scholarly journals State-legal regulation of educational activity of Old Believers of the Perm province in the XIX — early XX century

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-161
Author(s):  
E. V. Shishkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Home Education ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
State Educational ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes the measures of the state-confessional policy of the Russian Empire in relation to the education of children of Old Believers in the 19th — early 20th centuries and their implementation in the Perm province. It is concluded that the religious policy of the state in relation to the education of the children of Old Believers was inconsistent and underwent all the fluctuations of the government course: from discriminatory measures in the second quarter of the 19th century until the softening of the policy of the authorities in the second half of the century. The conclusion is made about the ineffectiveness of prohibitive measures of the state in relation to teachers and schools of Old Believers, about a certain discrepancy in legislation and its application in the Perm province. The article provides data on the number of Old Believers’ students in various schools of the Perm province at the beginning of the 20th century, which indicates that only a small number of Old Believers preferred education in state educational institutions to traditional home education.

scholarly journals General-criminal prisons of the Russian Empire in the XIX century (on the example of the Orenburg province)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-169
Author(s):  
Yulia Vladimirovna Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper attempts to provide, on the basis of archival and published materials, a brief description of the state of general prisons in the Russian Empire in the 19th century on the example of the Orenburg province. In the first half of the XIX century, many prison buildings were in a dilapidated state, most of them were wooden. The prisoners suffered from overcrowding, they were not separated by sex and age, the sick were kept together with the healthy ones, they were hungry, they lived in begging. Very often the premises for prisons were private rental houses. There were no medical personnel in prisons, there were epidemics that led to a huge increase in mortality. As for the work, in the first half of the XIX century in prison locks and guards it was introduced in the rarest cases, since there were no special rooms for this. In the post-reform period, many prison premises were repaired, premises began to be rented for hospitals, the prisoners diet improved in the 1980s. The payment for arrest labor was introduced, the educational activity in prisons improved. Despite the measures taken by the government, the state of ordinary prisons in the southern Urals throughout the XIX century was still deplorable due to the fact that there was not enough money, or the local administration was not interested in improving the situation of the prisoners and the state of the prisons themselves.

scholarly journals Educational Function of the State as an Object of Administrative and Legal Regulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
V. V. Abroskin
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
State Educational

The emphasis has been placed on the fact that the state has the main responsibility for the formation of state policy in the field of education and the development of effective mechanism for its implementation. The author has emphasized that without the development of effective mechanism for the implementation of the educational function of the state it will be impossible to ensure the proper functioning of all spheres of public life: political, economic, cultural, environmental, informational, law enforcement, etc. In this regard, it has been focused on the importance of clarifying the content of the educational function of the state, developing effective mechanisms for its implementation. The education has been offered to be understood as a complex process regulated by the norms of national legislation, to ensure its quality we create relevant entities, entitled to provide educational services, which allows recipients of such services to realize personal potential based on their abilities, interests, needs, motivation, capabilities and experience. It has been established that the understanding of education as the result or process is the feature of the expediency of legal interpretation of this term, since procedural issues related to the organization of the educational process, education, establishment and operation of educational institutions, education management, etc. are regulated by law, primarily by administrative law. As a result of revealing the essence of the categories “function of the state” and “education” the author has formulated own definition of the concept of “educational function of the state” as the direction conditioned by the social purpose of the state, during which the state (in the form of state and non-state subjects of educational activity) creates proper conditions to meet the needs of citizens for their intellectual, spiritual, physical and cultural development, to provide them with equal access to educational services, which, as a consequence, may lead to the achievement of the planned learning outcomes. The conclusion about the two-component purpose of the educational function of the state has been made. It has been substantiated that the implementation of the educational function of the state is mainly carried out with the help of administrative and legal tools. The characteristic features inherent in the educational function of the state as an object of administrative and legal regulation have been outlined. The author has distinguished the main prerequisites for ensuring the proper implementation of the educational function of the state: a) the existence of a coherent system of regulatory acts, the provisions of which determine the priority areas of the state educational policy and take into account European educational standards, while developing an effective mechanism for implementing regulations; b) clearly defined range of subjects of management in the field of education with the consolidation of their administrative and legal status at the legislative level; c) the system of financial and logistical support of procedures for the provision and consumption of educational services must be scientifically sound and take into account modern innovative tendencies in the education sphere; d) development of an effective mechanism for motivating the employees in the field of education to use innovative technologies.

scholarly journals Guardianship for Popular Sobriety in Russia at the Beginning of 20th Century: from Wine Monopoly to “Dry Law”

2021 ◽  
pp. 426-450
Author(s):  
I. A. Shevchenko ◽  
E. V. Chernykh
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
The State ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Excessive Alcohol Consumption ◽  
The Government ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the guardianship of popular sobriety — institutions created by the government of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century to organize the fight against excessive alcohol consumption at the provincial and district levels. The study describes the situation with the consumption of alcoholic beverages in Russia at the turn of the XIX—XX centuries, provides the main provisions of the state wine monopoly, introduced in 1895 with the direct participation of the Minister of Finance S. Yu. Witte. Based on the Charter of Guardianship of People’s Sobriety, the authors describe their powers, composition, and features of work organization. Based on the analysis of diverse sources (including unpublished archival sources), the article characterizes the diverse activities of guardianship in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as its assessment by contemporaries. The conclusion is made about the relatively low efficiency of the work of sober institutions due to their bureaucracy and insufficient funding. The article describes the problem of reforming the guardianship, which was discussed with varying intensity in the 1900—1910s in the Ministry of Finance, the State Council, public and zemstvo circles. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the problems faced by the guardianship of popular sobriety during the First World War after the introduction of the “Prohibition”. The scientific novelty of the research lies in an attempt to analyze the entire set of issues related to the activities of guardianship in the period under review, starting from documents of a legal and office-work nature, statistical materials, periodicals, journalistic and memoir literature.

scholarly journals Personnel Issues in the Omsk Diocese in the Late 19th — Early 20th Centuries and Mechanisms of Its Solution by the Diocesan Authorities

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
N.V. Dikova
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article analyzes the reasons for the shortage of clergy in the Omsk diocese and the mechanisms for resolving this problem by the diocesan authorities from its formation in 1895 to 1917. It is noted that as a result of the annexation of the territory of South Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan to the Russian Empire, the formation was completed administrative-territorial structure of the Steppe territory. The Steppe Governorate-General was formed in 1882, established by decree of Emperor Alexander III. On the basis of the decree, the Akmola, Semipalatan and Semirechensk districts were included in the composition of the Steppe Governorate-General. The Russian Orthodox Church, which was one of the main political institutions of the state, was given an important place in the system of spiritual management of the region and the implementation of the policy of Russification. Therefore, by the end of the 19th century, the formation of the institutional system of the Omsk diocese began there. One of the important aspects of the formation of the Omsk diocese was the solution of the personnel issue. The author explains the lack of personnel in the parishes and deaneries of the Omsk diocese by a number of factors — the territorial remoteness of the Steppe Territory from the European center of the country, the lack of educational institutions in Western Siberia that trained clergy, ethnoreligious heterogeneity of the Steppe Territory and the need for work among the Old Believers, sectarian and Muslim populations. Nevertheless, the diocesan authorities managed, although not to the full extent, to solve the personnel issue using various mechanisms: administrative appointment, transfers from other dioceses, and recruiting priests from other social sectors of Russian society.

scholarly journals Ethnological-legal and technical-legal aspects of intercultural communication in Russia of the Imperial period: the experience of theoretical and methodological structuring on the example of the formation of the institutions of lamaism among the Volga kalmyks of the second half of the 19th century. Part 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
I. A. Arzumanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Legal Communication ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

Federation On the example of the formation of the institutions of Lamaism among the Volga Kalmyks II. floor. XIX century. the historical-legal and socio-cultural aspects of intercultural communication in Russia are considered. The methodological correlation of the processes of intercultural communication in the context of the polyphonic nature of the legal culture of the Russian Empire is analyzed. The universalism of the sociological (integral) discourse of jurisprudence determines not only the civilizational specifics of legal communications as one of the forms of intercultural communication, but also the methodological body of research based on the cultural-anthropological approach and ethnological-legal conditioning. The interdisciplinary nature of the study is due to the specificity of the ethno-confessional specifics of the processes under consideration and involves an appeal to theoretical and legal, state, socio-cultural, and religious discourses. Based on the analysis of the provisions of the primary sources of normative legal acts concerning the state and legal regulation of the ethno-confessional sphere among the Volga Kalmyks and in the Russian Empire as a whole in the first half of the 19th century, a comparative analysis of the processes of consolidating the institution of the majour in the Volga Kalmyks and Buryat clans of the East Siberian region is carried out. An example of cultural and legal communication between such subjects as the state and ethno-confessional communities are the results of the analysis of archival documents, for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, concerning the activities of the imperial administration in the sphere of systematizing the norms of customary law of the Volga Kalmyks and streamlining the processes of forming regional institutions of Lamaism. Some aspects of the socio-cultural determinants of the processes of increasing the number of Lamaist clergy among the Volga Kalmyks and the problems of its legal regulation are considered. Conclusions are made about the intercivilizational nature of legal communication, implicitly aimed at assimilating the customary legal system of Kalmyks in order to include them in the general system of legalizations of the empire.

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL AND LEGAL DISCOURSE OF ETHNIC AND NATIONAL CONFLICTS IN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
ANDREY KURIUKIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Legal Discourse ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
New Research ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Developing System

The issue of ethnic relations and the conflicts generated by them is acutely relevant. Many branches and directions of modern science study it. Political science and jurisprudence are in the foreground of the modern study of ethno-national conflictology. Over a long period of research, they have developed several influential approaches that have become widespread. The growing complexity of the surrounding political and legal reality, the escalation of conflict in society, including ethno-national, require the search and application of new research paradigms. One of these is the analysis of political and legal discourse, which consists in studying the ways of how legal meanings, ideas, opinions and preferences, which are carried by legislators, are technically and meaningfully embodied in the texts of normative acts, subsequently forming a specific political and legal reality. Analyzing the domestic ethno-conflictological political and legal discourse, the author concludes that in the era of the Russian Empire, the legalization of ethno-national relations had little attention from legislators, the documents adopted in the 19th century carried widespread ideas of the legislative theory and existed unchanged until 1917. The basic paradigm of the Soviet political and legal regulation of ethno-national relations was the ideological dogmas of the theorists of Marxism-Leninism, within which, in Soviet society, such a phenomenon as an ethno-national conflict was denied, but, in fact, existed. At the present stage, after the acute events of the second half of the 1980s - 1990s, a serious system of political and legal regulation of ethno-national relations was developed. It bore fruit. Today, the domestic political and legal regulation of ethno-national relations has the character of a developing system designed to adequately respond to changes. The article can be used to improve the state social and legal policy of the Russian Federation. Also, the materials presented can provide the interest of students, graduate students, teachers, researchers and other people who are interested in the current social, political and legal development of Russia.

Reasons for the Onset of the Uniat Clergy’s Movement Towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the Beginning of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 293-317
Author(s):  
Protopriest Alexander Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Latin Church ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Church Service ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article studies the system of pre-conditions that caused the onset of the uniat clergy’s movement towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the beginning of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the tendency of the uniat clergy going back to Orthodoxy was the result of certain historic conditions, such as: 1) constant changes in the government policy during the reign of Emperor Pavel I and Emperor Alexander I; 2) increasing latinization of the uniat church service after 1797 and Latin proselytism that were the result of the distrust of the uniats on the part of Roman curia and representatives of Polish Catholic Church of Latin church service; 3) ecclesiastical contradictions made at the Brest Church Union conclusion; 4) division of the uniat clergy into discordant groups and the increase of their opposition to each other on the issue of latinization in the first decades of the 19th century. The combination of those conditions was a unique phenomenon that never repeated itself anywhere.

The 1912 Duma Elections: The State, the Opposition and the Clergy

Orthodoxia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
F. A. Gayda
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

This article deals with the political situation around the elections to the State Duma of the Russian Empire in 1912 (4th convocation). The main actors of the campaign were the government, local administration, liberal opposition and the clergy of the Orthodox Russian Church. After the 1905 revolution, the “official Church” found itself in a difficult situation. In particular, anti-Church criticism intensified sharply and was expressed now quite openly, both in the press and from the rostrum of the Duma. A consequence of these circumstances was that in this Duma campaign, for the first time in the history of Russian parliamentarianism, “administrative resources” were widely used. At the same time, the authorities failed to achieve their political objectives. The Russian clergy became actively involved in the election campaign. The government sought to use the conflict between the liberal majority in the third Duma and the clerical hierarchy. Duma members launched an active criticism of the Orthodox clergy, using Grigory Rasputin as an excuse. Even staunch conservatives spoke negatively about Rasputin. According to the results of the election campaign, the opposition was even more active in using the label “Rasputinians” against the Holy Synod and the Russian episcopate. Forty-seven persons of clerical rank were elected to the House — three fewer than in the previous Duma. As a result, the assembly of the clergy elected to the Duma decided not to form its own group, but to spread out among the factions. An active campaign in Parliament and the press not only created a certain public mood, but also provoked a political split and polarization within the clergy. The clergy themselves were generally inclined to blame the state authorities for the public isolation of the Church. The Duma election of 1912 seriously affected the attitude of the opposition and the public toward the bishopric after the February revolution of 1917.

Sources of the recognition of belligerent status

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (192) ◽  
pp. 111-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Zorgbibe
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Sovereign Power ◽  
Equal Status ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Unilateral Action ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

“Whenever a large organized group believes it has the right to resist the sovereign power and considers itself capable of resorting to arms, war between the two parties should take place in the same manner as between nations…” This statement by de Vattel in the 19th century seemed destined to take its place as a part of positive law, constituting part of what was known as recognition of belligerency, tantamount to the recognition by the established government of an equal status for insurgents and regular belligerents. When a civil war became extensive enough, the State attacked would understand that it was wisest to acknowledge the existence of a state of war with part of the population. This would, at the same time, allow the conflict to be seen in a truer light. The unilateral action of the legal government in recognizing belligerency would be the condition for granting belligerent rights to the parties. It would constitute a demonstration of humanity on the part of the government of the State attacked and would also provide that government with prospects for effective pursuit of the war. By admitting that it was forced to resort to war, it would at least have its hands free to make war seriously.

scholarly journals The regional policy of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century: The Kingdom of Poland (1815–1830)

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-105
Author(s):  
Boris V. Nosov ◽  
Lyudmila P. Marney
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the problems of the regional policy of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century discussed in the latest Russian historiography, to the peculiarities of the state-legal status and administrative practice of the Kingdom of Poland. It was the time when basic principles and a special structure of management at the outlying regions of the empire were developed, and when special (historical, national, and cultural) regions were formed on the periphery of the Empire. The policy of the Russian government in relation to the Kingdom of Poland depended both on the fundamental trends in the international relations in Central and Eastern Europe (as reflected in international treaties), as well as on the internal political development of the empire, and the peculiarities of political, legal, social, economic, cultural processes in the Kingdom and on Polish lands in Austria and Prussia. All these aspects have an impact on the debate that historians and legal experts are conducting on the state and legal status of parts of the lands of the former Principality of Warsaw that were included in the Russian Empire in 1815 by the decision of the Congress of Vienna. The fundamental political principles of the Russian Empire in the Kingdom of Poland in the first half of the 19th century were a combination of autocracy (with individual elements of enlightened absolutism), based on centralized bureaucratic control, and relatively decentralized political, administrative and estate structures, which assumed the presence of local self-government.

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