THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPT OF «COSTS»

Introduction. An important component in the management system of the enterprise is the assessment of the effectiveness of management actions, which involves comparing the results of activities with the costs of achieving these results. As costs can be considered any cost of resources (fixed assets, materials, labour resources in the form of working time, wages, etc.). Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach and dialectical method of cognition, which were used to study the fundamental provisions of economics on the formation of cost management of vegetable enterprises. General scientific methods were used to achieve the goal of the study: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction (determination of the essence of the category “costs”, generalization of the peculiarities of the formation of costs of agricultural enterprises and the basics of their management); abstract and logical (formulation of conclusions, proposals) and other generally accepted methods and modern economic and statistical techniques. Results. Summarizing the existing approaches to determining the nature of production costs, we can conclude that they represent a fee for the possibility of production (fee for the use of resources, services, works, etc.), which varies depending on the conditions of its implementation, which allows to achieve goals (the main of which in terms of market relations is profit maximization). Discussion. Ukraine's transition to IFRS will certainly improve the quality of economic information in the field of cost accounting and product costing, associated with a number of difficulties due to differences in management accounting methodology, as well as cost accounting according to IFRS and NP (S) of accounting. These include differences in terminology and categorization of the methodological apparatus, in the composition and principles of grouping and distribution of costs; different approaches to explaining the nature and origin of cost groups and their distribution; temporary focus in accounting and cost analysis. In our opinion, these difficulties can be solved and require further study and classification of differences in cost accounting systems, as well as the development of methods for transforming cost data generated in one of the systems adopted by the company as a basis for parallel format data. Keywords: costs, prime cost, resource, production, capital, wastage, losses.

PHILOSOPHY MANAGEMENT ENTERPRISE OF ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE BASIS OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Introduction. In the age of economic development globalization of the country, for a variety of objective factors, relevant issues regarding social management restructuring and modernization at energy infrastructure enterprises through integration into the energy infrastructure enterprises corporate policy of social standards that would meet the requirements of the modern civilizational world and would have a positive social impact. Methods. During the implementation of the research tasks were used the as follows: cognition method, combination of general scientific and special research methods, the analysis and synthesis, the historical and logical method, the induction and deduction, which made it possible to separate and clarify the social and economic essence of definitions sush as "corporate social responsibility" and find out and define the principles and instruments of social responsibility at an enterprise. Results. The article is concerned with development of approaches interpreting the social and economic essence of "corporate social responsibility" for energy infrastructure enterprises, which is manifested in the social, economic and cultural life of citizens and is based on the principles of honesty, sociability, transparency and responsibility. Discussion. Another task that must be solved and which requires its separate scientific research is the formation of a policy for reducing energy poverty. In this context, taking into account world experience it is necessary to investigate existing approaches to interpreting vulnerable categories of consumers and identify groups of socially vulnerable consumers. Keywords: corporate social responsibility, energy infrastructure enterprises, social standards, service quality, consumers.

FEATURES OF FORMATION OF ACCOUNTING POLICY OF THE ENTERPRISE IN THE COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT

Introduction. The development of market relations in the domestic economy has affected all aspects of business. Quantitative and qualitative changes have taken place in the system of accounting at enterprises, which influenced the organization of the order of reflection of the basic financial information in the reporting. The performance of accounting functions entrusted to it requires owners to pay due attention to the organization of accounting in general and, in particular, to the accounting policy through which they implement their own policies in the field of enterprise management. The regulations for the formation of accounting policies have also changed, which has been affected by globalization processes, which provide for the formation of documentation in accordance with international standards. Methods. General and special methods were used in the course of the research, in particular: the analytical method was used in the review of literature sources; the method of classification made it possible to differentiate the main components of the accounting policy of enterprises; method of description – to give them a detailed description; the monographic method was used in the study of literature sources on the details of the elements of accounting policies of enterprises; system and analytical method is used in processing the obtained information. Results. The article considers accounting policy as a tool for implementing methods of accounting, substantiates the need for new approaches to its development in order to improve the analytical accounting and the need to take into account factors influencing the results of the enterprise. The approaches to the development of the accounting policy of the enterprise are studied, its clear elements are singled out and the offers on elimination of possible problems at its formation are given. The stages and technology of accounting policy development are considered and the ways of its further improvement are offered. Discussion. The obtained theoretical and applied recommendations can be used to improve existing approaches to compiling the accounting policy of the enterprise. It is advisable for each company to develop a model of accounting. Keywords: accounting policy, efficiency, stages of development, elements of accounting, development technology, control, reporting.

STATE AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GROWING AND PROCESSING OF WALNUTS IN UKRAINE

Introduction. The current state of development of walnut production in Ukraine is unsatisfactory. This product is very promising for growing in all regions of Ukraine. In the context of land reform, the urgent issue is to find ways to use land resources more efficiently, and growing walnuts is one way to maximize the profits of farmers. Methods. The following methods were used in the article during the work as: analysis and synthesis - in determining the system-forming factors of the development of walnut production; comparison - to determine the benefits of the proposed method of growing and selling walnuts; formalization - in the development of a systematic approach to the production and sale of nuts by farms. Results. The volumes of production, yield and sales of walnuts in Ukraine are studied. Possible directions of use of products from nut kernel and production waste are determined. The need for the development of farms for the production and processing of walnuts is argued. A business plan for the restructuring of farms with a focus on deep processing of walnuts is proposed. Discussion. Walnut production in Ukraine is currently concentrated in private farms, the relevant products cannot be standardized. Most of these products are sold as kernels and are exported. This type of activity is one of the most promising, especially in farms, with proper government support. The development of production with a focus on deep processing will make it possible to maximize the profits of agricultural producers and provide raw materials to the pharmaceutical industry for the production of activated carbon and carbon-containing high-tech products (processing of nut shells). Implementation of the developed startup "Nut Craft" on the restructuring of farms in Ukraine will promote the development of farms. In the future, marketing strategies for promoting walnut processing products on the Ukrainian market will be studied. Keywords: walnut, yield, production, restructuring, processing, farms, efficiency.

MANAGEMENT, MARKETING AND FINANCIAL APPROACHES TO ASSESSING THE SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECT OF ENTERPRISE INTERACTION IN THE FACE OF CHANGING CONSUMER PREFERENCES

Introduction. Differences in understanding the main sources of effect and benefits that accompany the interaction of SME with each other and with large industrial enterprises indicate the ambiguity of ways to measure and evaluate such interaction and its scope, which in the face of changing consumer preferences requires further study. Methods. The following special methods of scientific cognition were used in the research process: historical-logical method (in the study of the evolution of changes in the value of SMEs under the influence of changes in consumer preferences); method of systematization, classification and theoretical generalization (use of the potential of interaction between SMEs and large enterprises); method of institutional analysis (in the study of the transformation of the SME management process); method of system analysis (in the study of the classification of interactions of small and medium enterprises); method of logical analysis and synthesis (in the construction of forms of interaction between SMEs and large enterprises); method of graphical analysis (in the development of configurations of varieties of the structure of the satellite form of interaction of industrial SMEs and large enterprises). Results. It is proved that one of the directions of development of modern industrial SME in Ukraine is the use of various forms and methods of partnership: from concluding long-term bilateral supply agreements to creating new SME of design and process type to solve new problems. The most promising partners of manufacturing SME in Ukraine are large industrial enterprises, whose growth opportunities due to limited resources, high competition from foreign manufacturers, almost complete lack of state support are almost exhausted. Production SME are characterized by dipole and network interaction with large industrial enterprises - cooperation of their activities, which provides for mutually beneficial counterparty relations: a large enterprise on the basis of contractual relations orders from production SME certain products or services of production nature with definition of their specification or semi-finished products. The function of production SME is to perform a separate operation of the production process or a certain type of production service. Discussion. To study the possibilities of cooperation of industrial SMEs with large industrial enterprises, it is advisable to determine the regional specifics of industrial SMEs, using the method of rating the investment competitiveness of regions by number of manufacturing SMEs, number of employees, sales and financial results. This would make it possible to identify the districts of the region whose small production enterprises need the most support. Keywords: managerial, marketing and financial approaches, evaluation, socio-ecological-economic effect, interaction of enterprises, change of consumer preferences.

MAIN APPROACHES TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISES

Introduction. Social entrepreneurship is a relatively new phenomenon for world science. Scientists approach the systematization of knowledge in this field and the very definition of this term in different ways. And this, in turn, led to the existence of different approaches to the classification of social enterprises. A number of factors are due to the variety of classification features: a large number of social problems, the solution of which requires new methods of doing business; regulatory framework governing the activities of social enterprises; not a clear distinction between social entrepreneurship and charity, corporate social responsibility. A detailed classification of social enterprises will help identify enterprises that will best fit the essence of the model of social entrepreneurship. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis for the study of the main directions of classification of social enterprises used in the world, were the works of domestic and foreign scientists on the features of the model of socially-oriented entrepreneurship. The article used general and special methods of scientific knowledge: system analysis and synthesis, deductive and inductive methods, methods of analogies, generalizations and comparisons. Results. The article examines different approaches to the classification of social entrepreneurship, which are based on the following criteria: the degree of integration of the social program and business processes; goals of activity and direction of profit use; mission, the availability of income from core activities and the availability of an innovative component; ways to create social enterprises; specifics of business organization. All social enterprises can be divided into those that provide social services to the population, and those who employ socially vulnerable groups of the population. Also, enterprises are divided into self-financing, partly self-financing and profitable, depending on the level of profitability of business entities and the size of the social effect created. Special attention is paid to the classification of social enterprises, which is used in the Catalog of social enterprises of Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the theoretical substantiation and practical solution of the expediency of classification of socially-oriented enterprises in two directions: social and commercial. Discussion. Further research will focus on determining the level of compliance of the enterprise with its socially-oriented mission on the basis of the proposed classification. Keywords: the classification of social enterprises, social-oriented entrepreneurship, social effect.

ACCOUNTING AND ANALYTICAL ASPECTS OF COST MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

Introduction. The issues of management of production costs of the enterprise have become important for domestic businesses after the transition of the economy to market principles of doing business. In the command-administrative system of management, pricing was the prerogative of state authorities, ministries and departments and was based on the implementation of a cost approach, which involves the inclusion in the cost of products of the full cost of its production and sale. Methods. During the research general and special methods of research of processes and phenomena in their interrelation and development were used, namely: monographic (at formulation of the purpose, tasks, subject and object of research); method of comparative analysis (in the study of the concepts of strategic cost management). At the stage of observation of business transactions, collection, measurement, design, registration, systematization and processing of information for research, the inductive method was used, and the deductive method was used in the process of theoretical understanding of the problem. Results. We believe that the main characteristics of the cost management system of an agricultural enterprise should be: phased implementation of the process; inclusion in the general process of enterprise management; establishing the impact of the external environment of the business entity; determining the characteristics of the internal environment; availability of feedback. Discussion. At the stage of reforming the domestic accounting system, the issue of terminology should be given special importance. It is advisable to use in regulations the definition of costs and expenses, limiting the scope of these categories and providing the possibility of their unambiguous qualification by enterprises that prepare reports for interested users, both external and internal. Prospects for the application of IFRS in Ukraine in terms of cost accounting require understanding of the basic ideas and meaning of international standards and research, the results of which will approximate, and further bring the guidelines and rules of cost accounting in Ukraine in accordance with international financial reporting standards. Keywords: production, management, costs, expenses, accounting, prime cost.

DIGITAL PATH TO SUSTAINABILITY THE BANKING SECTOR OF BELARUS

Introduction. The article examines the functioning of digital technologies in the banking sector of the Republic of Belarus; the emphasis is on the development of remote banking services and the formation of a national model of secure payments. The necessity of introducing banking innovations in the digital economy to transform the format of banking services is substantiated and promising areas of digital transformation that contribute to the sustainable development of the banking system of Belarus are analysed. Methods. The methods of theoretical generalization and empirical methods were applied in the course of the research to determine the foundations for building approaches to the digital path of sustainable development of the banking sector at the present stage; the systemic and structural method was applied to highlight the current positions of the digital transformation of the banking sector and ways to increase its stability and efficiency. The task of this scientific work is to find relevant directions for the development of banking activities in the context of the introduction of inno-vations in the modern digital economy. Results. The key dominants of the introduction of banking innovations in the digital economy are evaluated, taking into account the directions of the formation of cross-channel banking infra-structure. The necessity of introducing banking innovations in the digital economy to transform the format of banking services aimed at ensuring sustainable development has been substantiated. Discussion. The need to implement and actively apply banking innovations in the digital econ-omy to transform the format of banking services in order to ensure sustainable development of the banking sector in Belarus. In the future, the sustainable development of the banking system in the direction of introducing innovations will ensure the competitiveness of banking products and services in comparison with neobanks and fintech projects, taking into account the substantiated directions for the development, regulation and implementation of banking innovations in the digital economy. Keywords: banking services, digital technologies, innovative trends in banks.

UNIFICATION AND HARMONIZATION OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTING PROCEDURES IN THE CONTEXT OF ADAPTATION TO INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING STANDARDS

Introduction. The main characteristics of the modern world economy are globalization and integration processes, attempts to create and develop various forms of joint economic activity between countries, companies, businesses. The processes of international integration of the economy lead to the need to build a rational mechanism for the formation of information about the activities of economic units at the global level, which can be done in the process of international standardization of accounting and financial reporting. Methods. General and special methods were used in the course of the research, in particular: the analytical method was used in the review of literature sources; the method of classification made it possible to differentiate the main components of international accounting and reporting standards; method of description – to give them a detailed description; the monographic method was used in the study of literature sources on the details of the elements of international standards of accounting and reporting; the system and analytical method is applied at processing of the received information. Results. The article considers the theoretical, organizational and practical principles of harmonization, unification and standardization of the main aspects of national and international accounting and financial reporting. It is established that in the convergence of national accounting and IFRS there is a need to identify and eliminate methodological and practical differences between them, identify rational ways to assess the basic elements of financial reporting, based on the formation of concepts of unification of accounting processes as a major problem facing the international accounting community. A number of problems have been identified related to the formation of methodological, regulatory and organizational mechanisms that ensure the development and implementation of IFRS and IAS, compliance with their application at the international and national levels, as well as the elimination of conflicts between them. Discussion. The received recommendations can be used for implementation of the basic elements of process of harmonization and unification of national standards that will promote increase of efficiency of domestic accounting practice. It is expedient for domestic enterprises to unify and harmonize accounting and financial reporting standards. Keywords: accounting, harmonization, unification, standardization of accounting and financial reporting, international standards, IFRS, IAS.

ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF VALUE AND PRICE DISPROPORTIONS ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROBLEMS OF FUNCTIONING OF ORGANIZED AGRICULTURAL MARKET IN UKRAINE

Introduction. The modern development of the market of agricultural products in Ukraine actualizes important theoretical and practical problems of domestic agricultural science, directly attesting to the practical result of the state agricultural policy. There is still no single theoretical and methodological approach to assessing and diagnosing value and price disproportions in agricultural products due to regional differences, as well as directions of development of the organized agricultural market as an important institution in the context of reducing price asymmetry in the market of agricultural products, which determined the relevance of the topic of the article. Methods. The research is based on the use of general and specific methods of research within the methodological tools of modern economics, in particular, the dialectical method, analysis and synthesis, logical-historical, comparison, graphic, economic-statistical, etc. Results. The article substantiates the main economic aspects of the diagnosis of value and price disproportions of agricultural products and the functioning of the organized agricultural market in Ukraine. The peculiarities of diagnostics of price asymmetry on the example of strategic agricultural products - grain are revealed, on the basis of actual economic data the key tendencies of development of researched process in the context of regional levels and functioning of the organized stock exchange sector are defined. Discussion. Considering the priorities of price asymmetry and creating of modern mechanism for the functioning of the agricultural market, prospects for eliminating price disparities and forming an organized market for agricultural products are defined. The prospect of further research on this issue should be based on taking into account the cost and price asymmetry for agricultural products, the existence of phenomena of price asymmetry of various types in order to form an organized agricultural market, which would reduce or eliminate the negative effects of price disparities on agricultural products. Keywords: price, price asymmetry, regional pricing, market of agricultural products, organized agricultural market, stock exchange, stock market of agricultural products.