scholarly journals Pathomorphology of certain organs of immunogenesis by experimental reproduction of coronavirus infection in dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (99) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
N. Radzikhovsky ◽  
I. Sokulskiy ◽  
O. Dyshkant
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Field Isolate ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Rabbit Kidney ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Experimental Reproduction ◽  
Immunocompetent Organs ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The article, based on the results of histological studies, presents data on the microscopic structure of the immune system – thymus, spleen, lymph nodes of dogs with experimental infection with coronavirus enteritis. Pathomorphological studies of immunocompetent organs from the dead (n = 5) puppies crossed Labrador breeds with outbred, infected with a coronavirus field isolate cultured on heterologous cell cultures (kidney kidney hamster (BHK-21), rabbit kidney (RK-13) and the renal mumps (SPEV). Pathological dissection of dogs was performed by partial evisceration in the usual sequence. Prepared histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to standard recipes. The general histological structure and microstructural changes of histo- and cytostructures of organs in histological samples were studied under a light microscope. During coronavirus enteritis in dogs, pathomorphological changes in immunocompetent organs were found, which characterize the suppression of immunogenesis function during an infectious disease of viral etiology. Thus, in the spleen there are spotted hemorrhages, lymph nodes, moderate hyperplasia, with signs of hemorrhagic inflammation. Active proliferation of lymphoid cells, which leads to hyperplasia, is one of the markers of the pathogen's effect on the macroorganism in the form of an inflammatory process in regional lymph nodes, which indicates the multiplication of the virus and the development of immunological processes. Based on our analysis of literature sources, monitoring results and our own research, it was found that viral enteritis occupies a leading place in the infectious pathology of dogs and causes significant harm to animal owners. Thus, the need for additional research to clarify, supplement and summarize data on the pathomorphology of various organs and tissues in canine corona viridae enteritis, current immunoprophylaxis and treatment can significantly reduce the incidence and mortality from infection. We found a set of histological changes in the immune system during the experimental reproduction of coronavirus infection, can be considered a characteristic criterion for pathomorphological differential diagnosis of coronavirus enteritis in dogs.

scholarly journals Structural-functional characteristics of thymus in piglets with signs of latent and subclinic PCV2-infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (88) ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
V. V. Evert
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Pcv2 Infection ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Paraffin Sections ◽  
Functional Characteristics

Circovirus type II disease is an infectious disease with significant economic impacts on the pig industry, which has become global in the pig population (PCVD). The most common form of PCV2-infection has long been considered a PCV2-systemic disease, but recently latent and subclinical forms of PCV2-infection have become of particular importance. The main “target” for PCV-2 is the immune system, and the multiplication of PCV-2 in the cells of the immune system leads to their death and development of immunodeficiency state. The immune system, together with the nervous and endocrine systems, plays an important role in maintaining the body's homeostasis and ensures its adaptation to the effects of unfavorable environmental factors. The organs of the immune system of pigs include bone organs, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, as well as diffuse and aggregated lymphatic formations of the walls of the digestive canal and respiratory tract. Thymus is the central organ of lymphocytopoiesis and imunopoiesis, in it occurs differentiation of all cellular forms of mature T-lymphocytes in the pre-T-lymphocyte stage, which migrate from the bone marrow to the bloodstream. The growth and development of the thymus, as well as the bone organs, is in direct interaction with the growth and development of the spleen, lymph nodes and is reflected in the structure of the interstitial connective tissue and lymphoid parenchyma, and the question of the structural and functional characteristics of the thymus piglets with signs of latent and subclinical PCV-2 infection in accessible the scientific literature is not sufficiently elucidated and requires a detailed study. Purpose: determination of the structural and functional characteristics of the thymus of piglets with signs of latent and subclinical PCV-2-infection. The work was carried out in pig farms of Ukraine, with intensive technology of pig rearing, at the department of normal and pathological anatomy of agricultural animals and the Scientific and Research Center for Biosafety and Environmental Control of the Agroindustrial Complex Resources of Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University. To determine the structural and functional characteristics of the thymus of piglets at different forms of the of PCV-2-infection, monitoring studies of blood sera were carried out by quantitative PCR-analysis. A total of 275 samples of blood serum from piglets of 5–16 weeks of age were investigated. For pathomorphological studies with the method of acute bleeding, animals with signs of latent PCV2-infection (in 1 cm3 of blood serum of 103–104 copies of the genome of PCV-2 equivalents) were slaughtered and animals with signs of subclinical PCV2 infection (in 1 cm3 of blood serum 105–106 copies of the gene equivalents of PCV-2) 6 heads. By anatomical preparation, the thymus was removed, fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin, poured into paraffin, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and azur II eosin according to generally accepted techniques. In the paraffin sections, the presence of PCV-2 antigen (immunohistochemical staining) was also determined. In the lymphoid parenchyma of the thymus, the percentage ratio between individual cells (large, medium, small lymphocytes, plasmocytes and reticular cells), macrophages and other cells was determined. Cell counting of parenchyma was performed on dasgs stained with azur II eosin at an increase of 10 x 100 under the immersion for every 100 cells on ten preparations in 20 fields of vision for each individual group of animals. Based on the data obtained, the average percent content of each cell type was determined. The author, on the basis of pathohistological and immunohistochemical studies, determined the structural and functional characteristics of the thymus of piglets with signs of latent and subclinical PCV2-infection. It has been established that in piglets with signs of subclinical and latent PCV2-infection, pathogistological changes of the thymus do not differ significantly from the corresponding thymus parameters of clinically healthy animals free from PCV-2. At the same time, there is a tendency to decrease the number of lymphoid cells, mainly immunoblasts and lymphocytes, and, accordingly, the area of the particle cortex, which is more pronounced in thymus of pigs with signs of subclinical PCV2-infection.

scholarly journals Гістологічні зміни в собак за коронавірусної інфекції

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (78) ◽  
pp. 154-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Lisova ◽  
O. Dubinenko
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Regional Lymph Nodes ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Pathological Material

The article presents the results of the study of histological changes in organs and tissues of dogs for coronavirus infection. The histological study of the pathological material of cadavers (n =5) dogs of different breeds and sex between the ages of 2 to 6 months, who died with diarrheal syndrome. The study of presence of coronavirus, without other assiociants, in these cases had previously been confirmed in the polymerase chain reaction analysis of fecal samples. The made histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to standard prescriptions. The general histological structure and microstructural changes in histological preparations were studied under a light microscope. Histological studies have been confirmed and supplemented with pathoanatomical diagnoses, established after autopsies of dead bodies of dead animals. The most pronounced lesions and typical change in all dead dogs fixed contact in the small intestine (jejunum and to the ileum) and the regional lymph nodes to it, as well as in the spleen. It is shown that the morphological manifestations of coronavirus infection in dogs following features are on the microscopic level: the presence of exudative inflammation in the small intestine in the form serous-fibrinous jejuno-ileitis; hyperplasia of single and congested lymphoid nodes of the mucous membrane of the small intestine; hyperplasia and serous-hemorrhagic lymphadenitis mesenteric lymph nodes; foci of hemorrhage and hemorrhagic heart attacks in the spleen parenchyma; hyperplasia lymphoid nodes of the spleen; foci of hemorrhage in the serous membrane of the small intestine. Also, non-specific, but constant morphological features, which arose as a result of circulatory disorders and heart failure were: passive venous congestion of the liver and kidney; degenerative processes in the liver and kidney parenchyma. Consequently, local and general immunological processes develop during the coronaviral infection. Therefore, additional diagnostic markers appear hyperplastic and inflammatory changes of regional seats to the reproduction of the virus lymphoid organs.

scholarly journals Influence of Selenium on the Morphology of Immune System Organs in Healthy Broilers

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Korzeniowska ◽  
Jan P. Madej ◽  
Tadeusz Stefaniak ◽  
Wieslaw Kopec
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Organic Selenium ◽  
Inorganic Selenium ◽  
Partial Depletion

Abstract This study aimed to establish the effect of dietary supplementation in broiler chickens of organic and inorganic selenium on the weight and structure of the thymus, bursa of Fabricius and spleen. Three dietary regimes were studied in Flex and F15 Hubbard chickens: (i) control, (ii) diets containing 0.5 mg organic selenium/kg by selenized yeast, (iii) diets supplemented with 0.5 mg ionic selenium/kg (sodium selenite). The results showed that the feed additives did not affect the relative weight of the immune system organs, i.e. bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen. The organic selenium in the F15 resulted in thinning of the thymic cortex and partial depletion of the lymphoid cells. Moreover, both the organic and inorganic selenium supplementation resulted in depopulation of bursal medulla from lymphocytes in the F15 group. In contrast, in Flex chickens no significant differences in histological structure and morphometric values of lymphoid organs between chickens fed organic and inorganic selenium were found.

scholarly journals Clinical and morphological manifestations of immune system dysfunction in new coronavirus infection (COVID-19)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
L.M. Somova ◽  
◽  
E.A. Kotsyurbiy ◽  
E.I. Drobot ◽  
I.N. Lyapun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Cytokine Activation ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Circulating Lymphocytes ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Rapid development in 2020 of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 initially indicated signifi-cant involvement of the immune system. However, information on specific changes in organs of the immune system is still limited. A wide range of alterations was revealed in our study: from pronounced devastation of B-dependent and T-dependent zones of lymphoid tissue, reminiscent of changes in HIV infection at the AIDS stage, to hyperplasia of the tissue of lymph nodes and spleen of varying degrees. Analyzing the literature data, we focused on the fact that pathomorphological changes revealed in the autopsy studies of patients with a severe COVID-19 were accompanied by premortal lymphopenia in most cases. However, the cause of lymphopenia in COVID-19 has not yet been disclosed, authors of the review hypothesized that unregulated apoptosis of circulating lymphocytes is one of the potential lymphopenia inductors. Cytokine activation (“cytokine storm”) may be associated with lymphoid organs’ atrophy, which also contributes to a decrease in the circulating lymphocyte count. There is no doubt about the relevance of further identification of the immune cell apoptosis as one of the causes of lymphopenia and immune dysfunction in COVID-19 patients, which has prospects for pharmacological developments to manage lymphocytic apoptosis. Keywords: coronavirus infection, COVID-19, pathomorphology, lymphopenia, lymph nodes, spleen, lym-phocytic apoptosis

scholarly journals Expression of tenascin in developing and adult mouse lymphoid organs.

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1163-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Ocklind ◽  
J Talts ◽  
R Fässler ◽  
A Mattsson ◽  
P Ekblom
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Northern Blot ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Differential Splicing ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
Adult Thymus ◽  
Short Splice Variant

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential in regulating many cell functions in non-lymphoid cells, and the ECM may also play a role in the function of the immune system. Tenascin is a hexameric glycoprotein of the ECM. In mouse, two major polypeptides of MW 210 KD and 260 KD are formed by differential splicing. Northern blot screening of various mouse tissues showed that the short 6 KB tenascin message was strongly expressed in the adult thymus, whereas very little or no tenascin mRNA could be detected in spleen. In addition, immunoblotting and histological analysis with monoclonal anti-tenascin antibodies revealed the presence of tenascin in lymph nodes and spleen. In thymus, only a short-splice variant of tenascin was detected by immunoblotting, which supported the Northern blot results. Immunohistology showed that the epithelial reticular stroma in both embryonic and adult mouse thymus expressed tenascin, as did the postnatal mesenchymal reticular stroma in lymph nodes and spleen. The distribution of tenascin in the thymus was more restricted than that of fibronectin and laminin.

scholarly journals CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY DURING REJECTION AND ENHANCEMENT OF ALLOGENEIC SKIN GRAFTS IN RATS

1972 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
pp. 1301-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Hartmut Peter ◽  
Joseph D. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Skin Grafts ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Background Levels

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in spleens and lymph nodes of allografted rats was determined by release of 51Cr from labeled target cells incubated with aggressor lymphoid cells. CMC was first detected in grafted adult rats on day 5, peaked on days 7 and 8, and declined rapidly to background levels by days 9 to 11. In allografted neonates and in cyclophosphamide-treated or neonatally thymectomized adults CMC was a fraction of that observed in normal adult rats. Enhancing antibodies deferred in vivo peak activity of CMC in allografted neonates for 3–4 days, and blocked in vitro the action of aggressor lymphocytes by binding to target cells. Enhancing antibodies had no effect on the cytotoxicity of aggressor cells, but horse antibodies to rat thoracic duct cells inhibited in vitro CMC of aggressor cells.

scholarly journals The effects of co-transplantation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell and thymic multipotent stromal cells on the immune system of mice during its regeneration after cyclophosphamide treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Demchenko ◽  
I. Nikolskiy
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Blast Transformation ◽  
Multipotent Stromal Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Stimulation Of

The multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are considered as one of the most promising agents for regenerating the immune system due to its powerful secretion of reparative factors and immunomodulatory properties.The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of co-transplantation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and thymic multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) on regeneration of murine immune system damaged by cyclophosphamide.Materials and methods. MSCs were obtained from thymuses of C57BL mice using explant technique. Bone marrow cells (BMCs) were obtained by flushing out the femur with nutrient medium. The immune deficiency of mice was modelled by the treatment with cyclophosphamide. After that, the cells were co-transplanted and the parameters of the immune system was evaluated. We determined the total number of erythrocytes, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration in peripheral blood; phases of the cell cycle and apoptosis of the cells of the mesenteric lymph nodes; the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen; delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH); proliferative and cytotoxic activity of natural killer lymphocytes; phagocytic activity, level of spontaneous and induced bactericidal activity of peritoneal macrophages.Results. It was shown that in contrast to BMCs, the use of MSCs alone or co-transplantation of these cells increased the spontaneous proliferative activity of lymphocytes with a significant decrease in the number of lymph node cells in G0/G1 phase by 9.2 % and an increase in the number of lymphocytes in G2-M+S phase by 35 %, as well as restoring cellularity of bone marrow, thymus and lymph nodes in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. Regeneration of erythropoiesis was stimulated by BMCs, which was manifested by the normalization of hematocrit and hemoglobin, and an increase in the number of reticulocytes in the blood by 2.2 times compared with the group of mice receiving cyclophosphamide. Co-transplantation had less pronounced, but similar effect. Transplantation of thymic MSCs stimulated the natural cytotoxicity of splenocytes by 2.7 times and substantially increased the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen by 1.7 times compared with the group of mice receiving cyclophosphamide. Co-transplantation had a pronounced suppressive effect on the blast transformation reaction induced by phytohemagglutinin by 1.7 times, but showed a stimulating effect on DTH response by 1.46 times. Transplantation of BMCs did not affect the functional activity of the immune system.Conclusion. The effects of co-transplantation of BMCs and thymic MSCs are realized in the several parts: stimulation of hematological parameters recovery (like under the effect of BMCs separately), normalization of cell number of lymphoid organs (as under the impact of thymic MSCs); inhibition of blast transformation activity and stimulation of DTH are the effects of co-transplantation.

scholarly journals Adipocytes, Innate Immunity and Obesity: A Mini-Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alecia M. Blaszczak ◽  
Anahita Jalilvand ◽  
Willa A. Hsueh
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The role of adipose tissue (AT) inflammation in obesity and its multiple related-complications is a rapidly expanding area of scientific interest. Within the last 30 years, the role of the adipocyte as an endocrine and immunologic cell has been progressively established. Like the macrophage, the adipocyte is capable of linking the innate and adaptive immune system through the secretion of adipokines and cytokines; exosome release of lipids, hormones, and microRNAs; and contact interaction with other immune cells. Key innate immune cells in AT include adipocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2s). The role of the innate immune system in promoting adipose tissue inflammation in obesity will be highlighted in this review. T cells and B cells also play important roles in contributing to AT inflammation and are discussed in this series in the chapter on adaptive immunity.

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