scholarly journals Some larval morphological characteristics of Camelostrongylus mentulatus and Nematodirus spathiger

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
A. Saidi ◽  
R. Mimouni ◽  
F. Hamadi ◽  
W. Oubrou
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Morphological Pattern ◽  
Wild Ruminants ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Camelostrongylus Mentulatus

Monitoring of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in ruminants (domestic and wild) is often based on fecal examination techniques, looking for excreted eggs and larval forms using morphological keys. These, are more available in domestic ruminants, in which helminths are widely studied, than in wild ruminants.  This study tried to provide certain morphological elements that will help to recognize the L3 larvae of Camelostrongylus mentulatus and Nematodirus spathiger that could parasite either domestic or wild ruminants. For that, we resorted first to the culture of L3 larvae from fecal samples taken from African antelopes, and second by the microscopic characterization of each isolated larval morphological pattern previously identified by sequencing of its internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) regions of the ribosomal DNA. The results of different microscopic captured images showed that Camelostrongylus mentulatus larva is 16 intestinal cells that measuring approximately 820 µm length, ‎≈ 25 µm wide, and ‎≈ 47 µm for its sheath tail extension and by this be closer to Teladorsagia circumcincta characteristics.  For Nematodirus spathiger, it possesses 8 gut cells and measuring about 1020 µm long, ‎≈ 25 µm wide, and‎ ≈ 143 µm for its sheath tail extension with specific tail appendages. Have done this, we were able to get some clarifications on the morphology of the studied larvae, and we believe thus that this study will contribute to the establishment of morphological identification keys especially for parasitic nematodes of wild ruminants.

scholarly journals Helminths in a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) from a zoo in Spain : research communication

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Garijo ◽  
J.M. Ortiz ◽  
M.R. Ruiz de Ibanez
Keyword(s):  
Red Deer ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Pregnant Female ◽  
The Other ◽  
Giraffa Camelopardalis ◽  
Wild Ruminants ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Marshallagia Marshalli ◽  
Camelostrongylus Mentulatus

A pregnant female Cape giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) died from an unknown cause in the Aitana Zoo, Alicante, Spain. Neither clinical signs nor macroscopic lesions were observed at necropsy. The alimentary tract was removed and examined for parasites. A total of 2 724 nematodes were found, including Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Trichostrongylus axei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Teladorsagia trifurcata, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Spiculopteragia asymmetrica and Trichuris giraffae. Only T. giraffae and C. mentulatus have been previously reported from giraffes. The other nematodes are common in mouflons, fallow and red deer, which can usually be found in the same paddock as the giraffes in Aitana Zoo. Although its occurrence is unusual in this host, C. mentulatus was the most abundant nematode in our giraffe. This parasite has been related to disease, and even death, in several wild ruminants.

scholarly journals Zoonotic transmission of Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus species in Guilan province, northern Iran: molecular and morphological characterizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyhan Ashrafi ◽  
Meysam Sharifdini ◽  
Zahra Heidari ◽  
Behnaz Rahmati ◽  
Eshrat Beigom Kia
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Far East ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Data ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Guilan Province

Abstract Background Parasitic trichostrongyloid nematodes have a worldwide distribution in ruminants and frequently have been reported from humans in Middle and Far East, particularly in rural communities with poor personal hygiene and close cohabitation with herbivorous animals. Different species of the genus Trichostrongylus are the most common trichostrongyloids in humans in endemic areas. Also, Ostertagia species are gastrointestinal nematodes that mainly infect cattle, sheep and goats and in rare occasion humans. The aim of the present study was to identify the trichostrongyloid nematodes obtained from a familial infection in Guilan province, northern Iran, using morphological and molecular criteria. Methods After anthelmintic treatment, all fecal materials of the patients were collected up to 48 h and male adult worms were isolated. Morphological identification of the adult worms was performed using valid nematode keys. Genomic DNA was extracted from one male worm of each species. PCR amplification of ITS2-rDNA region was carried out, and products were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence data was performed using MEGA 6.0 software. Results Adult worms expelled from the patients were identified as T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus and Teladorsagia circumcincta based on morphological characteristics of the males. Phylogenetic analysis illustrated that each species obtained in current study was placed together with reference sequences submitted to GenBank database. Conclusions The finding of current study confirms the zoonotic aspect of Trichostrongylus species and T. circumcincta in inhabitants of Guilan province. The occurrence of natural human infection by T. circumcincta is reported for the first time in Iran and the second time in the world.

Molecular diagnosis of parasitic nematodes

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 117 (7) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. McKEAND
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Immunological Assays

There is an essential requirement for highly sensitive tools that will differentiate nematode parasites of animals and plants to the species level. For studying host range, genetic variation, virulence and resistance, the availability of well defined populations is vital. Many nematode species cannot be identified with certainty using traditional morphological or morphometric techniques. This is particularly the case for the more accessible developmental stages that, depending on the particular group concerned, live as eggs and larvae in the environment or as micro-filariae that circulate in the blood or inhabit the skin. Morphological identification of these stages requires specialized expertise and is extremely time consuming. Immunological assays have their place in nematode identification but they do not discriminate between current and previous infections, an essential requirement in many epidemiological and prevalence studies. In addition to being highly sensitive, DNA-based methods of detection define present over past infection and are not dependent on the parasite stage. Many types of methodology are available for the detection and definition of nematode DNA. This paper reviews these methods citing examples that have been used with success in the laboratory as well as the field.

scholarly journals Exosomes secreted by nematode parasites transfer small RNAs to mammalian cells and modulate innate immunity

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy H. Buck ◽  
Gillian Coakley ◽  
Fabio Simbari ◽  
Henry J. McSorley ◽  
Juan F. Quintana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Intestinal Origin ◽  
Mouse Cells ◽  
Host Tissues

Abstract In mammalian systems RNA can move between cells via vesicles. Here we demonstrate that the gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus, which infects mice, secretes vesicles containing microRNAs (miRNAs) and Y RNAs as well as a nematode Argonaute protein. These vesicles are of intestinal origin and are enriched for homologues of mammalian exosome proteins. Administration of the nematode exosomes to mice suppresses Type 2 innate responses and eosinophilia induced by the allergen Alternaria. Microarray analysis of mouse cells incubated with nematode exosomes in vitro identifies Il33r and Dusp1 as suppressed genes, and Dusp1 can be repressed by nematode miRNAs based on a reporter assay. We further identify miRNAs from the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis in the serum of infected mice, suggesting that miRNA secretion into host tissues is conserved among parasitic nematodes. These results reveal exosomes as another mechanism by which helminths manipulate their hosts and provide a mechanistic framework for RNA transfer between animal species.

Impact of non-protein nitrogen supplements on nematode infected sheep

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Knox
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Nutritional Studies ◽  
Inadequate Nutrition

Inadequate nutrition and gastrointestinal nematode parasitism are major constraints to livestock production. In livestock rearing enterprises that rely on low quality roughage for the provision of digestible carbohydrate, the most critical nutritional deficiency is often nitrogen. The provision of non-protein nitrogen in the diet can compensate for this deficiency and enable increased productivity from the available feed resource. Numerous studies have shown that increasing the supply of protein for intestinal absorption can alleviate the detrimental effects of nematode parasites on production and can also result in improved protective immunological responses to infection. In many situations, the practical implementation of such a strategy for improved nematode parasite control is hampered by the high cost and/or unavailability of high quality protein sources for use as ruminant livestock feed. Evidence is presented from studies with young sheep to demonstrate that supplementation with urea can achieve similar qualitative benefits in reducing the effects and level of infection with parasitic nematodes to that achieved with protein supplements. Urea–molasses blocks are a popular low-cost means of delivering non-protein nitrogen and experimental evidence shows that the use of urea–molasses blocks can have a beneficial impact on enhancing the resilience and resistance of sheep to infection with nematode parasites. Consistent with other nutritional studies, urea appeared to confer increased benefits proportional to increasing supplement intake as shown by reduced pathological effects, parasite numbers and faecal egg output. It is suggested that application of these findings in Australian pasture systems may require revision of current systems for the delivery of non-protein nitrogen supplements to increase the level of urea consumed.

Markers for benzimidazole resistance in human parasitic nematodes?

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (8) ◽  
pp. 1087-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROGER K. PRICHARD
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Nematode Parasites

SUMMARYBenzimidazole (BZ) resistance is widespread and appears to be readily selected in a variety of nematode parasites of animals. There have been reports of a lack of efficacy of BZ anthelmintics against soil transmitted nematode parasites of humans. However, resistance to BZs in nematodes of humans has not been confirmed. It is difficult to perform tests to confirm anthelmintic resistance in humans for a variety of technical and ethical reasons. The use of anthelmintic drugs for the control of helminth parasites in people is increasing massively as a result of numerous programmes to control gastrointestinal nematode parasites in children, the Global Program for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis and other programmes. Many of these programmes are dependent on BZ anthelmintics and this will increase the pressure for resistance development to BZ anthelmintics in nematode parasites of people. We need to perform monitoring for anthelmintic resistance in these programmes and we need new tools to make that monitoring sensitive, inexpensive and practical. There is a real need for DNA-based markers for BZ resistance in nematode parasites of humans. We have a reasonable understanding of the molecular mechanisms and genetics of BZ resistance in some nematode parasites of animals and similar mechanisms are likely to prevail in nematodes of humans. Based on the likelihood that similar single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) will be involved in BZ resistance in human, as in animal nematode parasites, rapid SNP assays have been developed for possible BZ resistance development in Wuchereria bancrofti.

The epizootiology of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in Greek dairy breeds of sheep and goats

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Papadopoulos ◽  
G Arsenos ◽  
S Sotiraki ◽  
C Deligiannis ◽  
T Lainas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Nematode Parasites

Assessment of genetic variability of resistance to gastrointestinal nematode parasites in Creole goats in the humid tropics.

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 1706 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Mandonnet ◽  
G Aumont ◽  
J Fleury ◽  
R Arquet ◽  
H Varo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Humid Tropics ◽  
Nematode Parasites

scholarly journals In Vitro Efficacy of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Cassia siamea Against the Motility of Caenorhabditis elegans

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-159
Author(s):  
Haladu Ali Gagman ◽  
Nik Ahmad Irwan Izzauddin Nik Him ◽  
Hamdan Ahmad ◽  
Shaida Fariza Sulaiman ◽  
Rahmad Zakaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cassia Siamea ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Significant Difference

Gastrointestinal nematode infections can cause great losses in revenue due to decrease livestock production and animal death. The use of anthelmintic to control gastrointestinal nematode put a selection pressure on nematode populations which led to emergence of anthelmintic resistance. Because of that, this study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of aqueous and methanol extract of Cassia siamea against the motility of C. elegans Bristol N2 and C. elegans DA1316. Caenorhabditis elegans Bristol N2 is a susceptible strain and C. elegans DA1316 is an ivermectin resistant strain. In vitro bioassay of various concentrations of (0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0 mg mL–1) aqueous and methanol extracts of C. siamea was conducted against the motility of L4 larvae of C. elegans Bristol N2 and C. elegans DA1316. The L4 larvae were treated with 0.02 μg mL–1 of ivermectin served as positive control while those in M9 solution served as negative control. The activity of the extracts was observed after 24 h and 48 h. A significant difference was recorded in the extract performance compared to control at (P < 0.001) after 48 h against the motility of the larvae of both strains. The methanol extracts inhibited the motility of C. elegans Bristol N2 by 86.7% as well as DA1316 up to 84.9% at 2.0 mg mL–1 after 48 h. The methanol extract was more efficient than aqueous extract (P < 0.05) against the motility of both strains of C. elegans. Cassia siamea may be used as a natural source of lead compounds for the development of alternative anthelmintic against parasitic nematodes as well ivermectin resistant strains of nematodes.

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