PEMANFAATAN ADSORBEN DARI KULIT BUAH KAKAO (Theobroma cacao l.) UNTUK MENURUNKAN CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND PADA PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT

This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of cocoa peel as adsorbents to reduce the content of COD in POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent). The study was initiated by modifying the adsorbent, where the cleansed and crushed cocoa peels with a size variation of 70-100 mesh, 100-120 mesh, dan ≥120 mesh were activated with 0.6 M HNO3 solution at 1:2, 1:4, and 1:6 of adsorbent : HNO3 ratio while heated at 80 ᵒC for 2 hours. The adsorption process was carried out using variation of adsorbent mass of 1 g, 1,5 g, and 2 g in 50 mL of Palm Oil Mill Effluent at pH 2 and 200 rpm stirring rate, and variation of contact time of 1, 2, 3, 4 , and 5 hours. The study results showed that particle size ≥120 mesh with adsorbent : HNO3 ratio 1:4 produced the highest iodine number of 596,684 mg/g. The best adsorbent mass was 1 g at 2 hours contact time with 56.79% removal percentage for COD. The appropriate kinetics model of the adsorption of COD was the pseudo-second order model with the correlation coefficient of 0.732.

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Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Electrocoagulation Process

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.363 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 610-613 ◽

pp. 363-367

Author(s):

Tipakorn Suwannarat ◽

Nipon Pisutpaisal ◽

Siriorn Boonyawanich

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Contact Time ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Total Suspended Solid ◽

Suspended Solid ◽

Steel Plates ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Electrocoagulation Process ◽

Palm Oil Mill

The purpose of current study was to examine the ability of electrocoagulation in decreasing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) constituted in palm oil mill effluent. Bench-scale batch reactor containing two aluminum or steel plates (10 cm width × 30 cm height with 0.1 cm thickness) serving as electrodes with the interval distance of 3 cm was set up. The wastewater with COD concentration of 68,425 mg L-1 was treated in the reactor under the varied direct currents (0.3-1.3 A) and contact time (30-120 min). Sodium chloride was added to the wastewater to obtain the final concentration of 2 g L-1 (conductivity of 10 ms) prior to being fed into the reactor. The results showed that higher treatment efficiency when the aluminum was used as electrodes compared to the steel. COD removal efficiency was directly proportional to the contact time. The maximum COD and TSS removal observed at 1.3 A current input and 60 min contact time are 74.1 and 77.0%, respectively.

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Polishing of treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) from ponding system by electrocoagulation process

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2016.123 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (11) ◽

pp. 2704-2712 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Mohammed J. K. Bashir ◽

Tham Mau Han ◽

Lim Jun Wei ◽

Ng Choon Aun ◽

Salem S. Abu Amr

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Current Density ◽

Contact Time ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Complete Removal ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Process Variables ◽

Initial Ph ◽

Electrocoagulation Process ◽

Palm Oil Mill

As the ponding system used to treat palm oil mill effluent (POME) frequently fails to satisfy the discharge standard in Malaysia, the present study aimed to resolve this problem using an optimized electrocoagulation process. Thus, a central composite design (CCD) module in response surface methodology was employed to optimize the interactions of process variables, namely current density, contact time and initial pH targeted on maximum removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour and turbidity with satisfactory pH of discharge POME. The batch study was initially designed by CCD and statistical models of responses were subsequently derived to indicate the significant terms of interactive process variables. All models were verified by analysis of variance showing model significances with Prob > F < 0.01. The optimum performance was obtained at the current density of 56 mA/cm2, contact time of 65 min and initial pH of 4.5, rendering complete removal of colour and turbidity with COD removal of 75.4%. The pH of post-treated POME of 7.6 was achieved, which is suitable for direct discharge. These predicted outputs were subsequently confirmed by insignificant standard deviation readings between predicted and actual values. This optimum condition also permitted the simultaneous removal of NH3-N, and various metal ions, signifying the superiority of the electrocoagulation process optimized by CCD.

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Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Supernatants Using Aerobic Attached–Growth System: Trickling Filter as a Case Study

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v40.424 ◽

2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah ◽

Mohamad Hakimi Ibrahim ◽

Mohd. Omar Ab. Kadir

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Colloidal Particles ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Cod Removal ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Trickling Filter ◽

Biomass Hydrolysis ◽

Removal Efficiencies ◽

Palm Oil Mill ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Kertas kerja ini membincangkan tentang kecekapan penuras cucur dalam merawat supernatan kumbahan kilang kelapa sawit (POME). Supernatan POME diperoleh menerusi dua jenis perawatan. Dalam perawatan 1, pengendapan graviti digunakan untuk menyingkir pepejal boleh mendak. Perawatan 2 digunakan untuk menyingkir pepejal boleh mendak dan gumpalan partikal dengan menggunakan 350 ppm alum. Influen dialurkan secara titisan pada biojisim yang terlekat pada penyokong pepejal rawak PVC setinggi 1 m. Penuras cucur berupaya menyingkir lebih daripada 90.0% dari keperluan oksigen biologi (BOD) dan keperluan oksigen kimia (COD) di bawah 1 m3/m2–hari. Pada 2.53 m3/m2–hari, influen dengan Perawatan 1 menghasilkan kecekapan penyingkiran COD sebanyak 40.3%, berbanding 83.1% bila Perawatan 2 digunakan. Perkara ini berlaku berikutan penyingkiran bahan organik tak boleh resap semasa Perawatan 2. Kecekapan penyingkiran menurun dengan meningkatnya bebanan hidraulik kerana wujudnya kelemahan dalam hidrolisis bahan tak boleh resap kepada substratum larut. Dengan edaran semula (α=1), penyingkiran BOD dan COD yang lebih tinggi dicapai di bawah 7 m3/m2–hari. Pencapaian ini disebabkan oleh bebanan organik yang lebih rendah serta pergedaran semula enzim dan biojisim yang aktif kepada sistem. Perawatan 2 menghasilkan enap cemar yang lebih tinggi kerana penukaran substratum boleh larut kepada biojisim tak boleh larut. Hidrolisis bahan organik tak boleh resap didapati berlaku secara aktif pada bahagian atas penuras cucur sementara bahagian bawahnya cenderung mengoksidakan substratum organik. Kata kunci: POME, turas cucur, bahan organik bolehresap, penggumpalan, alir semula This paper discusses the efficiency of a trickling filter to treat Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) supernatants. POME supernatants were obtained via two treatments. In Treatment 1, gravity sedimentation was used to remove settleable solids. In Treatment 2, both settleable solids and colloidal particles were removed using 350 ppm of alum. The influents were allowed to trickle over biomass attached to 1 m high random PVC solid support. Below 1 m3/m2–day, the filter demonstrated Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiencies of more than 90.0%. At 2.53 m3/m2–day, the influent with Treatment 1 gave a COD removal efficiency of 40.3%, but increased to 83.1% when the influent with Treatment 2 was used. This was ascribed to the removal of non–diffusible organics during Treatment 2. The removal efficiencies decreased with an increase in hydraulic loading due to limitations in the hydrolysis of non–diffusibles into soluble substrates. With recirculation (α=1), higher BOD and COD removals were achieved below 7.0 m3/m2–day, attributed to lower organic loading and the recycling of active enzyme and biomass to the system. The influent with Treatment 2 demonstrated higher sludge production due to higher conversion of soluble substrates into insoluble biomass. Hydrolysis of non–diffusible organics mainly took place at upper reaches of the filter column while lower reaches were involved in oxidizing the organic subtrates. Key words: POME, trickling filter, diffusible organic, coagulation, recirculation

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Phytoremediation Potential of Vetiver System Technology for Improving the Quality of Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1155/2014/683579 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Negisa Darajeh ◽

Azni Idris ◽

Paul Truong ◽

Astimar Abdul Aziz ◽

Rosenani Abu Bakar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

System Technology ◽

High Concentration ◽

Low Concentration ◽

Control Sets ◽

Palm Oil Mill

Palm oil mill effluent (POME), a pollutant produced by the palm oil industry, was treated by the Vetiver system technology (VST). This technology was applied for the first time to treat POME in order to decrease biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In this study, two different concentrations of POME (low and high) were treated with Vetiver plants for 2 weeks. The results showed that Vetiver was able to reduce the BOD up to 90% in low concentration POME and 60% in high concentration POME, while control sets (without plant) only was able to reduce 15% of BOD. The COD reduction was 94% in low concentration POME and 39% in high concentration POME, while control just shows reduction of 12%. Morphologically, maximum root and shoot lengths were 70 cm, the number of tillers and leaves was 344 and 86, and biomass production was 4.1 kg m−2. These results showed that VST was effective in reducing BOD and COD in POME. The treatment in low concentration was superior to the high concentration. Furthermore, biomass of plant can be considered as a promising raw material for biofuel production while high amount of biomass was generated in low concentration of POME.

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Effect of Different Mediators on Bio-Energy Generation and Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment in an Air-Cathode Microbial Fuel Cell-Adsorption System

Defect and Diffusion Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.411.67 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 411 ◽

pp. 67-78

Author(s):

Ivy Ai Wei Tan ◽

J.R. Selvanathan ◽

M.O. Abdullah ◽

N. Abdul Wahab ◽

D. Kanakaraju

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cell ◽

Microbial Fuel Cell ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Energy Generation ◽

Effluent Treatment ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Adsorption System ◽

Air Cathode ◽

Palm Oil Mill

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) discharged without treatment into watercourses can pollute the water source. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) has gained high attention as a green technology of converting organic wastewater into bio-energy. As an approach to overcome the limitations of the existing POME treatment methods, air-cathode MFC-Adsorption system is introduced as an innovative technology to treat POME and generate bio-electricity simultaneously. However, the use of conventional MFC with proton exchange membrane in large scale applications is restricted by the high cost and low power generation. Addition of mediator in MFC is essential in order to increase the electron transfer efficiency, hence enhancing the system performance. This study therefore aims to investigate the effect of different type of mediators i.e. congo red (CR), crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) on the performance of an affordable air-cathode MFC-Adsorption system made from earthen pot with POME as the substrate. The addition of different mediators altered the pH of the MFC-Adsorption system, in which more alkaline system showed better performance. The voltage generated in the system with CR, CV and MB mediator was 120.58 mV, 168.63 mV and 189.25 mV whereas the current generated was 2.41 mA, 3.37 mA and 3.79 mA, respectively. The power density of 290.79 mW/m3, 568.72 mW/m3 and 716.31 mW/m3 was produced in the MFC-Adsorption system with CR, CV and MB mediator, respectively. The highest POME treatment efficiency was achieved in MFC-Adsorption system with MB mediator, which resulted in biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, turbidity and ammoniacal nitrogen removal of 75.3%, 84.8%, 91.5%, 86.1% and 23.31%, respectively. Overall, the air-cathode MFC-Adsorption system with addition of MB mediator was feasible for POME treatment and simultaneous bio-energy generation.

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Acclimatization Study for Biohydrogen Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) in Continuous-flow System

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20183402054 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 02054 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. Idris ◽

N.A. Lutpi ◽

Y. S. Wong ◽

T.N. Tengku Izhar

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Continuous Flow ◽

Flow System ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Biohydrogen Production ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Continuous Flow System ◽

Thermophilic Fermentation ◽

Palm Oil Mill

This research aims to study the acclimatization phase for biohydrogen production from palm oil mill effluent (POME) by adapting the microorganism to the new environment in continuous-flow system of thermophilic bioreactor. The thermophilic fermentation was continuously loaded with 0.4 L/day of raw POME for 35 days to acclimatize the microorganism until a steady state of biohydrogen production was obtained. The significance effect of acclimatization phase on parameter such as pH, microbial growth, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and alkalinity were also studied besides the production of biogas. This study had found that the thermophilic bioreactor reach its steady state with 1960 mL/d of biogas produced, which consist of 894 ppm of hydrogen composition.

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Enhancement of Biodegradation of Palm Oil Mill Effluents by local Isolated Fungi

Mapana Journal of Sciences ◽

10.12723/mjs.39.3 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 23-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

F T Z Jabeen ◽

J V Shreevathsa

Keyword(s):

Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽

Effective Treatment ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Physicochemical Quality ◽

Palm Oil Mill ◽

Micro Organisms ◽

Better Than

This study was designed to investigate the fungi associated with palm oil mill effluent (POME) in Gulur village of Tumkur. Biodegradation of palm oil mill effluents was conducted to measure the discarded POME based on physicochemical quality. The fungi that were isolated are Aspergillusniger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. ochraceus, Rhizopussp, Peniciliumsp and Trichodermavirde. The autoclaved and unautoclaved raw POME samples were incubated for 7 days and the activities of the fungi were observed each for 12 hours. The supernatants of the digested POME were investigated for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), color (ADMI), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at the end of each digestion cycle. The results showed that the unautoclaved raw POME sample degraded better than the inoculated POME sample and this suggests that the microorganisms that are indigenous in the POME are more effective than the introduced micro-organisms. This result, however, indicates the prospect of isolating indigenous microorganisms in the POME for effective biodegradation of POME. Moreover, the effective treatment of POME yields useful products such as reduction of BOD, COD, and color.

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IDENTIFIKASI LIMBAH PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT (POME) MENGGUNAKAN BIOSENSOR BERBASIS ALGA

JOURNAL ONLINE OF PHYSICS ◽

10.22437/jop.v7i1.14387 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Dina Maryani ◽

Lazuardi Umar

Keyword(s):

Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Chlorella Sp ◽

Palm Oil Mill

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) merupakan limbah minyak kelapa sawit yang memiliki kadar Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dan Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) yang tinggi dan sehingga merusak ekosistem periairan serta menurunkan kadar oksigen terlarut (DO). Namun, POME memiliki nutrisi untuk sel alga dalam memproduksi oksigen. Berdasarkan hal tersebut diperlukan identifikasi POME yang jatuh kebadan air berdasarkan fotosintesis Chlorella sp. menggunakan biosensor. Biosensor telah banyak dikembangkan dalam aplikasi bidang lingkungan dengan melihat kadar oksigen terlarut sebagai kualitas perairan. Penelitian ini menggunakan biosensor dengan prinsip sensor amperometris tipe Biochip-G. Sensor amperometris mengukur perubahan arus dari reaksi reduksi dan oksidasi dan menghasilkan potensial keluaran yang terukur. Potensial keluaran yang terukur merupakan kadar oksigen terlarut dari penambahan POME terhadap Chlorella sp. ketika proses fotosintesis terjadi. Identifikasi POME berdasarkan proses fotosintesis Chlorella sp. menggunakan cahaya artifisial LED Putih 380 nm-780 nm dengan tingkat variasi konsentrasi POME sebanyak 10%, 20%, dan 30%. Berdasarkan pengukuran kadar oksigen terlarut (DO) menghasilkan nilai DO sebesar 174.15%, 154.66%, dan 138.98% serta nilai sensitivitas sebesar 4mV/%POME.

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Treatment of Landfill Leachate Using Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8050601 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 601 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tawfiq J. H. Banch ◽

Marlia M. Hanafiah ◽

Salem S. Abu Amr ◽

Abbas F. M. Alkarkhi ◽

Mohammed Hasan

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Industrial Wastewater ◽

Low Cost ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Treatment Efficiency ◽

Aeration Time ◽

Urban Solid Waste ◽

Palm Oil Mill

Sanitary landfilling is the most common method of removing urban solid waste in developing countries. Landfills contain high levels of organic materials, ammonia, and heavy metals, thereby producing leachate which causes a possible future pollution of ground and surface water. Recently, agricultural waste was considered a co-substratum to promote the biodegradation of organics in industrial wastewater. The use of low-cost and natural materials for wastewater treatment is now being considered by many researchers. In this study, palm oil mill effluent (POME) was used for treating stabilized leachate from old landfill. A set of preliminary experiments using different POME/leachate ratios and aeration times was performed to identify the setting of experimental design and optimize the effect of employing POME on four responses: chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), color, and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N). The treatment efficiency was evaluated based on the removal of four selected (responses) parameters. The optimum removal efficiency for COD, TSS, color, and NH3-N was 87.15%, 65.54%, 52.78%, and 91.75%, respectively, using a POME/leachate mixing ratio of 188.32 mL/811.68 mL and 21 days of aeration time. The results demonstrate that POME-based agricultural waste can be effectively employed for organic removal from leachate.

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Performance of Anaerobic Digestion of Acidified Palm Oil Mill Effluent under Various Organic Loading Rates and Temperatures

Water ◽

10.3390/w12092432 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2432

Author(s):

Muhammad Arif Fikri Hamzah ◽

Peer Mohamed Abdul ◽

Safa Senan Mahmod ◽

Azratul Madihah Azahar ◽

Jamaliah Md. Jahim

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Microbial Community Analysis ◽

Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽

Methane Formation ◽

Organic Loading ◽

Loading Rates ◽

Palm Oil Mill

This study compared the performance of thermophilic and mesophilic digesters of an anaerobic digestion system from palm oil mill effluent (POME), in which temperature is a key parameter that can greatly affect the performance of anaerobic digestion. The digesters were incubated at two distinct temperatures of 55 and 37 °C, and operated with varying organic loading rates (OLRs) of 2.4, 3.2, and 4.0 g COD/L.d by altering the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of acidified POME during feeding. The results indicated that the performance of anaerobic digestion increased as the OLR increased from 2.4 to 4.0 g COD/L.d. At the OLR of 4.0 g COD/L.d, the thermophilic condition showed the highest methane yield of 0.31 ± 0.01 L/g COD, accompanied by the highest COD removal and volatile solid reduction, which were found to be higher than the mesophilic condition. Microbial community analysis via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) revealed that Methanothermobacter sp. emerges as the dominant microbe, which is known to utilize the carbon dioxide pathway with hydrogen acting as an electron donor for methane formation

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