scholarly journals Yellow Fever and the constant need for epidemiological surveillance

2019 ◽  
pp. 05-15
Author(s):  
José Valdeci Almeida Gitirana
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
The State ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
The Moment

Objective: to unveil the factors that justify the importance of efficient epidemiological surveillance for the control of yellow fever in the country. Method: exploratory, bibliographic, qualitative and descriptive research. Results: the latest epidemiological surveys indicate that the number of cases of wild yellow fever recorded in Brazil is very variable, thus, if it is considered that for each detectable case there are 10 other cases of subclinical evolution, the actual figures may be much larger than those recorded by health agencies. Conclusion: Yellow fever, as an acute infectious disease, is a difficult-to-control zoonosis, as it is capable of causing unpredictable epidemics in human populations, an example is the moment experienced by the State of Minas Gerais, which suffers from an outbreak of disease, motivated by conditions of environmental imbalance that favor the development and proliferation of vectors, cooperating for the occurrence of hundreds of deaths in the first months of 2017 alone. Keywords: control, yellow fever, diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance.

scholarly journals Rabies in herbivores in the state of Piauí during 2007 to 2011

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Ana Virginia Piauilino SANTOS ◽  
Mikaela Lopes de CALDAS ◽  
Manoel Henrique KLEIN JUNIOR ◽  
Airton Leôncio Dutra da SILVA ◽  
Francisco Das Chagas CARDOSO FILHO
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
The State ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Laboratory Result ◽  
Epidemiological Profile ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance System

Rabies is an acute contagious infectious disease, mainly characterized by nervous symptoms that can affect all mammals. It is characterized by sometimes signs of aggression, and others by paresis, paralysis and acute viral encephalitis. This study aimed to describe, by using the basis of the data recorded in the Continental Epidemiological Surveillance System , SivCont, the epidemiological profile of rabies of herbivores in Piauí in 2007 to 2011. Durante the period there were reported 66 cases of nervous syndromes in the state of Piaui, where 35 cases were confirmed positive laboratory result for rabies in herbivores, and of this total, 94%were in cattle. Also noted is that there are areas in the state of Piaui without nerve syndromes notifications, showing the complete "epidemiological silence", suggesting situations of underreporting, even when in the vicinity there have been outbreaks of disease. Situations like this suggests the necessity of an increase in animal health protection actions, actions in health education, covering all segments of the community and intensifying surveillance activities.

Konsep Negara Hukum dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Sayid Anshar
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Muslim Intellectuals ◽  
The Moment ◽  
City State ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

<p><em>The concept of state in Islam only regulates principles or principles, among others, about leaders who must be honest, trustworthy, fair, transparent, and protect human rights (fitrah). Islam teaches and gives guidance in the life of the state. This means that the State must be built as a home to uphold justice in accordance with the rights that are basically owned by every citizen. The success of the Prophet Muhammad. Building a Muslim community in Medina by some Muslim intellectuals is called the City State.  The problem in this research is how the concept of the rule of law in the perspective of Islamic law. The method used in this research is descriptive research, descriptive research is intended to provide data as thorough as possible about an effort, symptoms, events and events that occur at the moment, and is deductive based on general theories applied to explain about a set of data, the relationship of a set of data with another set of data. In this study the method used is a normative juridical approach. The activities carried out are the inventory of legal materials, identification of legal materials, classification of legal materials, systematization of legal materials, and interpretation and construction of legal materials.  Based on the results of the study shows the concept of the State of Islamic Law Perspective with various scopes between the idea of state, Religion, State and law according to </em><em>Al-Quran</em> <em>and Hadith as well as the contribution of Islamic Law to the development of National Law.  </em></p>

scholarly journals Chagas' disease: the rural environment and vector control in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalva Marli V. Wanderley
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Triatoma Infestans ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Close Relationship

In the first half of this century - a period of expanding coffee cultivation - there was a close relationship between the growth of cleared spaces, the domestication of triatomines, and the establishment of Chagas' disease in the state of São Paulo. However, the initiation of control mesuares in 1950 coincided with a period characterized by a progressive reversal of the conditions that had facilitated the establishment of Chagas' disease in the first place. Alterations were taking place in the agricultural environment, rural areas were becoming depopulated, and low-grade housing was being destroyed. Natural transmission of the endemic was interrupted in the mid-1970's, following the elimination of Triatoma infestans from homes. Subsequently, however, a challenge emerged from two extradomiciliary species, Triatoma sordida and Panstrongylus megistus. The invasive character of these species made it necessary to investigate their possible repercussions on human populations and to set up permanent programs of epidemiological surveillance involving direct participation by local populations.

scholarly journals Re-Emergence of Yellow Fever in Brazil during 2016–2019: Challenges, Lessons Learned, and Perspectives

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1233
Author(s):  
Poliana de Oliveira Figueiredo ◽  
Ana Gabriella Stoffella-Dutra ◽  
Galileu Barbosa Costa ◽  
Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira ◽  
Carolina Dourado Amaral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
South America ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease

Yellow fever (YF) is a re-emerging viral zoonosis caused by the Yellow Fever virus (YFV), affecting humans and non-human primates (NHP). YF is endemic in South America and Africa, being considered a burden for public health worldwide despite the availability of an effective vaccine. Acute infectious disease can progress to severe hemorrhagic conditions and has high rates of morbidity and mortality in endemic countries. In 2016, Brazil started experiencing one of the most significant YF epidemics in its history, with lots of deaths being reported in regions that were previously considered free of the disease. Here, we reviewed the historical aspects of YF in Brazil, the epidemiology of the disease, the challenges that remain in Brazil’s public health context, the main lessons learned from the recent outbreaks, and our perspective for facing future YF epidemics.

The Goal of the Moment (Summary of the Lecture Delivered by Ivan Ilyin in May 1917)

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 424-428
Author(s):  
Alexandra I. Vakulinskaya
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
October Revolution ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
New Order ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment

This publication is devoted to one of the episodes of I. A. Ilyin’s activity in the period “between two revolutions”. Before the October revolution, the young philosopher was inspired by the events of February 1917 and devoted a lot of time to speeches and publications on the possibility of building a new order in the state. The published archive text indicates that the development of Ilyin’s doctrine “on legal consciousness” falls precisely at this tragic moment in the history of Russia.

The Munich conference of Minister-Presidents of German lands in 1947

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-2) ◽  
pp. 86-98
Author(s):  
Ivan Popov
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Governments ◽  
The West ◽  
Constitutional Development ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

The paper deals with the organization and decisions of the conference of the Minister-Presidents of German lands in Munich on June 6-7, 1947, which became the one and only meeting of the heads of the state governments of the western and eastern occupation zones before the division of Germany. The conference was the first experience of national positioning of the regional elite and clearly demonstrated that by the middle of 1947, not only between the allies, but also among German politicians, the incompatibility of perspectives of further constitutional development was existent and all the basic conditions for the division of Germany became ripe. Munich was the last significant demonstration of this disunity and the moment of the final turn towards the three-zone orientation of the West German elite.

scholarly journals Modelling the impact of delaying vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 assuming unlimited vaccine supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Amaku ◽  
Dimas Tadeu Covas ◽  
Francisco Antonio Bezerra Coutinho ◽  
Raymundo Soares Azevedo ◽  
Eduardo Massad
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background At the moment we have more than 177 million cases and 3.8 million deaths (as of June 2021) around the world and vaccination represents the only hope to control the pandemic. Imperfections in planning vaccine acquisition and difficulties in implementing distribution among the population, however, have hampered the control of the virus so far. Methods We propose a new mathematical model to estimate the impact of vaccination delay against the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the number of cases and deaths due to the disease in Brazil. We apply the model to Brazil as a whole and to the State of Sao Paulo, the most affected by COVID-19 in Brazil. We simulated the model for the populations of the State of Sao Paulo and Brazil as a whole, varying the scenarios related to vaccine efficacy and compliance from the populations. Results The model projects that, in the absence of vaccination, almost 170 thousand deaths and more than 350 thousand deaths will occur by the end of 2021 for Sao Paulo and Brazil, respectively. If in contrast, Sao Paulo and Brazil had enough vaccine supply and so started a vaccination campaign in January with the maximum vaccination rate, compliance and efficacy, they could have averted more than 112 thousand deaths and 127 thousand deaths, respectively. In addition, for each month of delay the number of deaths increases monotonically in a logarithmic fashion, for both the State of Sao Paulo and Brazil as a whole. Conclusions Our model shows that the current delay in the vaccination schedules that is observed in many countries has serious consequences in terms of mortality by the disease and should serve as an alert to health authorities to speed the process up such that the highest number of people to be immunized is reached in the shortest period of time.

scholarly journals IV. On double refraction in a viscous fluid in motion

1874 ◽  
Vol 22 (148-155) ◽  
pp. 46-47 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Viscous Fluid ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Elastic Solid ◽  
The State ◽  
Solid Cylinder ◽  
Annular Space ◽  
Double Refraction ◽  
Fresh Start ◽  
The Moment

According to Poisson’s theory of the internal friction of fluids, a viscous fluid behaves as an elastic solid would do if it were periodically liquefied for an instant and solidified again, so that at each fresh start it becomes for the moment like an elastic solid free from strain. The state of strain of certain transparent bodies may be investigated by means of their action on polarized light. This action was observed by Brewster, and was shown by Fresnel to be an instance of double refraction. In 1866 I made some attempts to ascertain whether the state of strain in a viscous fluid in motion could be detected by its action on polarized light. I had a cylindrical box with a glass bottom. Within this box a solid cylinder could be made to rotate. The fluid to be examined was placed in the annular space between this cylinder and the sides of the box. Polarized light was thrown up through the fluid parallel to the axis, and the inner cylinder was then made to rotate. I was unable to obtain any result with solution of gum or sirup of sugar, though I observed an effect on polarized light when I compressed some Canada balsam which had become very thick and almost solid in a bottle.

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