scholarly journals FIELD ASSESSMENT OF AUTODISSEMINATION OF PYRIPROXYFEN BY CONTAINER-INHABITING AEDES MOSQUITOES IN FLORIDA

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-39
Author(s):  
Barry W. Alto
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
High Density ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Field Assessment ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Integrated Mosquito Management

Domestic mosquito control for container-inhabiting Aedes vectors of Zika, chikungunya, yellow fever, and dengue viruses is challenging, and novel methods are needed. Autodissemination strategies are one such method. In this control method, females are attracted to stations treated with an insect growth regulator (IGR), become treated, and subsequently deposit the IGR in natural oviposition sites, preventing pupal emergence. We developed and tested treatment stations in semi-field conditions based on number of captured mosquitoes in the treatment stations. The modified treatment station attracted gravid females with oak leaf infusion and mosquito passage through exit chutes granted access to sucrose and topical contamination of IGR (pyriproxyfen) for 25% of released mosquitoes. Although a majority of released mosquitoes were uncaptured (75%), sufficient amounts of pyriproxyfen contaminated female mosquitoes to result in 75% inhibition of adult emergence in larval bioassays. These stations were then used in a field experiment to test the efficacy using sentinel cups with mosquito larvae. Three treatments which included varied numbers of autodissemination stations (control, low density, and high density) were compared. Both low and high density of stations provided high inhibition of adult emergence from sentinel cups relative to controls. We did not observe differences in mosquito emergence inhibition whether sites contained low or high densities of stations (i.e., similar rates of mosquito inhibition). Two additional field trials showed that topically contaminated mosquitoes were traveling further than expected and causing mortality in sentinel cups at least as far as 80 meters from the autodissemination stations. The development and implementation of autodissemination of IGRs is an additional tool for use in integrated mosquito management.

scholarly journals Comparison of materials used for cleaning equipment in retail food premises, and of two methods for the enumeration of bacteria on cleaned equipment and work surfaces

1970 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Surface Sampling ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Cleaning Equipment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Self Service ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Retail Food

SUMMARYThere is no official scheme for testing disinfectants and detergent/disinfectants for use in the retail food trade and few recommended procedures have been given for the cleaning of equipment with these agents. Therefore, field trials were carried out in a large self-service store. Comparisons were made of the various cleaning efficiencies, as determined by bacterial plate counts, of detergent and disinfectant solutions and machine cleaning oils applied with either clean cloths or disposable paper towels to items of equipment. The most satisfactory results were always obtained when anionic detergent (0·75 % w/v) and hypochlorite (200 p.p.m. available chlorine) solutions were applied in a ‘two-step’ procedure.Tests were made to compare the calcium alginate swab-rinse and the agar sausage (Agaroid) techniques for the enumeration of bacteria on stainless steel, plastic, formica and wooden surfaces before and after a cleaning process. Although recovery rates were always greater by the swab-rinse technique, the agar sausage technique was considered to be a useful routine control method for surface sampling.

Comparison of the Effect of Insecticides on Bumble Bees (Bombus impatiens) and Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus) by Standard Mosquito Research Methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany L McGregor ◽  
Bryan V Giordano ◽  
Alfred E Runkel ◽  
Herbert N Nigg ◽  
H Lee Nigg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bombus Impatiens ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Nontarget Effects ◽  
Native North American ◽  
Significant Mortality

Abstract Mosquito control districts in the United States are limited to two main classes of adulticides, pyrethroids and organophosphates, to control mosquitoes. Two adulticides used to control domestic mosquitoes are Fyfanon EW (malathion, organophosphate) and DeltaGard (deltamethrin, pyrethroid). While the effect of these pesticides on European honeybees (Apis mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae) has been investigated, effects on native pollinators need additional research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute nontarget effects of these pesticides on Bombus impatiens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae), a native North American bumble bee species, and compare these effects to wild and laboratory strains of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Diptera: Culicidae) through field and laboratory assays. Bombus impatiens was found to be resistant to Fyfanon EW (x̅ = 6.7% mortality at 50-µg malathion per bottle) at levels that caused significant mortality to study mosquitoes (86.2 ≥ x̅ ≥ 100% mortality) in laboratory bottle bioassays. Comparatively, B. impatiens demonstrated greater mortality to DeltaGard (93.3%) at 2.5-µg deltamethrin/bottle than any mosquito colony assayed (14.1 ≥ x̅ ≥ 87.0% mortality). Only DeltaGard was tested in field applications. In the field, we observed acute effects of DeltaGard on mosquitoes and B. impatiens at 25- and 75-m distance from a truck-mounted ultra-low volume fogger, although treatment effects were not significant for B. impatiens. Additional wild-caught nontarget mortality to DeltaGard field trials was also evaluated. This study indicated that common mosquito control adulticides do cause nontarget mortality to B. impatiens but that impacts are variable depending on pesticide and further studies are needed.

Field assessment of partial resistance to mycosphaerella blight in Pisum subspecies accessions

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Conner ◽  
B. D. Gossen ◽  
S. F. Hwang ◽  
K. F. Chang ◽  
K. B. McRae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Field Assessment ◽  
Ascochyta Pinodes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Production Areas

Conner, R. L., Gossen, B. D., Hwang, S. F., Chang, K. F., McRae, K. B. and Penner, W. C. 2012. Field assessment of partial resistance to mycosphaerella blight in Pisum subspecies accessions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 289–296. Mycosphaerella blight, caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & Bloxam) Vestergr., the teleomorph of Ascochyta pinodes Jones, is an important foliar disease of field pea in the major production areas of the world. Partial resistance to mycosphaerella blight has been reported in some field pea cultivars, but, at best, they are only moderately susceptible. A 3-yr field study was conducted to evaluate the mycosphaerella blight reactions of 28 accessions from a number of subspecies of Pisum sativum L. and one accession of P. fulvum Sibth. A few of the accessions carried mutations for the genes af, tl, and st that affect the morphology of the leaflets, stipules and tendrils. Reactions to mycosphaerella blight were characterized based on the mean of the severity ratings taken on the two final assessment dates before the crop matured and also on the change in mycosphaerella blight severity between these two dates. In many of the accessions, severity ratings were similar to that of the moderately susceptible check cultivar, CDC Peko, while a few had high severity ratings similar to those of the susceptible check cultivars. The accession PI 512079, which has small stipules, branched petioles with many leaflets but no tendrils, had the lowest ratings for mycosphaerella blight severity. Four other accessions exhibited the smallest change in mycosphaerella blight severity at the end of the growing season. Differences in leaf morphology likely influenced the change in disease severity, since all the semi-leafless and leafless accessions had smaller changes in mycosphaerella blight severity than the susceptible check cultivars. In a detached leaf assay with two isolates of Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & Bloxam) Vestergr., the smallest lesions formed on PI 512079, but otherwise the results failed to show a relationship with the observed severity values in the field trials.

scholarly journals Withania somnifera acts as a potential insect growth regulator in the polyphagous pest, Pericallia ricini

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Kumar Gaur ◽  
Krishna Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Withania Somnifera ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Insect Growth ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Seed Extracts

Abstract Both seed and root extracts of the medicinal plant, Ashwagandha, Withania somnifera exhibit insect growth regulatory activity against the polyphagous pest, Pericallia ricini. Topical administration of W. somnifera seed and root extracts to last instar larvae of P. ricini disrupted moulting and metamorphosis, leading to a number of developmental abnormalities such as delay in larval-pupal and pupal-adult ecdysis, formation of larval-pupal, pupal-adult and larval-pupal-adult mosaics/chimeras, ecdysial failure, suppression of pupation and adult emergence and formation of abnormal pupae and adultoids. The treatment with seed extracts was more severe than that of root extracts as it completely suppressed the pupation and adult emergence. The results clearly suggest that the medicinal plant, W. somnifera acts as a potential insect growth regulatory (IGR) disrupting the moulting and metamorphosis as a consequence of interference with the endocrine system.

scholarly journals The Impact of Hurricane Irma on Our Community and the Collier Mosquito Control District's Mission

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2s) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Robin A. King ◽  
Rebecca Heinig ◽  
Patrick Linn ◽  
Keira J. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Southwest Florida ◽  
Disease Vector ◽  
Collier County ◽  
Mosquito Management ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Integrated Mosquito Management ◽  
Hurricane Irma ◽  
Subtropical Environment

ABSTRACT The Collier Mosquito Control District, located in southwest Florida, is uniquely positioned in a subtropical environment between the Gulf of Mexico and Everglades National Park. The District's mission is focused on the control of disease vector and nuisance mosquitoes in Collier County, which is accomplished through integrated mosquito management. Hurricane Irma made landfall in the county on September 10, 2017, leaving in its wake tremendous property and infrastructure damage, and it also disrupted communications and airport operations. These factors greatly affected the District's operations and its ability to meet its mission. In addition, the lengthy loss of electrical power forced most residents outdoors, increasing their exposure to mosquitoes. From challenges in completing poststorm treatments to outdated policies that caught us off-guard, the event prompted a new hurricane policy and plan to ensure improved preparedness for the next natural disaster. The poststorm environment also provided a rich foundation for research into mosquito populations after tropical disturbances of this scale. Here we report the impact on the District's aerial mosquito control operations, changes to internal policies, and mosquito population abundance following Hurricane Irma.

scholarly journals Examination of Acephate Absorption, Transport, Metabolism, and Accumulation in Maize After Root Irrigation for Spodoptera Frugiperda Control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
jiyingzi Wu ◽  
xianjia Li ◽  
ruiquan Hou ◽  
kunyu Zhao ◽  
yongqin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Maize Plants

Abstract BACKGROUND: Since the invasion of the fall armyworm moth (Spodoptera frugiperda) in China in January 2019, damage to maize crops has gradually intensified, and chemical control has become the main control measure. This study aimed to examine methods of effective pest control while monitoring the environmental impact of pesticide use. The effectiveness of S. frugiperda pest control by foliar spraying and root irrigation of maize plants with acephate was determined, and the absorption, distribution, and dissipation of acephate and methamidophos by maize were studied.RESULTS: Field trials showed that acephate treatment at 6000 g.a.i ha-1 was the most effective for controlling S. frugiperda. Acephate and methamidophos were absorbed from the roots, transported upward, and concentrated in the leaves, particularly new leaves. The terminal residues of acephate and methamidophos in maize grains were below detectable levels at 60 days after treatment.CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that acephate treatment via root irrigation can more effectively control the infestation of S. frugiperda in maize than acephate treatment via foliar spraying. The translocation and distribution of acephate and methamidophos by root irrigation were more uniform, and the holding efficiency was higher than those in foliar spraying, suggesting an extended period of control efficacy. This pest control method could be utilized to reduce pesticide residues while safely and efficiently controlling S. frugiperda infestation.

scholarly journals Larvicidal effect of some natural products on mosquito and some aquatic predators in Gezira State, Sudan: Field assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 078-082
Author(s):  
Abdelmonem Eltiyab Houmida Ali ◽  
Mutaman Ali A. Kehail
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Stagnant Water ◽  
Source Reduction ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Field Assessment ◽  
Neem Leaves ◽  
Aquatic Predators

There are many methods used for mosquito control. Depending on the situation, source reduction (removing stagnant water), bio-control (importing natural predators), trapping, and insecticides to kill larvae or adults may be used. Some aquatic predators were reputed as biological control agents for mosquito larvae. Hence they have to be considered when experimenting on the lethal effects of any material on mosquito larvae. The objectives of this study were to study the effects of neem leaves and usher latex against Anopheles and Culex larvae and some of their aquatic predators (hemipteran boatman (HB), tadpole (T), swimming beetle larvae (SBL) and adult (SBA) and mayfly naiad (MF)) in some breeding sites around Wad Medani Town. Gezira State, Sudan. Two villages were selected for conducting this study. The count of the mosquito larvae and the aquatic predators continued for four days from applying natural products. The results showed that, mosquito’s larvae were affected more than the aquatic by Neem leaves and Ushar latex. The study of the microclimates in the breeding sites will help to correlate toxicity to any level of any environmental factor.

Studies on the biology and control of Lachnosterna consanguinea (Blanch.), a pest of sugarcane in Bihar (India)

1961 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Kalea ◽  
J. P. Kulshreshtha
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bufo Melanostictus ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Acridotheres Tristis ◽  
Flight Season ◽  
Dry Out ◽  
And Control

The larvae of the Melolonthid beetle, Lachnosterna. consanguinea (Blanch.), have been found to be very destructive to sugarcane in the Dalmianagar area in Bihar, India, since 1956 when they were first recorded there. The pest has since been found to occur in serious numbers in certain adjoining areas and also in Bihta in Patna district. Damage is done by the larvae by feeding on cane roots. Heavily infested cane clumps dry out completely and in severe infestations as much as 80 per cent, of the crop is lost. The infestation occurs only on light sandy soils; crops on clay soils are not affected. The February-planted crop suffers more seriously than that planted in October. The adults have not so far been observed doing any damage to sugarcane.The emergence of adults starts in the last week of April, but a rush of emergence occurs only after the first shower of rain. The adults are nocturnal in habit and feed on leaves of certain bushes and trees during the night. They hide themselves in loose moist soil in day-time. Mating takes place after dusk during the flight season, and eggs are laid in the soil at a depth of 5 to 10 cm. The incubation period varies from 8 to 10 days. The young larvae move to cane roots after some initial feeding on grass roots. They are fully grown in 8 to 10 weeks' time when they move deeper into the soil and pupate in earthen cells at a depth of 0·3 to 1·5 m. The pupal period varies from 12 to 16 days and the pest overwinters in the adult stage. There is only one brood a year.The adults are active at night and are attracted to artificial light and can be destroyed in large numbers with the help of light-traps. Collections from the foliage of trees and shrubs at night is an easier and better method of destruction. Trials with insecticides applied as sprays to the foliage of shrubs in cages to which adults were immediately introduced showed that a suspension containing 0·5 per cent. DDT was effective and was superior to one of BHC.Replicated field trials carried out for the control of the larvae with various insecticides showed that BHG applied to the soil in a dust at the rate of 22·4 Ib. toxicant per acre was the most effective. This treatment, when applied-at planting time (February) had an adverse effect on germination; this effect was not observed when the application was made at the end of May. In subsequent replicated experiments, when BHC in a dust was applied in two instalments at the rate of 10 Ib. per acre at the end of May at the time of the rush of adult emergence, and in July, respectively, much better results were obtained without any adverse effect on the crop. BHC and other insecticides applied to the soil in sprays at 10 Ib. per acre at the end of May were ineffective.Amongst varieties of cane grown at the Bank Farm, Dalmianagar, Co.935 and B.O.3 showed a greater tolerance of injury by the larvae than the others.A Scoliid, Scolia aureipennis Lep., was observed to parasitise the grubs during September. The rate of parasitisation was only about 5 per cent.A disease caused by a fungus, Metarrhizium. anisopliae, was also observed to occur in the adults. Affected beetles died within 4 to 6 days.The common Indian toad (Bufo melanostictus) and the gecko (Gecko gecko) were seen preying on the adults in the evening when these were active. A number of birds, particularly the Indian crow (Corvus splendens) and mynah (Acridotheres tristis), also feed on the larvae when these are exposed during tillage operations.

RNAi-Mediated Screening of Selected Target Genes Against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayed M S Khalil ◽  
Kashif Munawar ◽  
Azzam M Alahmed ◽  
Ahmed M A Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lethal Genes

Abstract Culex quinquefasciatus, a member of the Culex pipiens complex, is widespread in Saudi Arabia and other parts of the world. It is a vector for lymphatic filariasis, Rift Valley fever, and West Nile virus. Studies have shown the deleterious effect of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of various lethal genes in model and agricultural pest insects. RNAi was proposed as a tool for mosquito control with a focus on Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. In this study, we examined the effect of RNAi of selected target genes on both larval mortality and adult emergence of Cx. quinquefasciatus through two delivery methods: soaking and nanoparticles. Ten candidate genes were selected for RNAi based on their known lethal effect in other insects. Disruption of three genes, chitin synthase-1, inhibitor of apoptosis 1, and vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase, resulted in the highest mortality among the selected genes using the two treatment methods. Silencing the other seven genes resulted in a medium to low mortality in both assays. These three genes are also active against a wide range of insects and could be used for RNAi-based mosquito control in the future.

scholarly journals Effect of LongRange™ eprinomectin on Anopheles arabiensis by feeding on calves treated with the drug

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aklilu Belay ◽  
Beyene Petros ◽  
Teshome Gebre-Michael ◽  
Meshesha Balkew
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets ◽  
Nylon Cloth

Abstract Background Misuse of long-lasting insecticidal nets together with resistance of vectors to most of the insecticides for indoor residual spraying and impregnated nets threaten malaria vector control interventions, requiring search for alternative control methods. Reports have shown that Anopheles mosquitoes die when they feed on endectocidal drugs used to treat humans and animals. A study was designed to investigate the efficacy of LongRange™ (eprinomectin 5%) on laboratory reared Anopheles arabiensis fed on treated calves. Methods Anopheles arabiensis from insectary colony was fed on three calves treated with therapeutic dose of LongRange™ eprinomectin (1 ml/50 kg) and on non-treated three other calves as control arm. For the feeding, mosquitoes were placed in paper cups covered with nylon cloth mesh and then allowed to feed on the necks of calves. Subsequently, mosquito survival, fecundity, egg hatchability, larval development and adult emergence were recorded. Data were entered and analysed by using SPSS version 20. The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and independent sample t-test were used. Results All mosquitoes that fed on LongRange™ Eprinomectin treated calves died within 7 days following blood ingestion. The drug also slightly affected fecundity and hatchability of An. arabiensis. Conclusion Treating livestock with LongRange™ (eprinomectin 5%) may serve as a supplementary control method for zoophagic An. arabiensis.

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