scholarly journals Soil property variability in a humid natural Mediterranean environment: La Rioja, Spain .

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta ◽  
Marisol S. Andrades ◽  
Álvaro Marín ◽  
Victoria Íñigo ◽  
Juan I. Alonso-Martirena
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
La Rioja

Estimating the spatial variability of soil properties is significant for evaluating environmental impacts. For example, many soil properties are directly used in the modelling of environmental processes such as global climate change. These aspects have not previously been studied at this level in La Rioja (a region of Spain with a humid Mediterranean environment). The intention of this study was to provide quantitative information on soil assessment and mapping methods for natural soils in a humid Mediterranean environment. The properties considered included: pH and organic matter, calcium carbonate and clay contents. For testing, samples were selected from several different soil types which, in theory, were only affected by pedogenetic processes and had developed on different parent materials. More than half of the samples did not contain any CaCO<sub>3</sub>, while the rest of the samples presented a variety of CaCO<sub>3</sub>, forms, with high percentages being present in certain cases (up to 65% on the surface). It was possible to establish two different areas: one predominantly acidic and the other principally basic. The predominately basic samples were due to the high percentage of carbonate in the parent materials. The clay content on the surface was similar to that in the subsurface layers. Finally, the organic matter contents in the uppermost layers presented average values of 3.9%,with a range of from 0.3 to 17.5%. The major variations in soils were determined by soil type (therefore by soil forming processes), parent material composition, and vegetation type. This study reveals that these methods are useful to determine the spatial distribution of some soil properties in undisturbed soils. The contour maps of soil property variability could be used to improve future sampling designs and management decisions.

scholarly journals Soil property variability in a humid natural Mediterranean environment: La Rioja, Spain .

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Navarro Pedreño ◽  
Ignacio Gómez Lucas ◽  
Ignacio Meléndez-Pastor
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
La Rioja

Estimating the spatial variability of soil properties is significant for evaluating environmental impacts. For example, many soil properties are directly used in the modelling of environmental processes such as global climate change. These aspects have not previously been studied at this level in La Rioja (a region of Spain with a humid Mediterranean environment). The intention of this study was to provide quantitative information on soil assessment and mapping methods for natural soils in a humid Mediterranean environment. The properties considered included: pH and organic matter, calcium carbonate and clay contents. For testing, samples were selected from several different soil types which, in theory, were only affected by pedogenetic processes and had developed on different parent materials. More than half of the samples did not contain any CaCO<sub>3</sub>, while the rest of the samples presented a variety of CaCO<sub>3</sub>, forms, with high percentages being present in certain cases (up to 65% on the surface). It was possible to establish two different areas: one predominantly acidic and the other principally basic. The predominately basic samples were due to the high percentage of carbonate in the parent materials. The clay content on the surface was similar to that in the subsurface layers. Finally, the organic matter contents in the uppermost layers presented average values of 3.9%,with a range of from 0.3 to 17.5%. The major variations in soils were determined by soil type (therefore by soil forming processes), parent material composition, and vegetation type. This study reveals that these methods are useful to determine the spatial distribution of some soil properties in undisturbed soils. The contour maps of soil property variability could be used to improve future sampling designs and management decisions.

Geogenic CO2 affects inorganic soil properties and the composition of soil organic matter in physical fractions

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilo Rennert
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Particulate Soil ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Infrared

The presence of geogenic CO2 has been recently identified as a soil-forming factor in soil on mofette sites. Topsoil samples (with a maximum CO2 concentration of 52% at 10 cm depth) were studied along a transect on a mofette site in the NW Czech Republic to further understand the processes within soil and the soil properties induced by CO2 in the soil atmosphere. Geogenic CO2 negatively affected the cation exchange capacity, the ratio of exchangeable Ca and Mg, and the total contents of Al, Mg and Mn. No effect was detected on a chemical index of weathering and the mineralogical composition of the clay fractions, which might be explained by the acidic parent material and the progress of soil development. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy indicated that the composition of particulate soil organic matter was partially affected by CO2 concentrations: the higher the CO2 concentrations, the smaller the extent of oxidative transformation and the smaller the abundance of carboxyl groups. In the clay fractions, stabilisation of transformed soil organic matter (SOM) was promoted by exchangeable Al. This study quantifies, for the first time, the correlation between geogenic CO2 and several inorganic soil properties and the composition of SOM in physical fractions.

scholarly journals Influence of Soil Properties on the Phytotoxicity of Atrazine, Ametryne, Prometryne, and Diuron in Puerto Rican Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Liu ◽  
H. Cibes Viadé
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Dosage Prediction ◽  
Concentration Series ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Thirteen soils representing a wide range of physical and chemical properties were used in this study. Four herbicides including Atrazine, Ametryne, Prometryne, and Diuron were applied at a concentration series from 0.5 to 32 p.p.m. to each soil, with the exception of Caño Tiburones soil. Kanota oat (Avena sativa L.) was chosen as an indicator plant. ED50  values were obtained for the various soil types. The result indicated that ED50  values varied greatly with different soil types. Simple, partial, and multiple correlations were made among ED50  values and different soil properties. It was found that the organic matter was the major soil property which contributed chiefly to the phytotoxicity of herbicides. A theoretical relationship between percent soil organic matter and p.p.m.w. of herbicides required for 50-percent fresh-weight reduction of oat was obtained for herbicide dosage-prediction purpose.

Amalgamation and Harmonization of Soil Survey Reports into a Multi-purpose Database

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Robert Furze ◽  
Paul Arp
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Soil Surveys

There is a growing demand for standardized, easily accessible and detailed information pertaining to soil and its variability across the landscape. Typically, this information is only available for select areas in the form of local or regional soil surveys reports which are difficult, and costly, to develop. Additionally, soil surveying protocols have changed with time, resulting in inconsistencies between surveys conducted over different periods. This article describes systematic procedures applied to generate an aspatial, terminologically- and unit-consistent, database for forest soils from county-based soil survey reports for the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The procedures involved (i) amalgamating data from individual soil surveys following a hierarchical framework, (ii) summarizing and grouping soil information by soil associations, (iii) assigning correct soil associates to each association, with each soil associate distinguished by drainage classification, (iv) assigning pedologically-correct horizon sequences, as identified in the original soil surveys, to each soil associate, (v) assigning horizon descriptors and measured soil properties to each horizon, as outlined by the Canadian System of Soil Classification, and (vi) harmonizing units of measurement for individual soil properties. Identification and summarization of all soil associations (and corresponding soil associates) was completed with reference to the principal soil-forming factors, namely soil parent material, topographic surface expressions, soil drainage, and dominant vegetation type(s). This procedure, utilizing 17 soil surveys, resulted in an amalgamated database containing 106 soil associations, 243 soil associates, and 522 soil horizon sequences summarizing the variability of forest soil conditions across New Brunswick.

EFFECTS OF HISTORICAL LAND CLEARING ON ORGANIC MATTER AND NITROGEN LEVELS IN SOILS OF THE FRASER LOWLAND OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA AND WASHINGTON, U.S.A.

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN GOLDIN ◽  
L. M. LAVKULICH
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Land Clearing ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Glacial Outwash ◽  
International Boundary ◽  
Air Photo

Two soils derived from glacial deposits and one from alluvium were examined for changes in organic matter (OM) and nitrogen levels between 1943 and 1983 across the international boundary in the Fraser Lowland of western North America. Duplicate samples were collected from the upper 0.2 m from 60 randomly selected sites on the five land clearing periods (1943–1955, 1955–1966, 1966–1976, 1976–1983, uncleared) on each of three parent materials: glacial outwash, alluvium, and glacialmarine deposits in the United States and Canada. The land clearing periods were determined from medium scale aerial photographs taken in 1943, 1955, 1966, 1976, and 1983. Cultivation results in a 20% loss of OM after 35 yr on all soils. The largest loss is in the first 15 yr on all soils. Changes in N levels on the three parent materials is irregular. C:N narrows on all soils from about 15:1 to about 12:1. Key words: Organic matter, nitrogen, Fraser Lowland, land clearing, air photo interpretation, parent material

scholarly journals The relationship between soil properties, enzyme activity and land use

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Błońska ◽  
Jarosław Lasota ◽  
Maciej Zwydak
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effects of different types of land use (forest, tillage and pasture) on soil properties, especially enzyme activity. Our investigation was carried out on 53 research plots with 11 plots in broadleaved forest stands, 12 plots in mixed broadleaved stands, 10 plots in mixed coniferous stands, 9 plots on tillage and 11 plots on pasture. The soil samples were collected from a depth of 0–15 cm after removing the organic horizon. Contents of organic carbon and nitrogen, pH and soil texture were investigated. Furthermore, dehydrogenase and urease activity were determined. Significant differences in the enzyme activity between forest and agricultural soils were observed, thus demonstrating that enzyme activity is influenced by the organic matter content of the soil. The highest enzyme activity was recorded in the forest soil within broadleaved stands, whilst the lowest activity was found in tillage soil, because tillage soil contained significantly less organic matter. High enzymatic activity of pasture soils is the combined result of vegetation type and the lack of plowing.

scholarly journals Potential impacts of climate change on soil properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Gelybó ◽  
E. Tóth ◽  
C. Farkas ◽  
Á. Horel ◽  
I. Kása ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity

Climate change is expected to have a vigorous impact on soils and ecosystems due to elevated temperature and changes in precipitation (amount and frequency), thereby altering biogeochemical and hydrological cycles. Several phenomena associated with climate change and anthropogenic activity affect soils indirectly via ecosystem functioning (such as higher atmospheric CO2 concentration and N deposition). Continuous interactions between climate and soils determine the transformation and transport processes. Long-term gradual changes in abiotic environmental factors alter naturally occurring soil forming processes by modifying the soil water regime, mineral composition evolution, and the rate of organic matter formation and degradation. The resulting physical and chemical soil properties play a fundamental role in the productivity and environmental quality of cultivated land, so it is crucial to evaluate the potential outcomes of climate change and soil interactions. This paper attempts to review the underlying long-term processes influenced by different aspects of climate change. When considering major soil forming factors (climate, parent material, living organisms, topography), especially climate, we put special attention to soil physical properties (soil structure and texture, and consequential changes in soil hydrothermal regime), soil chemical properties (e.g. cation exchange capacity, soil organic matter content as influenced by changes in environmental conditions) and soil degradation as a result of longterm soil physicochemical transformations. The temperate region, specifically the Carpathian Basin as a heterogeneous territory consisting of different climatic and soil zones from continental to mountainous, is used as an example to present potential changes and to assess the effect of climate change on soils. The altered physicochemical and biological properties of soils require accentuated scientific attention, particularly with respect to significant feedback processes to climate and soil services such as food security.

Relationships between three measures of organic matter or carbon in soils of eucalypt plantations in Tasmania

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
XJ Wang ◽  
PJ Smethurst ◽  
AM Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Wet Oxidation ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
Structural Water ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Eucalypt Plantations ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Dry Combustion

Organic carbon or organic matter in acidic Tasmanian soils supporting eucalypt plantations was measured by dry combustion using a LECO CHIN-1000 Analyzer (CT), wet oxidation by the Walkley-Black method (CW&B), and loss-on-ignition (LOI at 375°C). CT and CW&B were highly correlated in 119 surface and subsoil samples, and on average, CW&B provided near complete recovery of CT (97%). Although LOI may have released some structural water from the fine-textured soils, and apart from granite-derived soils which need further study, strong regressions were found between LOI and both CW&B and CT which were specific for either basalt or non-basalt soils. Within the non-basalt soils, parent material had little effect on these relationships, although there were large differences in C concentrations of surface soils between soils of different parent materials. The relationships of CW&B and CT to LOI in the basalt soils were significantly different from those in the non-basalt soils.

scholarly journals Erodibility of soils of varying land utilization types and lithologic materials in central southeastern Nigeria

Agro-Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
C.M. Ahukaemere ◽  
E.U. Onweremadu ◽  
F.O.R. Akamigbo
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Land Utilization ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Land Use Types

Land use and parent materials influence behaviour of soils including responsiveness to erosion forces. The study investigated some soil properties related to erodibility in Abia and Imo States of Nigeria. Soil sampling was guided by geology and land use type. Random sampling technique was adopted in field studies. Two parent materials and three land use types were chosen for the study. In each parent material, three land use types were studied and in each land use, three soil profiles were sunk, described, and sampled using FAO procedure. Soil samples were subjected to laboratory analyses and data generated were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Results showed that sand sized particles ranged from 533.10 to 778.80 g kg–1 and this distribution differed significantly between parent materials. Silt content ranged from 141.70 g kg–1 in soils derived from false-bedded sandstone to 202.20 g kg–1 in shale-derived soils. Clay-sized particles ranged from 77.30 g kg–1 in soils derived from false-bedded sandstone to 264.70 g kg–1 in shale-derived soils, respectively. Water-stable aggregate ranged from 19.38% in false-bedded sandstone to 29.23% in shale-derived soils. The DR (dispersion ratio) mean values ranged between 4.26 in shale and 8.46 in false-bedded sandstone, while the CDI (clay dispersion index) mean values ranged between 2.17 in shale and 8.41 in false-bedded sandstone, respectively. The forest soils had the lowest values of both DR (6.89) and CDI (6.40) for soils of the false-bedded sandstone, 3.85 and 1.59 for those derived from shale. The clay flocculation index (CFI) had mean of 2.16 in false-bedded sandstone and 7.83 in shale. In soils of the varying land use types, the mean soil pH (H2O) ranged from 4.28 to 4.64 in soils derived from false-bedded sandstone and 4.27-5.57 in those derived from Shale. From the results, parent material and land use influenced soil erodibility parameters (water-stable aggregates, mean-weight diameter, DR, CDI, and CFI) and other soil properties such as organic carbon, bulk density, and moisture content.

Pragmatic models for the prediction and digital mapping of soil properties in eastern Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Gray ◽  
Thomas F. A. Bishop ◽  
Xihua Yang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Mapping Techniques

To help meet the increasing need for knowledge and data on the spatial distribution of soils, readily applied multiple linear regression models were developed for key soil properties over eastern Australia. Selected covariates were used to represent the key soil-forming factors of climate (annual precipitation and maximum temperature), parent material (a lithological silica index) topography (new topo-slope and aspect indices) and biota (a modified land disturbance index). The models are presented at three depth intervals (0–10, 10–30 and 30–100 cm) and are of variable but generally moderate statistical strength, with concordance correlation coefficients in the order of 0.7 for organic carbon (OC) upper depth, pHca, sum of bases, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and sand, but somewhat lower (0.4–0.6) for OC lower depths, total phosphorous, clay and silt. The pragmatic models facilitate soil property predictions at individual sites using only climate and field-collected data. They were also moderately effective for deriving digital soil maps over the state of New South Wales and a regional catchment. The models and derived maps compared well in predictive ability to those derived from more sophisticated techniques involving Cubist decision trees with remotely sensed covariates. The readily understood and interpreted nature of these products means they may provide a useful introduction to the more advanced digital soil modelling and mapping techniques. The models provide useful information and broader insights into the factors controlling soil distribution in eastern Australia and beyond, including the change in a soil property with a given unit change in a covariate.

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