Vincoli europei e internazionali. Il rilancio della politica climatica dell'Unione Europea per il periodo post Kyoto

2009 ◽  
pp. 149-161
Author(s):  
Andrea Molocchi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Burden Sharing ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Legislative Proposals ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

- The relation describes the European strategy on energy and climate under the UNFCCC process for the post Kyoto period (after 2012), by which on march 2007 the EU Council adopted general targets at 2020 for a 20%/30% emission reduction, 20% renewables and 20% energy saving. Furthermore it highlights the main features of the legislative proposals published by the European Commission (EC) to implement the strategy on the 23rd January 2008, soon after the Bali COP13 (so called "energy and climate package"). The package contains proposals to implement the 20% emission reduction through EU level defined caps in the ETS sectors and by national targets differentiation in the non-ETS sectors (respectively under the "ETS revision directive" and "Effort Sharing Decision") and a further directive proposal to implement the 20% target for renewables through national target differentiation as well. The burden sharing criteria applied by EC in the energy package proposals are based on GDP per capita and they do not consider any environmental efficiency criteria, such as carbon intensity or potential for renewable sources based on land availability. As the Impact Assessment produced by the Commission itself shows, the way the "solidariety criteria" has been applied produced estimated costs on GDP highly differentiated between Member States and non-coherent with the GDP per capita distribution. Nevertheless, these burden sharings have not been timely corrected by the EC to bring optimisation with GDP per capita rankings in the UE. In addition, the EC package does not contain legislative proposals aimed to implement the 20% energy saving target. Recent disclosure of information by EC consultants (NTUA - Primes Model) shows that the implicit energy saving potential of the proposed package is limited to 7%, thus far away from the announced 20%. Due to these lackings, the EC package and related burden sharings may not be considered coherent to the EU Council spring 2007 mandate. European Parliament or Council emendments aimed at a higher efficiency and fairness for the whole package are deemed necessary by the author, even if politically difficult to be introduced.Key words: Energy & climate package, GHGs, energy efficiency, renewable sources, European policy.

scholarly journals Non-Price Criteria for the Evaluation of the Tender Offers in Public Procurement of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Alexander Baranovsky ◽  
Nataliia Tkachenko ◽  
Vladimer Glonti ◽  
Valentyna Levchenko ◽  
Kateryna Bogatyrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Procurement ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Tender Offers ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

Traditionally, public procurement has been associated with the measurement of achieving savings. However, recent research shows that the economic impact of public procurement is not limited only to savings, but by measuring the impact of four capitals—natural, human, social, and economic—on sustainable well-being over time. Ukraine is a country with a very low gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, which exacerbates the problem of the impact of public procurement results on the population’s welfare. Ukrainian public procurement legislation allows customers to apply non-price criteria (the share of non-price criteria cannot be more than 70%), which, together, are taken into account in the formula of the quoted price. The studies show that the effect of the use of non-price criteria depends on the relevance of the method of the evaluation of non-price criteria. The most important non-price criteria for Ukrainian customers by product categories and the methods of their evaluation are analyzed according to the Bi.prozorro.org analytics module. Therefore, it is concluded that the quoted price method, which is used in Ukrainian practice, is not relevant in comparison with the method used in the EU. A survey of the government buyers on the practice of applying non-price criteria was conducted, and the areas of their use were identified.

scholarly journals Carbon Leakage in the context of increasing the EU greenhouse gas emission reduction targets – the ways the EU and global emission behave and what influences its scale

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-23
Author(s):  
Jan Gąska ◽  
Maciej Pyrka ◽  
Robert Jeszke ◽  
Wojciech Rabiega ◽  
Monika Sekuła
Keyword(s):  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Leakage ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The lack of equal globally binding GHG’s emission reduction targets is currently leading to a set of diverging GHG’s emission prices across the world (or even no price for GHG’s emission in some regions). This may result in distortions with direct implications on competitiveness of the industries in regions with strict climate policies (as the European Union) and can cause the issue of carbon leakage. Carbon leakage is defined as ‘the increase in emission outside a region as a direct result of the policy to cap emission in this region’. This paper is the first part of the set of two analysis aiming at the carbon leakage assessment. In the following paper (aimed to be published this year), we will assess the impact of free allowances for emission intensive trade exposed industries (EITE) and the NDCs in the rest of the world countries – for the sake of brevity, we decided to remove these results from the current paper, but they will be presented later this year. The purpose of this paper is to assess the possible scale of the carbon leakage using different assumptions and policy scenarios and identify channels to efficiently prevent the carbon leakage phenomenon. The analysis has been carried out using the computable general equilibrium d-PLACE model developed within the Centre for Climate and Policy Analysis (CAKE). See: http://climatecake.pl/?lang=en Our model is a recursive dynamic multi-regional and multi-commodity tool in which emissions are modelled in great detail, for example, the process and each fossil fuel combustion related emission are modelled separately. Furthermore, the big advantage of the applied model is a very detailed modelling of EU ETS as well as non-ETS emission targets. In the paper, the simulations using two versions of model was presented – with and without endogenous technical change to elaborate on how the assumptions on technical change affect the modelling results and consequent scale of the carbon leakage. Moreover, this paper aims mainly at the assessment of different channels of carbon leakage; therefore, we do not take into account either NDCs in the rest of the world or free allowances for emission intensive trade exposed sectors. These problems will be handled in the next paper, aimed to be published later this year. Using the above mentioned CGE (computable general equilibrium model, we captured the main factors, that determine the carbon leakage rates. We assessed the contribution of three channels – demand channel, competitiveness channel and carbon intensity channel to the risk of carbon leakage. It turned out that carbon intensity channel and competitiveness channel are the most important, while demand channel contributes to changes in GHG’s emission only in the most restrictive scenario. Moreover, energy channel was further decomposed to the impact of sectoral structure and influence in emission intensity within each sector – the impact of these two channels is also similar, but dependent on the analysed scenario. Such a decomposition allowed us to determine the main channels through which the carbon leakage occur and pursue relevant policy recommendations.

Analysis on the Energy Consumption (EC) and Carbon Emission (CE) of Tourism Transport of Jiangxi Province Using the PLS Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 535 ◽  
pp. 533-536
Author(s):  
Jun Song Jia ◽  
Cai Hua Kuang ◽  
Lin Lin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pls Method

Taking Jiangxi of China as an example, we, firstly, accounted the energy consumption (EC) and carbon emission (CO2, CE) of this provinces tourism transport in recently 13 years. Then, we used the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method to analysis the drivers of the CE. Results show that: 1Respectively, the EC and CE of tourism transport in Jiangxi in 1999 were 4.2 PJ and 0.46 Mt. They grew up to 31.9 PJ and 3.59 Mt in 2011. The increasing amounts were 27.7 PJ and 3.13 Mt, with an average annual growth rate of 18.4% and 18.6%. These meant that with the improvement of living standards, more and more people engaged in the activities of tourism industry. 2The consumption demand of peoples tourism had been greatly released in 2004 and 2011, which could arise from the influences of the "SARS" in 2003 and the global financial crisis in 2008, respectively. 3The importance of the latent drivers can be sorted as the following order: A2 (square of GDP per capita), A (GDP per capita), T (carbon intensity), T1 (EC intensity) and P (population). The impact on the CE from T2 (the factor denoted by T/T1) is negligible. The impact of U (urbanization rate) is little. The A2, A, T, T1 and P have an increase of 1%. The corresponding CE will have an increase of 0.275%, 0.259%, 0.148%, 0.145% and 0.131%, respectively. In the end, some suggestions are proposed for local development: to speed up the pattern's upgrade of the development, to promote the implementation of energy saving, to improve the technical level and energy efficiency so as to reduce the regional energy intensity, to go on controlling population growth and to boost the new-type urbanization, to some extent.

scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF THE BILATERAL TRADE FLOWS OF NORTH MACEDONIA– A GRAVITY MODEL APPROACH

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-107
Author(s):  
Irena Kikerkova ◽  
◽  
Elena Makrevska Disoska ◽  
Katerina Toshevska-Trpchevska ◽  
Jasna Tonovska
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Candidate Country ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
The Eu

The paper makes an indetail overview of the structure of the trade exchange of goods of Macedonia and explores the determinants of its bilateral trade flows using the gravity model. The analysis includes data on 40 trade partners of Macedonia in the period from 2005-2019. The used variables in the model are: GDP per capita difference, population, distance and relative endowments of factors of production (capital, land and labour). In most of the analyzed regressions the coefficients on determinants such as GDP per capita difference and population are positive and their impact upon the bilateral trade (as dependent variable) is statistically significant. Intensity of Macedonian trade decreases in regard of the distance from a trade partner and increases in partner’s size – the country tends to trade more with lager countries. In our analysis we included three dummy variables such as: membership in the EU and in CEFTA-2006 and common language. The impact of the possible membership in the EU is clearly positive and statistically significant. Being a candidate country for full EU membership, Macedonia trades more with EU trade partners rather than with the neibouring countries, members of CEFTA-2006. Keywords: bilateral trade, gravity model, trade partners, Republic of North Macedonia, European Union, CEFTA-2006

scholarly journals On the use of panel stationarity tests in convergence analysis: empirical evidence for the EU countries

Equilibrium ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Próchniak ◽  
Bartosz Witkowski
Keyword(s):  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Stochastic Convergence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Panel Stationarity ◽  
The Eu

The study examines the concept of stochastic convergence in the EU28 countries over the 1994–2013 period. The convergence of individual countries’ GDP per capita towards the EU28 average per capita income level and the pair-wise convergence between the GDP of individual countries are both analyzed. Additionally, we introduce our own concept of conditional stochastic convergence which is based on adjusted GDP per capita series in order to account for the impact of other growth factors on GDP. The analysis is based on time series techniques. To assess stationarity, ADF tests are used. The study shows that the process of stochastic convergence in the EU countries is not as widespread as the cross-sectional studies on b or s convergence indicate. Even if we extend the analysis to examine conditional stochastic convergence, the number of converging economies or pairs of countries rises, but not as much as it could be expected from the cross-sectional studies.

scholarly journals Brexit spillovers through international trade and foreign investment: Empirical evidence from EU-27 and the UK

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-8
Author(s):  
Graţiela Noja ◽  
Mirela Cristea ◽  
Atila Yüksel
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This study examines the Brexit spillovers upon the European Union Member States (MS) (EU-27) and the UK through two fundamental freedoms of regional integration: goods and services (international trade), and capital (foreign investment, FDI). We have applied cluster analysis and structural equation modelling on a strongly balanced panel of EU-27 and the UK. Both techniques explore two scenarios that focus on the performances achieved by the EU-MS in terms of GDP per capita and GDP growth, under the impact of trade and FDI, before and after the Brexit (1995-2019 and 2020-2025 periods). Our results show that the UK?s economy will be affected both related to GDP growth and GDP per capita levels, particularly on the short run. The EU-27 impact largely differs across countries and types of international activities, being decisively influenced through the FDI relations. Overall, the spillovers induced by international flows are positive, but significantly diminished after the Brexit.

scholarly journals Environmentalism in the EU-28 context: the impact of governance quality on environmental energy efficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (36) ◽  
pp. 37012-37025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Apergis ◽  
Claudia Garćıa
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Growth Path ◽  
Governance Quality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractEnvironmental policies are a significant cornerstone of a developed economy, but the question that arises is whether such policies lead to a sustainable growth path. It is clear that the energy sector plays a pivotal role in environmental policies, and although the current literature has focused on examining the link between energy consumption and economic growth through an abundance of studies, it does not explicitly consider the role of institutional or governance quality variables in the process. Both globalization and democracy are important drivers of sustainability, while environmentalism is essential for the objective of gaining a “better world.” Governance quality is expected to be the key, not only for economic purposes but also for the efficiency of environmental policies. To that end, the analysis in this paper explores the link between governance quality and energy efficiency for the EU-28 countries, spanning the period 1995 to 2014. The findings document that there is a nexus between energy efficiency and income they move together: the most efficient countries are in the group with higher GDP per capita. Furthermore, the results show that governance quality is an important driver of energy efficiency and, hence, of environmental policies.

scholarly journals The Impact of Oil Price Shocks on National Income: Evidence from Azerbaijan

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1695
Author(s):  
Shahriyar Mukhtarov ◽  
Sugra Humbatova ◽  
Mubariz Mammadli ◽  
Natig Gadim‒Oglu Hajiyev
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Oil Price Shocks ◽  
Price Shocks ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Exchange Rate ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the influence of oil price shocks on GDP per capita, exchange rate, and total trade turnover in Azerbaijan using the Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) method to data collected from 1992 to 2019. The estimation results of the SVAR method conclude that oil price shocks (rise in oil prices) affect GDP per capita and total trade turnover positively, whereas its influence on the exchange rate is negative in the case of Azerbaijan. According to results of this study, Azerbaijan and similar oil-exporting countries should reduce the dependence of GDP per capita, the exchange rate, and total trade turnover from oil resources and its prices in the global market. Therefore, these countries should attempt to the diversification of GDP per capita, the exchange rate, and other sources of total trade turnover.

scholarly journals Does the Increase in Renewable Energy Influence GDP Growth? An EU-28 Analysis

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4762
Author(s):  
Daniela Nicoleta Sahlian ◽  
Adriana Florina Popa ◽  
Raluca Florentina Creţu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Panel Analysis ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Eu

The aim of our study was to analyze whether the increase in the use of renewable energy can help GDP growth. The research carried out shows that renewable energy has the ability to decrease or neutralize the negative impact of greenhouse gases (GHG), but also to maintain economic growth. We focused our analysis on the EU-28 as we know that the EU Commission’s aim, in the near future, is to join forces to reduce the GHG used and move to renewable sources. We used a panel analysis with data between 2000 and 2019 from all Member States, and our results showed that their economic growth is influenced positively by the production of renewable energy, the GHG per capita, and the GHG intensity per GDP.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document