scholarly journals PENGARUH SUHU REAKSI, KECEPATAN PENGADUKAN DAN WAKTU REAKSI PADA PEMBUATAN SABUN PADAT DARI MINYAK KELAPA (Cocos nucifera L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Rosdanelli Hasibuan ◽  
Fransiska Adventi ◽  
Rahmad Parsaulian Rtg
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Cocos Nucifera L ◽  
Impeller Type

Soap is a cleanser made by chemical reactions between sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide with fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Soaps can be made by several methods, namely saponification and neutralization methods, in this study carried out by saponification method. In the saponification method there are several problems namely operating conditions which include reaction temperature, stirring speed and stirring time. Therefore, need to do research to determine the best conditions of saponification reaction, namely reaction speed, operating temperature and reaction time using an impeller type multiple pitch blade turbine with research variables reaction temperature 60 oC, 70 oC, and 80 oC, stirring speed 300 rpm,400 rpm and 500 rpm and reaction time of 45minutes, 60 minutes, and 75 minutes. Saponification reaction is carried out by heating coconut oil and inserting 30% NaOH slowly and then stirring with a multiple pitch blade stirrer. The product will be analyzed by testing alkaline levels, moisture content and pH of the soap. The best operating conditions obtained from this study were at a temperature of 70 oC, reaction time of 60 minutes, stirring speed of 400 rpm with a pH value of 9.4 and an alkaline level of 0.073 and a moisture content of 9.8.

Optimisation of Alkaline Ethanolysis of Biodiesel Yield from Nigerian Coconut Oil using One Variable at a Time (OVAT) Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-169
Author(s):  
O.D. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Cloud Point ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Dosage

In this study, coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil has been identified as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The determination ofoptimal feedstocks ratio (of ethanol/coconut oil, v/v. % ratio) was studied. The reaction was executed at different ethanol/coconut oil ratios: 10%, 15% 20%, 25% and 30% while the reaction time (60 min), reaction temperature (700C) and 1.0%NaOH catalyst dosage were kept constant. The result indicated that maximum biodiesel yield (96.09%) was obtained at 20%of ethanol/coconut oil vol./vol.% ratio within transesterification reactions that were kept constant. The fuel characterizationsuch as viscosity (4.32mm2/s), specific gravity (0.887), pour point (-180C), cloud point (-120C) and flash point (1600C) of theproduced biodiesel at the optimized conditioned showed that the suitability of coconut ethyl ester (biodiesel) were within theinternational biodiesel standard.

Identification prediction moisture content of Thai coconut sugar (Cocos nucifera L.) using FT-NIR spectroscopy

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-385
Author(s):  
D. Thumrongchote
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Absorbance Spectrum ◽  
Coconut Tree ◽  
Cocos Nucifera L ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Low Glycemic Index

Coconut sugar is a local sugar from the blossoms of a coconut tree. It has been considered a healthy sugar due to its low glycemic index. There is an attempt to add other sugar to it to lower the cost. Thus, this research aimed to identify Thai coconut sugar and to establish models for predicting the moisture content of coconut sugar by using FT-NIR spectroscopy. Thai coconut sugar samples were purchased from local grocery stores in four provinces, online, and the community market. Their moisture contents were varied and equilibrated for 24 hrs prior to the measurements of moisture and FT-NIR spectra. The results showed that FT-NIR spectra of Thai coconut sugar differ from sucrose, glucose and fructose at the absorbance spectrum of 5379-5011 cm-1 . FT-NIR spectroscopy of 54 known moisture samples of Thai coconut sugar was used to obtain a model to predict moisture content. The predicted equation, using the PLS technique with the Spectrum Quant program, was found to give a standard error of prediction (SEP) 0.077% (less than 0.10%), indicating a non-destructive method of accurately and precisely predicting moisture levels in the coconut sugar. The results obtained suggested that FTNIR spectroscopy has the potential to be used as a tool to identify Thai coconut sugar accurately. It can rapidly predict the moisture content in the sample which will be useful in quality control standards.

scholarly journals Facile Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Preparation of Conductive Ink

Nanomaterials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Gui Bing Hong ◽  
Yi Hua Luo ◽  
Kai Jen Chuang ◽  
Hsiu Yueh Cheng ◽  
Kai Chau Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Flexible Substrate ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conductive Ink

In the scientific industry, sustainable nanotechnology has attracted great attention and has been successful in facilitating solutions to challenges presented in various fields. For the present work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared using a chemical reduction synthesis method. Then, a low-temperature sintering process was deployed to obtain an Ag-conductive ink preparation which could be applied to a flexible substrate. The size and shape of the AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experiments indicated that the size and agglomeration of the AgNPs could be well controlled by varying the reaction time, reaction temperature, and pH value. The rate of nanoparticle generation was the highest when the reaction temperature was 100 °C within the 40 min reaction time, achieving the most satisfactorily dispersed nanoparticles and nanoballs with an average size of 60.25 nm at a pH value of 8. Moreover, the electrical resistivity of the obtained Ag-conductive ink is controllable, under the optimal sintering temperature and time (85 °C for 5 min), leading to an optimal electrical resistivity of 9.9 × 10−6 Ω cm. The results obtained in this study, considering AgNPs and Ag-conductive ink, may also be extended to other metals in future research.

Formulation of Face-Wash from Coconut (Cocos nucifera (L.)) Oil in Ben Tre Province, Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 882 ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Tran Thi Kim Ngan ◽  
Tran Thien Hien ◽  
Le Thi Hong Nhan ◽  
Xuan Tien Le
Keyword(s):  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Personal Care Products ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Sulfate Solution ◽  
Lauryl Sulfate ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate ◽  
Lauryl Ether ◽  
Human Care ◽  
Cocos Nucifera L

Today, the need for human care and beauty is increasing. The use of personal care products, especially those from nature, has been given special attention by consumers. With diverse features and good effects on the human body, especially the skin, coconut oil is being cared for by many manufacturers. With the aim of diversifying personal care products from coconut oil, this research has initially achieved positive results. Soap saponified as raw soap is considered to have good cleaning effect (better than sodium lauryl sulfate solution (SLS) when diluted to the same concentration). The combination of 10% crude soap and 4% sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) surfactants formulate cleansing products with effective cleansing properties. Ingredients auxiliary cleaners, moisturizing, and softening, antioxidants are added with the appropriate content to improve the disadvantages of raw soap. The personal care products that have been studied have the potential to enter the cosmetic market and attract many consumers.

Taguchi Approach and ANOVA in Optimization of the Dissolution of Colemanite in CO2 and SO2- Water Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
Zafer Ekinci ◽  
Esref Kurdal ◽  
Meltem Kizilca Coruh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Controllable Factors

Background: Turkey is approximately 72% of the world’s boron sources. Colemanite, tincal, ulexite and pandermite are among the most significant in Turkey. Boron compounds and minerals are widely used in many industrial fields. Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the control of impurities in the boric acid production process using colemanite by carrying out the reaction with a mixture of CO2 and SO2 - water, and determining the appropriate process conditions to develop a new process as an alternative to the use of sulfuric acid. Due to worrying environmental problems, intensive studies are being carried out globally to reduce the amount of CO2 and SO2 gases released to the atmosphere. Methods: The Taguchi method is an experimental design method that minimizes the product and process variability by selecting the most appropriate combination of the levels of controllable factors compared to uncontrollable factors. Results: It was evaluated the effects of parameters such as reaction temperature, solid-to liquid ratio, SO2/CO2 gas flow rate, particle size, stirring speed and reaction time. The optimum conditions determined to be reaction temperature of 45°C; a solid–liquid ratio of 0.083 g.mL−1; an SO2/CO2 ratio of 2/2 mL.s−1; a particle size of -0.354+0 .210 mm; a mixing speed of 750 rpm and a reaction time of 20 min. Conclusion: Under optimum operating conditions, 96.8% of colemanite was dissolved. It is thought that the industrial application of this study will have positive effects on the greenhouse effect by contributing to the reduction of CO2 and SO2 emissions that cause global warming.

scholarly journals The Effects of Replacing Pork Fat with Cold-Pressed Coconut Oil on the Properties of Fresh Sausage

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Wannee Tangkham ◽  
Frederick LeMieux
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Drip Loss ◽  
Pork Fat ◽  
Tbars Values ◽  
Cold Pressed

The effects of substituting coconut oil on the chemical composition, microorganism, and sensory properties of fresh sausages were investigated. This experiment evaluated three (0, 10%, 20%) levels of cold-pressed coconut oil (CPCO) and pork fat stored at 3°C for 14 days. The following treatments: 1) control (20% pork fat: 0% CPCO), 2) 0% pork fat: 20% CPCO and 3) 10% pork fat: 10% CPCO were replicated three times. Treatments were analyzed for pH value, % moisture content, % drip loss, lipid stability (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances TBARS), aerobic plate counts, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and sensory analysis. The initial moisture content of fresh sausage in this experiment ranged from 63.44 to 65.67%. Fresh sausage with 20% CPCO inhibited the growth of aerobic bacteria and obtained the highest TBARS values (4.25 mg MDA/kg) compared to the control treatment. In addition, fresh sausage (10% pork fat and 10% CPCO) decreased the % drip loss, pH value and obtained the highest overall rating (6.45) of sensory testing (n = 75). No E. coli and S. aureus were found in this study for 14 d at 3°C.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance and Mechanism of Ag3PO4 Particles Synthesized via a Sonochemical Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengxiang Zheng ◽  
Hua Yang ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Haimin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Dye Degradation ◽  
Sonochemical Method ◽  
Simulated Sunlight ◽  
Spherical Nanoparticles ◽  
Direct Oxidation

A facile sonochemical method was used to synthesize Ag3PO4 particles and the effect of pH value, reaction temperature and reaction time on the products was investigated. It is found that the samples prepared at neutral (pH = 7) and alkaline (pH = 11) environments exhibit a similar particle morphology and size. The particles are shaped like spheres with a size distribution majorly focusing on a range of 200–450 nm, and the average particle size is about 300 nm. The sample prepared at acidic environment (pH = 3) is composed of polyhedral microparticles with size of 5–8 μm. At relatively low temperatures of 20–50 °C, the spherical nanoparticles do not undergo obvious morphology/size changes; however, when the temperature is increased up to 80 °C, the nanoparticles are aggregated to form large-sized polyhedral microparticles in the size range of 4–7 μm. Compared to the pH value and reaction temperature, the reaction time has a minor effect on the morphology of Ag3PO4 particles. RhB was chosen as the target pollutant to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared Ag3PO4 samples under simulated-sunlight irradiation. It is shown that the samples consisting of spherical nanoparticles exhibit an extremely high photocatalytic activity, and the degradation percentage of RhB after reaction for 50 min reaches over 90%. The samples of polyhedral microparticles have a relatively low photocatalytic activity, which is possibly due to their large particle size. Hydroxyl (.OH) radical was detected by spectrofluorimetry using terephthalic acid as a .OH scavenger and was not found to be produced over the simulated-sunlight-irradiated Ag3PO4 catalyst. The effect of ethanol, benzoquinone and ammonium oxalate on dye degradation was also investigated. Based on experimental results, the direct oxidation by h+ is suggested to the dominant mechanism toward the dye degradation.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PERBANDINGAN MINYAK KELAPA (Cocos nucifera) DENGAN LEMAK KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) DAN SUHU PEMANASAN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK SABUN

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Ni Made Purindah Sari ◽  
Luh Putu Wrasiati ◽  
Lutfi Suhendra
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Treatment Comparison ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Soap is one of the cleansers made by chemical reactions between sodium or potassium bases with fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats, such as coconut oil, VCO, palm oil, castor oil, olive oil, soybean oil, cocoa fat, tallow and lard. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat and heating temperature to the characteristics of soap and determine comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat and heating temperature to produce the best soap characteristics. This study used factorial randomized block design with two factor experiments. The first factor was the comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat which consists of five experimental levels, namely: 0:60, 15:45, 30:30, 45:15, 60: 0. The second factor was the heating temperature which consists of 3 experimental levels, namely: 60?C, 70?C, 80?C. The results showed that the comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat and heating temperature and the interaction between the two treatments had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on rendemens, texture, and soap foam. Comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat and heating temperature had a very significant effect (P<0.01), but the interaction between the two treatments had no significant effect (P>0.05) on soap water content. Comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat was very significant (P<0.01), but the heating temperature and interaction between the two treatments had no significant effect (P>0.05) on free fatty acids and soap-free alkalis. The best treatment was obtained from an alternative treatment comparison of coconut oil with cocoa fat 15:45 and heating temperature 70?C with soap rendemens of 88.36%, soap texture of 4.90 kg, soap foam content of 72.64%, soap water content  of 13.73%, free fatty acid levels of 0.40 (ml equivalent NaOH/g), soap free alkalis of 0.05%. Keywords : Coconut oil, cocoa fat, heating temperature, saponification, soap

Study on Catalytic Degradation of Diesel Pollution in Seawater by Laccase

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 2324-2327
Author(s):  
Xu Zheng ◽  
Xiao Cai Yu ◽  
Yun Qing Liu ◽  
Xiao Xv ◽  
Jin Fang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Catalytic Degradation ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Optimization Study ◽  
Optimum Reaction

Sea water joining diesel was selected to prepare simulated marine oil pollution. With the target of removing diesel from seawater, the influence of various factors on the laccase-catalyzed degradation process was discussed. The experimental results show that the laccase-catalyzed degradation process was significantly affected by laccase dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time, pH of the solution and initial concentration of diesel in the oily wastewater. A systematic optimization study was carried out through a orthogonal test on the basis of the results of the single-factor experiments,and the optimum reaction conditions of laccase catalytic degradation diesel pollutants in seawater was determined. The results indicate that under the conditions of diesel initial concentration of 0.1g/L, laccase dosage of 8mg/L, pH value of 6, the reaction temperature of 25°C and the reaction time of 4h, laccase catalytic degradation rate of diesel pollution can be up to 63.85%.

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