Tackling virtual production

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Josef Falkinger ◽  
Elisa Huber ◽  
Johannes Chalupa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Current Version ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Virtual Production ◽  
Economic Reality

This paper is an attempt to contribute to the discussion on multinational enterprises shifting certain economic activities to special purpose entities abroad for reasons of tax optimisation. The authors argue that a transfer of production to a special purpose entity abroad permitted by tax law is not necessarily a transfer of production in an economic sense. Special purpose vehicles can be involved in production processes from a legal point of view without producing any goods or services in reality – a phenomenon the authors call ‘virtual production’. Thus, simply mirroring the legal transactions in national accounts may result in a distorted representation of economic reality. Unfortunately, the System of National Accounts in its current version as well as other existing guidelines lack clear guidance in order to distinguish virtual from real economic activity in the context of special purpose vehicles. This paper offers a proposal for improvement of existing definitions and concepts.

scholarly journals Agro-Industrial Complex of the Russian Arctic: Research Contribution to the Value Added Areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 06034
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Zakharchuk
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Added Value ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
The Republic

The article deals with the problems of assessing the contribution of the agro-industrial complex to the economy of the Arctic territories. An approach to the definition of the notion “agro-industrial complex” from the point of view of the System of National Accounts is highlighted. The author proposes a method of calculating the value added of economic activities at the municipal level. On this basis, formed a database of wages of all municipalities of the Arctic region of Russia. The author calculated the contribution of agro-industrial complex in gross value added Arctic municipalities in the context of the Russian Federation. The results obtained allow us to highlight the importance of the agro-industrial complex in the economy of municipalities in the Arctic zone of Russia. The agro-industrial complex is of the greatest importance in the economy of the Anabar national region of the Republic of Yakutia and the city of Murmansk. The calculations showed that the added value of the agro-industrial complex for the whole Arctic territories of Russia is 55,821.78 million rubles, and its contribution to the total value added is 1.56%.

scholarly journals Refined Systems of National Accounts and Experimental Ecosystem Accounting Versus the Simplified Agroforestry Accounting System: Testing in Andalusian Holm Oak Open Woodlands

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Pablo Campos ◽  
Alejandro Álvarez ◽  
José L. Oviedo ◽  
Paola Ovando ◽  
Bruno Mesa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Environmental Accounting ◽  
Holm Oak ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Ecosystem Accounting ◽  
The Government ◽  
Environmental Income

The scientific debate over how to make visible the connections between the standard System of National Accounts (SNA) and its ongoing satellite Environmental Economic Ecosystem Accounting–Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA–EEA) is a challenge that is still pending. The literature on environmental accounting of agroforestry and silvopastoral landscapes rarely values the multiple ecosystem services of an area, an economic unit (e.g., farm), or a vegetation type (e.g., holm oak—Quercus ilex L.—open woodland). Generally, the literature presents the market value of the products consumed directly or a correction of the latter that reduces their exchange values in order to approximate them to their resource rents. In our previous publications, we have applied and compared our Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS) with the System of National Accounts (SNA), and we refined the latter to avoid the lag between income generation and its accounting in the period in which the product is extracted. These previous publications did not develop experimental applications of the SEEA–EEA with comparisons to the SNA and it being integrated into the AAS. The main novelty of this article is that, for the first time, we present detailed applications and comparisons of our developments of the refined SEEA–EEA and refined SNA with a simplified version of the AAS. The accounting frameworks applied take the production and capital accounts in the process of being updated by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) at the scale of the holm oak open woodlands of Andalusia into account. In this study, we compare three environmental accounting approaches for ecosystem services and environmental income measurements at basic and social prices: our slightly refined standard System of National Accounts (rSNA); our refined, updated and ongoing satellite System of Environmental Economic Accounting–Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (rSEEA–EEA); and our simplified Agroforestry Accounting System (sAAS). We tested them for 15 economic activities in 1408 thousand hectares of the predominantly mixed holm oak open woodland (HOW) land use tiles in the region of Andalusia, Spain. We considered the government institutional sector to be the collective owner of public economic activities, which we incorporated in the rSNA and the sAAS approaches. We discuss consistencies in environmental incomes identified from the results of the three ecosystem accounting frameworks applied to the HOW. The discrepancies in the measurement of ecosystem services of the government institutional sector between the rSEEA–EEA and the sAAS were due to the omission in the former of the government manufactured costs incurred in the supply of freely consumed public final products. The most notable finding of our comparison is that the ecosystem services and the environmental income results for individual market products offered the same values, whichever the ecosystem accounting framework applied. This was not the case with the ecosystem services of public products without market prices, due to the fact that the rSNA estimates these products at production cost and the rSEEA–EEA did not consider the government manufactured production costs and ordinary manufactured net operating margin of government final public product consumption. We also found that, according to modeling of the scheduled management of future biological resources of the HOW, the environmental income shows biological sustainability of the individual nature-based total product consumption.

scholarly journals Historical overview of the System of National Accounts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajeevani Weerasekara
Keyword(s):  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
The Government

The main objective of this article is to present a brief overview of national accounts. Section 1.1 illustrates the historical overview of the system of national accounts (SNA). Section 1.2 presents the development of the SNA. Section 1.3 focuses on the Framework of SNA, classifications, and measurements of economic activities and finally, section 1.4 presents a brief overview of the government expenditure within the SNA framework.

scholarly journals Income and Ecosystem Service Comparisons of Refined National and Agroforestry Accounting Frameworks: Application to Holm Oak Open Woodlands in Andalusia, Spain

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Campos ◽  
Álvarez ◽  
Oviedo ◽  
Ovando ◽  
Mesa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Holm Oak ◽  
Standard System ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
System Of National Accounts

There is growing consensus regarding the implementation of a new statistical framework for environmental-economic accounting to improve ecosystem related policies. As the standard System of National Accounts (SNA) fails to measure the economic contribution of ecosystems to the total income of individuals, governments recognize the need to expand the standard SNA through the ongoing System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA). Based on the authors’ own data, this study focuses on linking 15 economic activities and 12 ecosystem services for a holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) open woodlands (HOW) ecosystem type in Andalusia, Spain. We emphasize that overcoming the challenges of multiple use is preferable to measuring single ecosystem products for improving habitat conservation policies. The objectives of this paper are to measure and compare the environmental assets, ecosystem services, and incomes at basic and social prices by applying a refined version of the standard System of National Accounts (rSNA) and the authors’ Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS), respectively, to HOW. Considering intermediate products and consumptions of HOW farmer and government activities, we find that the rSNA ecosystem services and environmental incomes at basic prices are 123.3 €/ha and −28.0 €/ha, respectively, while those of the AAS at social prices are 442.2 €/ha and 250.8 €/ha. Given advances in non-market valuation techniques, we show that an expanded definition of economic activities can be applied to measure the contribution to total income of managed natural areas taking into account the multiple uses of the ecosystem type. However, HOW sustainability continues to be a challenging issue that requires ecological threshold indicators to be identified, not only because of the economic implications but also because they provide vital information on which to base policy implementation.

scholarly journals Economic activities of enterprises: essence, conceptual paradigm, regulation

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
Oksana Chumak
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Scientific Substantiation ◽  
Definition Of

Introduction. The economy of world is driven by corporations, enterprises of all forms of ownership and entrepreneurs, the basis of functioning which is economic activity, which transforms resources and processes into expected result – profit and satisfaction of social needs. In Ukraine, the normative base, scientific and professional sources interpret and determine the content of economic activity in most part, using the term economic activity (other interpretation), which determines controversy of economic and legal basis for a number of economic transactions. Thus, development of questions of clarifying terminology of economic activity and clarifying the limits of regulation of economic activity of enterprises of various social significance need to be developed. Methods. The research used methods of analysis, synthesis, concretization, which allowed to explore the content components and historical stages of understanding the economy and economic activity; methods of abstraction, logical generalization and comparison – for comparing the concepts of economic and economic (other interpretation) activity, comparison of foreign and domestic experience in the vision of the concept under study; generalization method and abstract methodology – for generating generalizations and conclusions of the study. Results. Meaningful understanding the concept of economic activity is investigated on the basis of the analysis of literary sources and normative acts, its significance from the economic, sociological, philosophical and legal point of view is revealed. The article presents a conceptual approach to the understanding of the definition of economic activity at the micro level. Discussion. Further research in this area should relate to the scientific substantiation of the management of economic activity of enterprises. Keywords. state-owned enterprise, economic activity, management, regulation.

scholarly journals Problems of Developing Municipalities’ Financial Balances on the Example of the “General Government” Sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 05011
Author(s):  
Alexey Pasynkov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Value Added ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Government Sector ◽  
General Government ◽  
State Budgets ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
The City ◽  
Municipal Level

The article deals with the problems of developing financial balances at the municipal level, based on the principles of constructing the System of National Accounts. The problems of methodological nature and information content of financial balances are described, possible ways of their solution are proposed. The author’s methodology for determining the share of the “General Government” sector in the economy of municipalities has been developed. In the absence of data on value-added areas, proposed to use wage data by types of economic activity. On this basis, we calculated the contribution of local and state budgets in the expenditures of the “General Government” sector in the municipalities of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra. On average, financing of wages in this sector is provided by federal and regional authorities at 60.86% in the region. The smallest value among municipalities is in the city of Pokachi (9.88%), the greatest dependence on the financing of the region and the federation is in the city of Khanty-Mansiysk (85.5%), Surgut (over 65%) and Yugorsk (slightly less than 64%).

scholarly journals Ekonomista ze Lwowa. Dorobek naukowy, poglądy i działalność publiczna Stanisława Głąbińskiego

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-178
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Klimiuk
Keyword(s):  
National Interest ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Personal Interest ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
New School ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Reality

The article contains an analysis of the scientific achievements and views of the economist Stanisław Głąbiński, associated with Lviv. Polish economic thought in the interwar period developed in two opposite directions: theoretical and historical. The first of them dominated in the Krakow, Poznań and Warsaw centers, while the second was represented by economists associated with the Lviv and Warsaw centers. Głąbiński was the leading representative of the historical course at the University of Lviv. His economic views as well as political, social and economic activities deserve attention. Głąbiński’s socio-economic concepts were a reflection of his political views. His most important works from the period of the Second Polish Republic, ie two volumes of National Economics (Theory of National Economics – 1927 and National Economic Policy – 1928) and History of Economics – 1939 (volumes 1 and 2) are the best proof of this. Głąbiński has always tried to look at the essence of economic phenomena from the national point of view. Throughout his scientific activity he also proclaimed the creation of a new school in the science of economics – a national school whose theoretical basis would be the nation and the national idea. He left the individualism of the liberal school and examined the economic reality through the prism of national interest. He claimed that an abstract analysis of a personal interest that omits the national interest is only a hypothesis that does not explain the economic reality. Therefore, he proposed to supplement abstract research with research on the whole socio-economic reality: historical analyzes and comparison of the personal interest of economic entities with the general interest.

Inventory Management in Russian Economy: Crisis and Post-crisis Adjustment

2013 ◽  
pp. 50-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Zamaraev ◽  
A. Nazarova
Keyword(s):  
Inventory Management ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Methodological Approaches

The article considers the stock changes and their relationship to changes in economic activity. Comprehensive statistical analysis covers accounting data, which are compiled on a quarterly basis, in relation with annual data of the system of national accounts. Methodological approaches to using composite leading indexes of economic activity to forecast future changes in inventories and explain turning points in their trend are examined. The article analyzes changes in inventory for 2005—2011 (in general and for different types of inventory) in the context of such approaches. It also presents international comparisons of inventory levels.

scholarly journals PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTANCY

1970 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Criveanu ◽  
Silvia Simionescu
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Cancer Syndrome ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Current Period ◽  
One Year ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Impact

In the conditions of the current period, characterized through demographic increase, economical and industrialization development but also through the action often uncontrolled of human upon the environment, it is matter of environment protection. The preoccupations for the protection of natural environment were felt since the beginning of XIX century when was implied the active participation to the protection of nature beauties and to the prevention of abusive exploitation of the natural rich. In 1930 was published the Law for Protecting the Monuments of Nature, the first law for the environment protection, and one year later took place the Committee for the Protection of Nature Monuments that functions today also under the patronage of the Romanian Academy. Under the impact of the economical development, of the industrial revolution and mostly, of the technical-scientific revolution, were created lacks of balance in the environment through the pollution phenomena, more or less serious the soil level, water and air; disappearance or about to disappear many plants and animals species; the apparition of various diseases caused by pollution (SIDA, cancer, syndrome of mad cow, etc), phenomena that manifest today at the level of all countries and continents. Among time it was observed that, destroying the forests, due to which there is stability and quality of three fundamental elements of human lives, soil, air and water, provoked disastrous effects upon the environment. The actual problems of the environment may be solved through the most precise evaluation of the outturn in future of the natural resources (exhaustion of hydrocarbons deposits, restrain of wooded surfaces) in the national accountancy. National accountancy (System of national accounts) represents an evidence system and the macro economical analyze used in the statistics of the countries with a market economy, in the statistics O.N.U. and other international organizations to represent quantitative the economical reality in a period of time or at a certain moment. The evaluation and integration of the environment in the national accountancy is difficult matter, hard to realize because regarded from the economical point of view is ascertained as it offers support for the economical activity.

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