scholarly journals Non-specific, specific and obscured perception verbs in Baltic languages

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 53-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Wälchli
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Psychology ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Grammatical Aspect ◽  
Perception Verbs ◽  
Six Dimensions ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Perceptual Systems ◽  
Parallel Texts ◽  
Indirect Perception

Opportunistic perception verbs (‘see’, ‘hear’, as opposed to explorative perception verbs, ‘look’, ‘listen’) express the opportunity for perception and are condition-oriented (exposure, i.e. the perceiver’s exposure to a stimulus), not participant-oriented, in their aspectual structure. The Baltic languages, as other languages in Central, East, and Northern Europe, have specific perception verbs, which are a subtype of opportunistic perception verbs, for the expression of restricted exposure. The lexical character of specificity in Baltic—unlike Russian where it is integrated into a rigid grammatical aspect system—is more favorable for uncovering the underlying semantic factors of specificity, which differ across perceptual systems. Restrictedness of exposure is a scale rather than a dichotomy, and cross-linguistic comparison in parallel texts reveals that specificity is a scale with much variation as to where the borderline between specific and non-specific perception verbs is drawn in the languages of the area. Obscured perception verbs, which emphasize difficulty in discrimination, are another set of condition-oriented perception verbs in Baltic and Russian and are closely related to specific verbs synchronically and diachronically. This paper describes non-specific, specific, and obscured perception verbs in the Baltic languages and attempts to capture their variability within six dimensions (morphology, area, diachrony, specificity, modality, obscured verbs). A precondition for this endeavor is a critique of earlier approaches to the semantics of perception verbs. Nine major biases are identified (nominalism, physiology, discrete features, vision, paradigmatic modelling, aspectual event types, dual nature models, participant orientation, and viewing activity as control). In developing an alternative, the approach greatly profits from Gibson’s ecological psychology and Rock’s theory of indirect perception.  

scholarly journals Variation of growth and phenology traits in poplars planted in clonal trials in Northern Europe—implications for breeding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneli Adler ◽  
Almir Karacic ◽  
Ann-Christin Rönnberg Wästljung ◽  
Ulf Johansson ◽  
Kaspars Liepins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
European Climate ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic

AbstractThe increased demand for wood to replace oil-based products with renewable products has lifted focus to the Baltic Sea region where the environment is favorable for woody biomass growth. The aim of this study was to estimate broad-sense heritabilities and genotype-by-environment (G×E) interactions in growth and phenology traits in six climatically different regions in Sweden and the Baltics. We tested the hypothesis that both bud burst and bud set have a significant effect on the early growth of selected poplar clones in Northern Europe. Provenance hybrids of Populus trichocarpa adapted to the Northern European climate were compared to reference clones with adaptation to the Central European climate. The volume index of stemwood was under low to medium genetic control with heritabilities from 0.22 to 0.75. Heritabilities for phenology traits varied between 0.31 and 0.91. Locally chosen elite clones were identified. G×E interactions were analyzed using pairwise comparisons of the trials. Three different breeding zones for poplars between the latitudes of 55° N and 60° N in the Baltic Sea Region were outlined. The studied provenance hybrids with origin from North America offer a great possibility to broaden the area with commercial poplar plantations in Northern Europe and further improve the collection of commercial clones to match local climates. We conclude that phenology is an important selection criterion after growth.

HAS PSYCHOLOGIC MALNUTRITION TAKEN THE PLACE OF RICKETS AND SCURVY IN CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRIC PRACTICE?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-918
Author(s):  
Nathan B. Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Lemon Juice ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Scientific Medicine ◽  
Pediatric Practice ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Baltic

WHILE MEDICAL HISTORIANS cannot provide us with accurate statistics concerning the incidence of rickets and scurvy in centuries past, they leave little room for doubt about the high prevalence of these disorders prior to the advent of modern scientific medicine. Thus, Castiglione has written that in the sixteenth century scurvy raged throughout northern Europe, in Scandinavia, on the shores of the Baltic, and in the interior of Germany. It is interesting to note, however, that Jacques Cartier, whose sailors had been ravaged by scurvy, learned in 1536 from the Indians that the malady could be cured by juices of the almeda tree. This was 200 years before James Lind demonstrated the curative effects of lemon juice in his treatise on scurvy published in 1753 and almost 400 years before ascorbic acid, which was isolated by Szent-Gyorgi in 1928, was recognized to be vitamin C by Waugh and King in 1932. Rickets, likewise, was occurring in a large portion of children prior to the discovery of the existence of vitamin D by Hess, Steinbock, and Windaus in 1918, of its therapeutic value by Mellanby in 1919, of the equivalent role of sunlight by Hess in 1921, and of the chemical composition of the vitamins by Windaus in 1922. But 200 years earlier Friedrick Hoffman had the answer to the control of this disease almost in hand. He attached much importance to climatic conditions as a factor in rickets, noting that if anything is specially powerful in producing this affliction, it is a surrounding atmosphere of cold foggy air. He cited as striking evidence of this the famous emporium of England, London, which he found to be specially apt to produce and foster this disease.

scholarly journals The relation of Gammarus zaddachi Sexton to some other species of Gammarus occurring in fresh, estuarine and marine waters

1942 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Gammarus Zaddachi ◽  
Estuarine Zone ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Baltic

Gammarus zaddachi is perhaps the most prolific and widespread of all the estuarine amphipods known to occur in northern Europe, and inhabiting, as it does, the low-salinity estuarine zone and adjacent coasts, it has come to be recognized in recent ecological work as a ‘salinity indicator’.Unfortunately, there has been constant confusion with the other common species of Gammarus, G. locusta, pulex, and duebeni, which has been greatly complicated by the difference in the appearance of zaddachi according as it lives in a freshwater or a saline habitat. It is shown that this difference is entirely due to the sensory equipment, the greater production of hairs in freshwater conditions, and that the structure of the two ‘forms’ is identical.The history of the species has been carried back as far as I have been able to trace it (1836) with the actual specimens, described in the different papers, and the more important of these papers are discussed. It will be seen that the material examined was derived from every country of northern Europe; from Russia, the White Sea, Crimea, and the Baltic, the coasts of Scandinavia, Germany, including the Hamburg water-supply, Denmark, the Netherlands, Great Britain and Ireland, and France as far up the Loire as Nantes.Detailed descriptions and figures of both forms of G. zaddachi are given; and finally, a comparison is made between the species most commonly confused with it, the Arctic species G. wilkitzkii being included because of a suggestion recently made that it might be, not a distinct species, but merely the Arctic form of zaddachi.

II.—The Scandinavian Ice-Sheet and the Baltic Glacier: a Sceptical Commentary

1899 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
Henry H. Howorth
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Glacial Geology ◽  
Scandinavian Ice Sheet ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Great Focus ◽  
Geological Magazine

If the paper on the recent geology of Sweden which has already appeared in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE is sound in argument (and I have not met anyone yet who has answered it), it follows that the views ordinarily current in regard to the glacial geology of Northern Europe will have to be greatly modified. Scandinavia is confessedly the great focus and centre of the phenomena which have been interpreted as glacial.

scholarly journals Some Museums of Northern Europe

1888 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
L. R. Farnell
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Relief Work ◽  
Short Notice ◽  
Metal Plates ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Small Museum

The classical museums of the Baltic cities are among the least known in Europe, and the accounts of the objects they contain have hitherto been desultory or are not recent enough to be of sufficient value. The present paper is not intended as an exhaustive register of the classical antiquities of Copenhagen, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg, but only as a short notice of such among them as are of some archaeological importance, and about which nothing or not enough has as yet been said. Judgment on these is often precarious, because it is difficult to discover their ‘provenance’ or the circumstances of their discovery. Of the classical antiquities in the ‘Prindsen's Palast’ at Copenhagen a detailed account was given by Wieseler in the Göttingen Gelehrte Anzeigen of 1863 (pp. 1921—1952); but there is now much in the small museum which is not noticed in his account, and which therefore has probably been more recently acquired. To the archaic period belong certain terra-cottas from Santarin, found together with a few vases of the geometrical system of ornament; the latter have been published by Ross and noticed by Conze, but as far as I can discover the terra-cottas are still unpublished. Two of these are worth special attention: (1) a small slab showing a winged Gorgon in full flight, of which the execution well illustrates the development of the free figure from the relief. The body is worked on both sides, but the whole form shows the impress of the relief style in the same pose of the limbs as appears in the so-called Nike of Archermos, in the Nike of Olympia, and in the relief-figure found on the site of the Hyblean Megara. The form of all these suggests at once that the motive was originally designed for relief-work, perhaps for metal plates or terra-cotta slabs to be attached to a background.

scholarly journals Inter-annual, seasonal and diurnal features of the cloud liquid water path over the land surface and various water bodies in Northern Europe as obtained from the satellite observations by the SEVIRI instrument in 2011–2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir S. Kostsov ◽  
Anke Kniffka ◽  
Dmitry V. Ionov
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Liquid Water Path ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. Liquid water path (LWP) is one of the most important cloud parameters. The knowledge on LWP is critical for many studies including global and regional climate modelling, weather forecasting, modelling of hydrological cycle and interactions between different components of the climate system: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the land surface. Satellite observations by the SEVIRI and AVHRR instruments have already provided the evidences of the systematic difference between the LWP values derived over the land surface and over the Baltic Sea and major lakes in Northern Europe during both cold and warm seasons. The goal of the present study is to analyse the phenomenon of the LWP horizontal inhomogeneities in the vicinity of various water bodies in Northern Europe making focus on the temporal and spatial variation of LWP. The objects of investigation are water bodies and water areas located in Northern Europe which are different in size and other characteristics: Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Riga, the Neva River bay, lakes Ladoga, Onega, Peipus, Pihkva, Ilmen, and Saimaa. The input data are the LWP values of pure liquid-phase clouds derived from the space-borne observations by the SEVIRI instrument in 2011–2017 during daytime. The study revealed that in general the mean values of the land-sea LWP gradient are positive during all seasons (larger values over land, smaller values over water surface). However, the negative gradients were also detected over several relatively small water bodies during cold (winter) season. The important finding is the positive trend of the land-sea LWP gradient detected within the time period 2011–2017. The analysis of intra-seasonal features revealed special conditions on the territory of the Gulf of Finland where in June and July large and moderate positive LWP gradients prevail over negative ones while in August positive and negative gradients are much smaller (in terms of absolute values) and occur with equal frequency. This result can lead to the conclusion about possible common physical mechanisms that drive the land-sea LWP difference in the Baltic Sea region at small distances from the coastline. The diurnal cycle of the LWP land-sea gradient has been detected in June and July while there was no evidence for it in August. For several specific cases, atmospheric parameters over the mesoscale domain comprising Gulf of Finland and several lakes have been simulated with the numerical model ICON in limited area and weather prediction mode. These simulations have clearly demonstrated the LWP land-sea gradient and have pointed out less stability of the atmosphere over land surfaces.

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