Neural Network Models for Traffic Estimation in Mobile Networks in Lagos, Nigeria

The network providers are now being challenged with their inability to accurate estimate and characterize traffic in a particular area, due to the increasing number of mobile communication services being rendered by the network providers Hence, this has been greatly undermining their design and planning processes and as such increasingly affected the Quality of Service(QoS).This research work addresses the traffic estimation in mobile communication network using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach using measured data collected in Lagos State,Nigeria.The Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) ANN techniques were used in the traffic modeling. The results of the ANN modeling showed that the Model 1 of MLP performed better than other models with Coefficient of Determination (R2) of 99%, Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) of 5.456 and Mean Bias Error(MBE) of 0.94.It is recommended that the dataset used in developing the ANN models be increased by collecting and using not more than 12months traffic data for ANN modeling .An appropriate design of the models should also be given a serious concern by choosing appropriate number of neurons at the hidden units of the neural networks .This will provide a good traffic estimation which the mobile network provider can be used in network design and planning.

Download Full-text

An artificial neural network-based prediction model for utilization of coal ash in production of fired clay bricks: A review

Science of Sintering ◽

10.2298/sos2101037v ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 37-53

Author(s):

Milica Vidak-Vasic ◽

Lato Pezo ◽

Vivek Gupta ◽

Sandeep Chaudhary ◽

Zagorka Radojevic

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Artificial Neural Network ◽

Coal Ash ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Mean Bias Error ◽

Percentage Error ◽

Bias Error ◽

Clay Bricks ◽

Coal Ashes ◽

Artificial Neural

This study analyzed the last 20 years` data available on power plant coal ashes used in clay brick production. The statistical analysis has been carried out for a total of 302 cases based on the relevant parameters reported in the literature. The chemical composition of the clays and coal ashes, percentage incorporation and maximum particle size of ash, size of fired samples, peak firing temperature, and the corresponding soaking time were selected as inputs for modeling. The product characteristics i.e. open porosity, water absorption, and compressive strength was taken as output parameters. An artificial neural network model has been developed and showed a satisfactory fit to experimental data and predicted the observed output variables with the overall coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.972 during the training period. Besides, the reduced chi-square, mean bias error, root mean square error, and mean percentage error were utilized to check the correctness of the obtained model, which proved the network generalization capability. The sensitivity analysis of the model suggested that the quantity of Na2O coming from brick clays, the percentages of SiO2 and K2O coming from ashes, and MgO coming from clays were the most influential parameters in descending order for the ash-clay composite bricks` quality, mostly owing to the influence of fluxes during firing.

Download Full-text

Estimation of Global Solar Radiation using Modifed Angstrom Empirical formula on the basis of Meterological parameters in Himalaya Region Pokhara, Nepal

Journal of the Institute of Engineering ◽

10.3126/jie.v11i1.14710 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 158-164

Author(s):

Khem N. Poudyal

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Meteorological Parameters ◽

Research Work ◽

Global Solar Radiation ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Mean Bias Error ◽

Bias Error ◽

Mean Square ◽

Performance Parameters ◽

Sunshine Hour

This research work proposes the coefficient equation of modified Angstrom model using sunshine hour and meteorological parameters for the estimation of global solar radiation in Himalaya Region Pokhara (28.22° N, 83.32° E), Nepal . This site is about 800.0 m above from the sea level lying just 20.0 km south of the Machhaputre Himalayas. The model coefficients a and b obtained in this research are 0.43 and 0.23 respectively. The performance parameters of the model are: Root Mean Square Error RMSE = 0.13 MJ/m2 /day, Mean Bias Error MBE= 0.02 MJ/m /day Mean Percentage MPE= 5 percent and coefficient of determination R2 = 0.70. Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2015, 11(1): 158-164

Download Full-text

Convolutional Neural Network Models Help Effectively Estimate Legume Coverage in Grass-Legume Mixed Swards

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.763479 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Ryo Fujiwara ◽

Hiroyuki Nashida ◽

Midori Fukushima ◽

Naoya Suzuki ◽

Hiroko Sato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Convolutional Neural Network ◽

Efficient Estimation ◽

Fine Tuning ◽

Aerial Images ◽

Mean Bias Error ◽

Average Error ◽

Bias Error ◽

Neural Network Models ◽

The Mean

Evaluation of the legume proportion in grass-legume mixed swards is necessary for breeding and for cultivation research of forage. For objective and time-efficient estimation of legume proportion, convolutional neural network (CNN) models were trained by fine-tuning the GoogLeNet to estimate the coverage of timothy (TY), white clover (WC), and background (Bg) on the unmanned aerial vehicle-based images. The accuracies of the CNN models trained on different datasets were compared using the mean bias error and the mean average error. The models predicted the coverage with small errors when the plots in the training datasets were similar to the target plots in terms of coverage rate. The models that are trained on datasets of multiple plots had smaller errors than those trained on datasets of a single plot. The CNN models estimated the WC coverage more precisely than they did to the TY and the Bg coverages. The correlation coefficients (r) of the measured coverage for aerial images vs. estimated coverage were 0.92–0.96, whereas those of the scored coverage by a breeder vs. estimated coverage were 0.76–0.93. These results indicate that CNN models are helpful in effectively estimating the legume coverage.

Download Full-text

Hourly Ground-Level PM2.5 Estimation Using Geostationary Satellite and Reanalysis Data via Deep Learning

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13112121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2121

Author(s):

Changsuk Lee ◽

Kyunghwa Lee ◽

Sangmin Kim ◽

Jinhyeok Yu ◽

Seungtaek Jeong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Validation ◽

Ground Level ◽

Reanalysis Data ◽

Training Dataset ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Mean Bias Error ◽

Bias Error ◽

Air Quality Model ◽

Quality Model ◽

Near Surface

This study proposes an improved approach for monitoring the spatial concentrations of hourly particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) via a deep neural network (DNN) using geostationary ocean color imager (GOCI) images and unified model (UM) reanalysis data over the Korean Peninsula. The DNN performance was optimized to determine the appropriate training model structures, incorporating hyperparameter tuning, regularization, early stopping, and input and output variable normalization to prevent training dataset overfitting. Near-surface atmospheric information from the UM was also used as an input variable to spatially generalize the DNN model. The retrieved PM2.5 from the DNN was compared with estimates from random forest, multiple linear regression, and the Community Multiscale Air Quality model. The DNN demonstrated the highest accuracy compared to that of the conventional methods for the hold-out validation (root mean square error (RMSE) = 7.042 μg/m3, mean bias error (MBE) = −0.340 μg/m3, and coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.698) and the cross-validation (RMSE = 9.166 μg/m3, MBE = 0.293 μg/m3, and R2 = 0.49). Although the R2 was low due to underestimated high PM2.5 concentration patterns, the RMSE and MBE demonstrated reliable accuracy values (<10 μg/m3 and 1 μg/m3, respectively) for the hold-out validation and cross-validation.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of NASA POWER Reanalysis Products to Estimate Daily Weather Variables in a Hot Summer Mediterranean Climate

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11061207 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1207

Author(s):

Gonçalo C. Rodrigues ◽

Ricardo P. Braga

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Bias Correction ◽

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Mediterranean Climate ◽

Weather Data ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Mean Bias Error ◽

Bias Error ◽

Weather Variables ◽

Weather Stations

This study aims to evaluate NASA POWER reanalysis products for daily surface maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures, solar radiation (Rs), relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (Ws) when compared with observed data from 14 distributed weather stations across Alentejo Region, Southern Portugal, with a hot summer Mediterranean climate. Results showed that there is good agreement between NASA POWER reanalysis and observed data for all parameters, except for wind speed, with coefficient of determination (R2) higher than 0.82, with normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) varying, from 8 to 20%, and a normalized mean bias error (NMBE) ranging from –9 to 26%, for those variables. Based on these results, and in order to improve the accuracy of the NASA POWER dataset, two bias corrections were performed to all weather variables: one for the Alentejo Region as a whole; another, for each location individually. Results improved significantly, especially when a local bias correction is performed, with Tmax and Tmin presenting an improvement of the mean NRMSE of 6.6 °C (from 8.0 °C) and 16.1 °C (from 20.5 °C), respectively, while a mean NMBE decreased from 10.65 to 0.2%. Rs results also show a very high goodness of fit with a mean NRMSE of 11.2% and mean NMBE equal to 0.1%. Additionally, bias corrected RH data performed acceptably with an NRMSE lower than 12.1% and an NMBE below 2.1%. However, even when a bias correction is performed, Ws lacks the performance showed by the remaining weather variables, with an NRMSE never lower than 19.6%. Results show that NASA POWER can be useful for the generation of weather data sets where ground weather stations data is of missing or unavailable.

Download Full-text

Space-Time Sea Surface pCO2 Estimation in the North Atlantic Based on CatBoost

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13142805 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 2805

Author(s):

Hongwei Sun ◽

Junyu He ◽

Yihui Chen ◽

Boyu Zhao

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Mixed Layer Depth ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Mean Bias Error ◽

Bias Error ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic

Sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is a critical parameter in the quantification of air–sea CO2 flux, which plays an important role in calculating the global carbon budget and ocean acidification. In this study, we used chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla), sea surface temperature (SST), dissolved and particulate detrital matter absorption coefficient (Adg), the diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance at 490 nm (Kd) and mixed layer depth (MLD) as input data for retrieving the sea surface pCO2 in the North Atlantic based on a remote sensing empirical approach with the Categorical Boosting (CatBoost) algorithm. The results showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) is 8.25 μatm, the mean bias error (MAE) is 4.92 μatm and the coefficient of determination (R2) can reach 0.946 in the validation set. Subsequently, the proposed algorithm was applied to the sea surface pCO2 in the North Atlantic Ocean during 2003–2020. It can be found that the North Atlantic sea surface pCO2 has a clear trend with latitude variations and have strong seasonal changes. Furthermore, through variance analysis and EOF (empirical orthogonal function) analysis, the sea surface pCO2 in this area is mainly affected by sea temperature and salinity, while it can also be influenced by biological activities in some sub-regions.

Download Full-text

Sorption isotherms and their fitted equations for dried chips of cassava roots (Manihot Esculenta Crantz; Tme-7 variety) and the resulting isosteric heats of sorption

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.4(3).340 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 703-711

Author(s):

A.S. Ajala ◽

P.O. Ngoddy ◽

J.O. Olajide

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Shelf Life ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Sorption Isotherms ◽

Isosteric Heat ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Mean Bias Error ◽

Isotherm Models ◽

Bias Error ◽

Manihot Esculenta Crantz

Cassava roots are susceptible to deterioration with 24 hrs of harvest; it needs processing into a more stable material such as dried cassava chips to extend its shelf life for long storage. However, improper knowledge of the effect of atmospheric relative humidity on these dried chips during storage makes it mouldy and unacceptable. This work aimed at studying the effect of sorption isotherms on the dried cassava chips. In this study, adsorption and desorption isotherm were carried out using static gravimetric method and data for equilibrium moisture content (EMC) were generated at five (5) temperatures (53, 60, 70, 80, 86oC). These were fitted into four (4) isotherm-models [Oswin, Peleg, the Modified Oswin and GAB]. The statistical criteria to test the models were coefficient of determination (R2 ), reduced chi-square (χ 2 ), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE). The values of EMC ranged from 7.21-12.44% wb. The values of R2 ranged from 0.95-0.99; χ 2 ranged from 0.008-0.14; RMSE values ranged from 0.06-0.254 while MBE values ranged from -0.0004-1.1E-5. The values of isosteric heat of sorption calculated from the isosteres recorded a range from 6.579 to 67.829 kJ/mole. The Pelegmodel gave the best fit in the relative humidity range of 10 to 80%. The values of EMC show that the chips can have a stable shelf life without spoilage.

Download Full-text

Estimating daily evapotranspiration based on a model of evaporative fraction (EF) for mixed pixels

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-23-949-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 949-969

Author(s):

Fugen Li ◽

Xiaozhou Xin ◽

Zhiqing Peng ◽

Qinhuo Liu

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Land Surface ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Mean Bias Error ◽

Bias Error ◽

Heihe River ◽

Natural Ecosystems ◽

Evaporative Fraction ◽

Mixed Pixel ◽

Mixed Pixels

Abstract. Currently, applications of remote sensing evapotranspiration (ET) products are limited by the coarse resolution of satellite remote sensing data caused by land surface heterogeneities and the temporal-scale extrapolation of the instantaneous latent heat flux (LE) based on satellite overpass time. This study proposes a simple but efficient model (EFAF) for estimating the daily ET of remotely sensed mixed pixels using a model of the evaporative fraction (EF) and area fraction (AF) to increase the accuracy of ET estimate over heterogeneous land surfaces. To accomplish this goal, we derive an equation for calculating the EF of mixed pixels based on two key hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 states that the available energy (AE) of each sub-pixel is approximately equal to that of any other sub-pixels in the same mixed pixel within an acceptable margin of error and is equivalent to the AE of the mixed pixel. This approach simplifies the equation, and uncertainties and errors related to the estimated ET values are minor. Hypothesis 2 states that the EF of each sub-pixel is equal to that of the nearest pure pixel(s) of the same land cover type. This equation is designed to correct spatial-scale errors for the EF of mixed pixels; it can be used to calculate daily ET from daily AE data. The model was applied to an artificial oasis located in the midstream area of the Heihe River using HJ-1B satellite data with a 300 m resolution. The results generated before and after making corrections were compared and validated using site data from eddy covariance systems. The results show that the new model can significantly improve the accuracy of daily ET estimates relative to the lumped method; the coefficient of determination (R2) increased to 0.82 from 0.62, the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased to 1.60 from 2.47 MJ m−2(decreased approximately to 0.64 from 0.99 mm) and the mean bias error (MBE) decreased from 1.92 to 1.18 MJ m−2 (decreased from approximately 0.77 to 0.47 mm). It is concluded that EFAF can reproduce daily ET with reasonable accuracy; can be used to produce the ET product; and can be applied to hydrology research, precision agricultural management and monitoring natural ecosystems in the future.

Download Full-text

Drying of MalaysianCapsicum annuumL. (Red Chili) Dried by Open and Solar Drying

International Journal of Photoenergy ◽

10.1155/2013/167895 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Ahmad Fudholi ◽

Mohd Yusof Othman ◽

Mohd Hafidz Ruslan ◽

Kamaruzzaman Sopian

Keyword(s):

Root Mean Square ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Mean Bias Error ◽

Bias Error ◽

Solar Drying ◽

Mean Square ◽

Drying Time ◽

Sun Drying ◽

65 H ◽

Mean Square Errors

This study evaluated the performance of solar drying in the Malaysian red chili (Capsicum annuumL.). Red chilies were dried down from approximately 80% (wb) to 10% (wb) moisture content within 33 h. The drying process was conducted during the day, and it was compared with 65 h of open sun drying. Solar drying yielded a 49% saving in drying time compared with open sun drying. At the average solar radiation of 420 W/m2and air flow rate of 0.07 kg/s, the collector, drying system, and pickup demonstrated efficiency rates of approximately 28%, 13%, and 45%, respectively. Evaporative capacity ranged from 0.13 to 2.36 kg/h, with an average of 0.97 kg/h. The specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) of 0.19 kg/kWh was obtained. Moreover, the drying kinetics ofC. annuumL. were investigated. A nonlinear regression procedure was used to fit three drying models. These models were compared with experimental data on red chilies dried by open sun drying and those dried by solar drying. The fit quality of the models was evaluated using their coefficient of determination (R2), mean bias error, and root-mean-square error values. The Page model resulted in the highestR2and the lowest mean bias and root-mean-square errors.

Download Full-text

Estimates of daily global solar radiation based on the daily temperature extremes and precipitation sums

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun200452050013 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 13-28

Author(s):

Miroslav Trnka

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Sunshine Duration ◽

Regression Line ◽

Global Solar Radiation ◽

Daily Temperature ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Mean Bias Error ◽

Daily Maximum ◽

Bias Error ◽

Temperature Extremes

Two methods for estimating daily global solar radiation (RG) based on the daily temperature extremes and precipitation sum are compared in the study. All parameters necessary for application of both methods were derived either from literature or from climatic characteristics easily available at the given meteorological stations excluding need for measured RG data. The performance of both methods was assessed with a help of meteorological database including 4 stations in the Czech Republic (data were provided by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute) and 6 in Austria (data provided by the Austrian Weather Service) containing in total 41 640 observational day. For each day in the database observed daily sum of RG, daily maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation sum were available. Coefficient of determination, slope of regression line forced through origin, mean bias error (MBE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used as performance indicators. The first method proposed by Winslow et al. (2001) – Eq. (1) is capable to explain 86% of daily RG variability, with systematic error represented by MBE equaling to 0.19 MJ.m–2.day-1 and random error indicated by RMSE reaching up to 3.09. The second method published by Thornton and Running (1999)-Eq. (2) was found to be in almost all parameters inferior to the Eq. (1) and thus the Eq. (1) is recommended to be used in the Central European region (up to 600 m above the sea level). This method might be recommended for stations where neither measured RG or sunshine duration hours exist. However, one should take into consideration that relative MBE and RMSE are in some months higher than 10% and 30% respectively, which may compromise results of subsequent calculations made with use of estimated solar radiation data and alter the order of the method suitability.

Download Full-text