scholarly journals AKUSHA-DARGO IN RUSSIA’S POLICY IN DAGESTAN IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE 19th CENTURY

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
B G Aliev ◽  
O A Murtazaev
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
Mountain Communities ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Active Policy

The article deals with the activity of one of the most well-known, influential and active political structures of Dagestan at the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th cc. - the federation of Dargin unions of rural communities Akusha-Dargo. It was the period of active policy of Russia in Dagestan, which began after the conclusion of the Küçük Kaynardzha peace treaty with Turkey. Dagestan people generally sympathized with intensification of Russia’s policy. But there were rulers, in particular Shikhali Khan of Derbent and Surkhay Khan II of Gazikumukh, who pursued an anti-Russian policy, involving in this process other rulers and mountain communities and, of course, Akusha-Dargo, as the most influential political structure of Dagestan. Akusha-Dargo was closely associated with Shikhali Khan of Derbent and took an active part in his anti-Russian policy. Therefore, Akusha-Dargo was the focus of attention of the Caucasian command: it was mentioned in dozens of orders, reports, dispatches, letters, and instructions from all the commanders in the Caucasus, who closely followed the behavior of the Dargins, fervently discussing their participation in the anti-Russian policy of various rulers; in the reports and dispatches to Emperor Nicholas I and military ministers. The Caucasian command informed them of the activity of Akusha-Dargo, characterizing it as the most powerful political structure, which has a great influence on feudal rulers and mountain societies, and its role and significance in political events and the situation in Dagestan was emphasized in various documents. The article contains the material that reveals the role and importance of Akusha-Dargo in the political life of Dagestan in the thirties of the 19th century.

scholarly journals ON SOME ASPECTS OF ETHNO-DEMOGRAPIHICPROCESSES IN NORTH AZERBAIJAN IN THE 19th CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahir Shahbazov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Local People ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Demographic Structure ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
New Settlements

After the agreements signed between tsarist Russia and Iran and Turkey in the 19th century (The Gulustan Peace Treaty of 1813, Turkmenchay Peace Treaty of 1828 and Edirne Peace Treaty (The Treaty of Adrianople) of 1829), very serious political processes took place in NorthAzerbaijan. As a result of the tsarism’s resettlement policy, which served the plan to Russify and Christianize the region, a large number of Germans, Russians, Armenians, Poles, Greeks and other ethnic groups were resettled in the region. New settlements and villages were built for some of them, and some of them were settled on lands, villages and settlements belonging to local people. This, in turn, led to the migration of the local population, leaving their ancestral lands. Bazing on sources and literature is made attempts in the article to analyze these political events that have a significant impact on the ethno-demographic structure of North Azerbaijan.

scholarly journals The Phenomenon of Greek Religious Engravings: The Place of Engravings from the Collection of the Moscow Theological Academy Museum in the History of Engravings of the Greek World

2019 ◽  
pp. 190-215
Author(s):  
Анна Леонидовна Краснова
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Metal Plates ◽  
Church Of The East ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Greek World

Цель статьи - раскрыть понятие «греческая религиозная гравюра», а именно выявить, что это за гравюры, для чего они предназначались, какая историческая ситуация спровоцировала их распространение, а также определить их роль и значение для обителей, расположенных на оккупированных Османской империей территориях. На гравюрах изображаются образы святых и виды монастырей, которые распространялись монахами взамен на милостыню среди паломников. В условиях оккупации распространение гравюр было существенным источником дохода для обедневших монастырей Афона. Первые афонские гравюры выпускались в Европе, но с XIX в. афонские монахи создают гравюры самостоятельно. Статья раскрывает историю создания греческих религиозных гравюр и определяет место среди них гравюр из собрания Музея Московской духовной академии «Церковно-археологического кабинета», также выявляя уникальные образцы гравюр из коллекции музея. The article is devoted to the phenomenon of Greek religious engravings. There are an easel engraving with images of saints and views of monasteries, which distributed among pilgrims to promote Christian monasteries of the Orthodox Church of the East. When and why were they become used? A lot of Orthodox monasteries became poor after occupation by Ottoman Empire. Moreover, The Mount Athos had not been known in Europe until sixteenth century. The monks of the Saint Catherine’s Monastery found that the views of the Monastery mast be interesting for pilgrims and contributed to fame of their monastery. First woodcuts printed in a large number in Leo police in the middle of the 17th century. It was a great success. The monks exchanged this engraving on charity. And the Athos’s monks followed the example of Sinai’s monks. The first engravings for The Mount Athos were printed in Europe, in such cities as Vienna, and Venice. From the end of the 18th century metal plates engraved on the Mount Athos and in the 19th century the printing of engravings was amazingly extended. The most part of engravings from the collection of Moscow Theological Academy Museum printed in the middle of the 19th century in The Mount Athos. Also, this collection has some unique prints, such as the Burning Bush. This article shows the importance of the Greek engravings for the orthodox world such the instrument for advertising the most holy places for pilgrims. This etching made a great influence on our imagination nowadays about this holly places.

El rol de la inmigración alemana en el proceso de formación de la nación chilena

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
Gerardo Ojeda Ebert
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
German Immigrants ◽  
Abstract Description ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Great Complexity

The article describes the role of German immigrants in the formation of the Chilean nation in the 19th Century. The processes and problems related to Chile's emergence are of great complexity. The role of German immigrants was also very complex and important. According to Ebert they had great influence on economic, socio-political and military organization, and as well as on shaping of democratic institutions of the state. The presence of Germans in the late 19th Century also facilitated international relations, as it resulted in improved relations with the newly united Germany, which had official policies supporting foreign based Germans. English abstract/description written by Michał Gilewski

scholarly journals Die Ereignisse des Vormärz im Literarischen Schaffen des kompromisslosen Schriftstellers und Publizisten Robert Eduard Prutz

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (XXI) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Renata Trejnowska-Supranowicz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Political Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Writing ◽  
Important Means ◽  
History Of Journalism ◽  
The 19Th Century

Born in Szczecin, Robert Eduard Prutz (1816-1872) enjoyed considerable pop-ularity as a creator of the pre-March period poetry, as a journalist working for HallischeJahrbücher, one of influential publications of that time, and as a literary historian and expert on the history of journalism. Prutz’s life and work coincided with the society’s great dissatisfaction with the ossified absolutist system; literature in the 19th century constituted an important means of communication linking the text, the reader, and the historical context. In the poems and plays completed before the March revolution, the writer aimed at shaping the readers’ awareness, especially in terms of bringing down the feudal system. In this article Prutz’s selected works are used to demonstrate the ways in which he was able to address specific political events and the extent to which a given piece of literature could be treated as political writing. More specifically, several poems and the novel titled Das Engelchen, that refer to specific political events which occurred between the Congress of Vienna and the March Revolution, are analysed.

scholarly journals An Analysis on The Daffodils and Wordsworth’s Romantic View of Nature

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Liu
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
World Literature ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
New Era ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century

Wordsworth is the leading figure of English Romanticism in the 19th century and the most famous poet among the “Lake Poets”. He ushers in a new era of Romanticism for the English literature, and also exerts a great influence on the world literature. Most of his poems are about the natural scenery from which he explores its impact on human’s soul, so he has been regarded as “a poet of nature”. This thesis reveals the formation of the poet’s romantic view of nature and its demonstrations by analyzing one of his famous poems The Daffodils. 

scholarly journals O. Barvinskyi and O. Konyskyi: on History of Cooperation

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Nadiia Boiko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
New Era ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The research, based on the epistolary data, memoirs and articles, deals with the almost fortyyear long history of business and friendly relations between O. Konyskyi and O. Barvinskyi. Being citizens of the antagonistic empires, they tried to bring the inhabitants of the Dnieper Ukraine and Western Ukraine territories closer by means of the cultural and editorial projects. During the last decades of the 19th century O. Konyskyi and O. Barvinskyi actively participated in cultural, educational, social, and political life of Ukrainians. They had managed to start a number of projects that considerably changed the cultural and educational landscape of Ukraine. They took an active part in the establishment and subsequent reformation of Shevchenko Scientifi c Society in Lviv, which became the prototype of the national academy of sciences; they contributed to development of such editorial projects as “Pravda” and “Ruska istorychna biblioteka”; moreover, they published a range of school textbooks in the Ukrainian language. The paper also covers their active participation in establishing the Department of the Southern Europe history in Lviv University and their attempts to popularize and implement the ideas of the ‘new era’. Sometimes they sacrifi ced their own plans and even reputation realizing the projects that weren’t popular among the contemporary public but promised great prospects for Ukrainians in general. Therefore, O. Konyskyi and O. Barvinskyi were fulfi lling a very ambitious task of gaining the unity of the Ukrainian state and ensuring the possibilities for the national, cultural and educational evolution of Ukrainian society.

scholarly journals Teuto-argentino, teuto-brasileiro, teuto-chileno: identidades em debate

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur B. Rambo
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Key Words ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
German Immigrants ◽  
Ambiguous Situation ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century

Durante o século dezenove e no decorrer das primeiras décadas do século vinte, foram implantados projetos de colonização alemã no Brasil, na Argentina e no Chile. Apresentavam- se com semelhanças muito grandes nos três países, tanto nos objetivos, como no modelo de estrutura agrária, como na organização das comunidades rurais. Merece ser destacado neste processo a ocupação de grandes regiões mediante um povoamento maciço de exclusiva etnia alemã. Os imigrantes e seus descendentes das primeiras gerações permaneceram fiéis à língua e à tradição alemã. Na condição, porém, de cidadãos dos respectivos países foram sendo assimilados lentamente na sociedade maior que compunham a nação argentina, brasileira ou chilena. Desta situação ambígua, originou-se, a partir da década de 1930, uma discussão em todos os níveis, em torno da interrogação: Depois de duas, três ou até quatro gerações, o que somos, qual a nossa identidade, ainda somos alemães e em que sentido, até que ponto já somos chilenos, argentinos ou brasileiros? Ou, quem sabe nos resumimos a não sermos mais o que fomos e ainda não sermos aquilo que deveremos ser no futuro? Em outras palavras: o que entende o imigrante alemão no Chile quando se autodenomina de teuto-chileno, o imigrante alemão na Argentina, quando se denomina de teuto-argentino, ou o imigrante alemão no Brasil, quando se denomina teutobrasileiro? Abstract During the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century, German colonization projects were implemented in Brazil, Argentina and Chile. These colonization projects were very similar in all three countries in terms of their goals, the model of agrarian structure and the organization of rural communities. This process of colonization was characterized by the massive occupation of large areas exclusively by Germans. The immigrants and their descendents of the first generation remained faithful to the German tradition. However, as citizens of those three countries they were slowly assimilated into the Argentine, Brazilian end Chilean societies. This ambiguous situation gave rise, since 1930, to a discussion at all levels focusing on the issue of identity: after two, three or even four generations, what are we? What is our identity? Are we still Germans? In which sense or to what extent are we already Chileans, Argentines or Brazilian? Or perhaps we are no longer what we used to be and are not yet what we should be in the future? In other words: When the German immigrants in Chile call themselves German-Chileans, when German immigrants in Argentina call themselves German-Argentines and when the German immigrants in Brazil call themselves German- Brazilians, what do they men by that? Palavras-chave: Identidade étnica e imigração. Identidades em transição. Alemães na Argentina, no Brasil e no Chile. Key words: Ethnic identity and immigration. Identities in transition. Germans in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.

Zakaz nabywania terytorium państwa przez zawojowanie (debellatio) – perspektywa historyczna" - Prohibition of the acquisition of a state territory through deballatio – a historical perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol II (II) ◽  
pp. 50-65
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Masło
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Military Occupation ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
State Territory

A war is inevitably linked to changes in state borders, and the fighting armies were often occupying a territory of a hostile state by extending their power onto them. In the past, the areas occupied by a hostile state were often integrated to the victorious state (by the so-called deballatio) or subjected to various forms of dependence (e.g. a fief). Starting from the 19th century, a concept has been developed, according to which territorial changes between two belligerent countries are impermissible until the termination of military activities and the conclusion of a peace treaty . As a result of the Hague Conference of 1899 and 1907, an institution of an occupied territory was introduced into the language of international law, i.e. a state territory occupied by an enemy. An annexation, being the result of war, has a different character from the institution of an occupied territory, and a military occupation has not replaced a deballatio. They both coexisted, although they stem from a similar factual situation – a state of war and a consequent intrusion of an enemy on another state's territory. They also bring a similar effect, which is to establish the political system of the occupying state in this territory. As long as war was a legal mean of settling international disputes, the resulting transfer of a territory could not be illegal. During the ‘20s and ‘30s of the 20th century, the states were applying the practice of integrating the conquered territories rather than establishing a military occupation regime, and this met with the appreciation of the then countries. However, the author of this article puts forth a thesis that at the turn of the ‘30s and ‘40s of the 20th century, there was a prohibition of deballatio effected in violation of the then international law, and therefore with the Kellogg – Briand Pact. Territorial annexations, carried out by the Third Reich and the USSR against the territory of the Republic of Poland and other European countries after 1939, were therefore illegal. The purpose of this article is neither to comprehensively discuss the institution of military occupation, nor the prohibition of acquisition of a state territory through the use or a threat to use armed forces, or in particular – to discuss the current nature of the prohibition of deballatio. The intention of the author is to show how the prohibition of deballatio has finally emerged in the international law. When addressing this issue, it is impossible not to discuss the institution of deballatio and the international practice of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and the institution of military occupation, whose introduction to the international law related to the analysed issue. Only when the military occupation is presented, we will discuss the attempts aiming at prohibiting deballatio which have been made since the 19th century.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document