When Typhus Rode a Red Horse: Weaponizing Disease During the Polish-Bolshevik Wa

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-112
Author(s):  
Christopher Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Equipment And Supplies ◽  
Red Army

This work explores the role of the Red Army in the spread of typhus on Polish lands during the Polish-Bolshevik War, 1919–1920. As a result of the Bolshevik style of war, one of the results of the Soviet advance into Poland was the anti-typhus effort along the border and throughout the country. Polish efforts, supported by American humanitarian groups, had made great strides in eradicating typhus however, much of this was undone with the Bolshevik offensive of 1920. Through both active and passive means the Bolshevik advance drove typhus victims and refugees across the Polish lines, while at the same time Bolshevik forces destroyed or removed sanitation equipment and supplies across the frontier.

CULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN WORLD - A SPIRITUAL SLOGAN FACTOR OF VICTORY IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR KSENOFONTOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Soviet People ◽  
The People ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Art Activities ◽  
Artistic Images ◽  
Great Victory

The article reveals the essence and specificity of culture as an important component of the spiritual factor of victory. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of fiction. The article substantiates the moral and aesthetic impact on the consciousness of defenders of the Motherland, such works of art as“They fought for the Motherland”,“Leningrad poem”,“Russian character”,“Invasion”, etc. The article describes the significant role of theatrical art, which reveals the moral values of the people and Soviet soldiers. This is reflected in such plays as: “the Front”; “the Guy from our city”; “Once upon a time”, etc. The article substantiates the important role of the spiritual influence of cinema on Soviet people. This influence was realized through artistic images of selfless service to the Motherland, loyalty to military duty. Among these films: “Two fighters”, “Wait for me”, “Front-line friends”. During the war, as the article emphasizes, an important component of the spiritual factor of victory was the musical art. Activities in this area of culture famous musicians:B. Astafiev, S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, A. Alexandrov, V. Soloviev-Sedoy, and others, was implemented in operas, symphonies, cantatas and songs, which by their nature emotional expression differed Patriotic and epic strength. The purpose of the research : to reveal the axiological components, culture of the Russian world, as important components, spiritual factor during the great Patriotic war. Conclusions : the culture of the Russian world at various stages of the great Patriotic War, through a variety of means and forms, actively mobilized all Soviet people to defend the Motherland and defeat Nazi Germany. The spiritual culture of our country and its types, in the course of functioning, during the war, clearly and expressively revealed the idea of patriotism, courage, bravery and heroism, and encouraged the Soviet people, the soldiers of the red Army, to achieve a great Victory.

scholarly journals The Origins of the Stalingrad Victory: Psychological Aspect

2019 ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Strizoe
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Personal Initiative ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Active Defence ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Rational Organization

Introduction. The article points out the need for a special study of psychological aspects of the reasons for the victory of the Red Army at Stalingrad, which for a long time remained undervalued due to the traditional attention of researchers paid to the role of ideological factors. These aspects are revealed in the process of radical change in the moods of soldiers and commanders of the Red Army in the period between the issuance of Order No. 227 in July 1942 and the formation of new urban combat tactics in the winter of 1942-1943. The author notes the need to evaluate measures of command and practices of soldiers’ and commanders’ behaviour in war, taking into account the achievements of modern psychology. Methods. The author presents a methodological scheme for analysing the process of changing moods, the transition from confusion and panic to the formation of readiness for active defence and attack. Its elements include studying adaptation to the everyday difficulties of war, interpersonal trust and rational organization of various aspects of life in war as prerequisites for a psychological break in the moods of soldiers and commanders. Analysis and results. The article emphasizes the role of formation of self-organization and liberation of personal initiative of soldiers as one of the manifestations of positive psychological changes. These changes are conceptualized in a new understanding of courage. Along with the ‘courage of self-sacrifice’ characteristic of archaic culture and traditional society, the ‘courage of self-affirmation’, which is rooted in the values of the Renaissance and the early modern period and focused on success in military confrontation and preservation of the lives of soldiers and commanders, arises and spreads. The emergence and spread of new psychological attitudes and orientations during the Stalingrad battle can be assessed as the beginning of moral and psychological break in the Red Army, the beginning of the formation of the ‘psychology of victory’ as a powerful mobilizing factor.

scholarly journals IN MEMORY OF THE LEGENDARY COUNTRYMAN DAYAN MURZIN

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Ришат Нигматуллин
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Resistance Movement ◽  
Guerrilla Movement

In our country, 2020 has been declared the Year of Memory and Glory by a decree of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. More than 25 million citizens of our country gave their lives for the Victory. The Republic of Bashkortostan made a significant contribution to the victory over fascist Germany. The names of such heroes of the Great Patriotic War as Minigali Shaimuratov, Musa Gareev, Tagir Kusimov, Dayan Murzin, Alexander Matrosov and Minigali Gubaidullin became known outside the republic and country. The article is devoted to the combat path of Dayan Bayanovich Murzin, who was an active participant in the guerrilla movement and the Resistance Movement in Czechoslovakia, the hero of Czechoslovakia. The assistance of the Red Army to the Slovak popular uprising is examined, the role of the Soviet Union in the organization of the Resistance Movement in Eastern Europe is shown.

scholarly journals Parents’ Role in Supporting Sport Achievement of Surakarta Women’s U-19 Football Club In Surakarta

PHEDHERAL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Elen Yulianti ◽  
Agus Mukholid ◽  
Manshuralhudlori Manshuralhudlori
Keyword(s):  
Parental Role ◽  
Equipment And Supplies ◽  
Football Club ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Achievement Data ◽  
Nutritional Factor ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
Women's Football

<em>This study is aimed to identify and describe the  role of parents in supporting sport achievement of Surakarta U-19 Women’s Football Club in 2020. Descriptive quantitative method is used in this research. The data source is obtained from parents/guardians at Surakarta Women's Football Club. Those data needed in this study is the problematic role of parents in supporting sports achievement. Data collection techniques use observation, questionnaires, and documentation. Based on the data analysis carried out in the fifth chapter of this thesis, obtained: 1) There are 5 people included in a good category while for the adequate category there are 12 people — of parents’ role in term of attention factor. 2) of parents’ role from nutritional factor, there are 6 people categorized as good while there are 13 people included in adequate category. 3) Parental role from the equipment and supplies factor, there are 2 people included in a good category while 9 people for the adequate category. 4) Environmental factor discussed in parental role problem, both good category and adequate caregory have the same number of people — 8. From this study, we can indicate that the problematic role of parents in supporting sport achievements of Surakarta Women’s Football Club in 2020 which is included in “very poor” category is 4% (1 person), categorized as “less” is 24% (6 people), counted as “adequate” is 36% (9 people), included in “good” is 32% (8 people), and the last but not least “excellent” is 4% (1 person). Based on the average value, which is 101.16, parents’ role in supporting sports achievements of Surakarta U-19 Women’s Football Club in 2020 placed in adequate category.</em>

scholarly journals Negative Selection: Prohibitions and Restrictions in Red Army Recruitment on Ethnic Grounds during the Great Patriotic War

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-888
Author(s):  
Alexey Yu. Bezugolny
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The present article continues the research about the role of the ethnic factor in Red Army recruitment during the Great Patriotic War, the first part of which was published in RUDN Journal of Russian History 19, no. 2 (May 2020). This time the focus is on admission restrictions and prohibitions for certain Soviet ethnic groups, as well as on purges from the army due to soldiers nationality. The contribution analyzes the major causes and the scale of this phenomenon, as well as the regulatory framework of restrictions and prohibitions and their development during the war. It is established that the reason for such restrictions could be political motives (distrust towards citizens on ethnic grounds), but also the ethno-cultural and linguistic features of conscripts coming from certain nationalities, with the idea that these features prevented their full use in military service. The article analyzes the practice of restrictions on ethnic grounds, including cases when military authorities in the field allowed for significant deviations from the regulatory framework. The scientific novelty of the present research consists in the fact that for the first time the ethnonational aspect of the history of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War is analyzed with quantitative methods, which made it possible to significantly deepen our understanding of ethnic processes in the Soviet armed forces.

Japan: Terrorism and counterterrorism in Japan

2019 ◽  
pp. 80-102
Author(s):  
Chiyuki Aoi ◽  
Yee-Kuang Heng
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
War On Terrorism ◽  
Global War On Terrorism ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Global War ◽  
Self Defence

Japan is unfortunately no stranger to terrorism. Indeed, within the past one hundred fifty years since the Meiji Restoration, the country has experienced political assassinations, kidnappings of innocent citizens, to strikes by apocalyptic millenarian sects. Japanese citizens too have been involved in conducting terrorist attacks, notably in affiliation with Middle Eastern groups. Yet, terrorism and counter-terrorism barely features on academic syllabi within leading Japanese universities. Nor was the term “terrorism” understood as a generic concept until recently in Japan. This chapter seeks to identify historical precedents that shape Japanese perception of terrorism; responses to historical terrorist groups such as the Red Army and Aum Shinri Kyo and the way Japanese authorities identify terrorist threat today, including that emanating from North Korea; the role of the police and the Japan Self Defence Force in resposing to terrorism; and Japan’s response to “global war on terrorism”

scholarly journals Arutjun Marutjan, Как помнят Великую Отечественную в Армении: некоторые наблюдения / How the Great Patriotic War Is Remembered in Armenia: Some Observations

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-105
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

The article discusses a neglected aspect in the history of the Second World War and the role of Armenians and their motivation to fight against the Nazi Germany. The author suggests that the memory of the Genocide against the Armenians perpetratrated by Turkey in the First World War with connivence from Germany played an important role in the memory of Soviet Armenians enrolled in the Red Army. This is one of the explanations why the present day Republic of Armenia still maintains – from different reasons – the name The Great Patriotic War instead of Second World War, like Russia.

scholarly journals Silesian Harm and Upper Silesian Awakening

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-160
Author(s):  
Anna Muś
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
World War ◽  
Upper Silesia ◽  
The World ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Definition Of

The first part of the paper introduces the definition of the term Silesian harm and describes ways in which it can be observed among Upper Silesians. Further, the author elaborates on how the phenomenon emerged during the interwar period and how it was strengthened during and after the World War II, which led to exacerbation of national and ethnic conflicts in Upper Silesia. One of the effects of the World War II, was the invasion of the Red Army on Silesian lands and a wave of hatred, which led to the tragedy of the civilian population, referred to today as the Upper Silesian Tragedy. In the end, mechanisms of strengthening and consolidation of the sense of harm and abuse among the population of Upper Silesia are studied. The role of the Silesian harm in the process called 'the Upper Silesian awakening' has been scarcely studied in scholarly literature before, but its evolution indicates that the role it plays among the indigenous population of Upper Silesia has changed. Silesian harm is no longer seen as a stigma, but it has become a motivation for social and political action and participation.

scholarly journals Influence of the Riga Peace Treaty on the fate of the Belarusian archives

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Michail F. Shumeiko
Keyword(s):  
Peace Treaty ◽  
State University ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
The Future ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of

The author investigated the history of the development of the main provisions of the XI article of the Riga Peace Treaty, which regulated the delimitation of archives between the contracting parties. They were extremely unfavourably formulated for the Belarusian-Russian-Ukrainian side both because of the defeat of the Red Army in the Polish-Soviet war, and because of the internal problems that arose in Russia, the most important of which was the uprising in Kronstadt in February – March 1921. This article reveals the role of the future first rector of the Belarusian State University V. I. Picheta, who worked as the chief inspector of the Glavarchive of the RSFSR and took part in the peace negotiations in Riga in the fall of 1920 as an expert. The author comes to the conclusion that in the course of the implementation of the provisions of the XI article of the treaty, the Belarusian archives suffered significant losses. This explains the so-called «archival sabotage» that took place, the essence of which was to show the Polish side as non-existent certain archival complexes that were subject to transfer to Poland under the terms of the treaty.

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