formulate proper suggestions addressed to economic policy. In fact, inflation now is higher than the official price indices because it is partly dampened. The rise in the general price level does not reflect fully the actual intensity of inflation. We have to do with a price and resource inflation, called shortageflation. Methodologically, it is interesting to compare this contemporary phenomenon (3.0) with inflation suppression in a war economy (1.0) and in the economies of real socialism (2.0). Such comparisons show some similarities of these processes but also significant differences due to the specific reactions of households and enterprises. The author discusses five channels of liquidating the excessive money resources and indicates the ways most advisable from the point of view of the sustainable development in the post-pandemic future. Especially important is to stimulate the transformation of a part of the inflationary money surplus into the market demand for goods and services which increases the utilization of the existing production potential and leads to investments which create new production capacities as well as the conversion of compulsory savings into voluntary savings.

scholarly journals Beyond Scale and Scope: Exploring Economic Drivers of U.S. Specialty Crop Production With an Application to Edamame

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton L. Neill ◽  
Kimberly L. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Specialty Crops ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Specialty Crop ◽  
Alternative Crop ◽  
High Reward

Specialty crops are considered high-risk, high-reward, yet growers face differing, and relatively larger risk exposure when compared to traditional row crops. With traditional row crops, economies of scale and scope are key factors to increasing economic profitability. However, increasing economic profit for specialty crop operations present challenges which limit grower ability to easily take advantage of scale and scope economies. The authors discuss production, finance, regulatory, price, and human resource risks unique to U.S.-grown specialty crops. We apply our economic risk assessment framework to analyze U.S. edamame and present strategies to manage and mitigate risks faced by growers. We conclude that edamame may represent a profitable alternative crop in the U.S., and suggest future research topics are needed to optimize yields and meet market demand.

scholarly journals Selection of objects for calculating the cost of production in terms of agricultural production

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-66
Author(s):  
Igor' Mizikovskiy ◽  
Elena Polikarpova
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Cost Center ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

The optimality of the choice of objects of calculation determines the procedure for calculating the cost of labor products, the implementation of planned and control measures in the strategic management of production, in particular, to minimize the cost. It is necessary to ensure a synergy of technological features, production conditions, the principal distinguishing features of the resulting product, its volume, cost center, and the ability to evaluate the results of current management decisions. Agriculture is characterized by a number of specific conditions that affect the results of production. In most enterprises of the industry there is no point approach to accounting and management of the cost of labor products. The purpose of the study is to develop information support for the adoption and evaluation of managerial decisions when choosing objects for calculating the cost of production in agricultural production. Methods of observation, measurement, systematization, classification and system analysis of data were used. As a result, on the basis of determining the distinctive conditions of agricultural production, information is structured for the corresponding detailing of calculation objects, according to which a procedure for informational and instrumental support for the analysis of the volume and cost of production, which is also applicable for evaluating management decisions, is presented.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document