Liberalizzazione, concentrazione e diversificazione del sistema bancario italiano

2009 ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Angelo Baglioni
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
European Market ◽  
Competitive Pressure ◽  
Defensive Strategy ◽  
Concentration Process ◽  
Deep Process ◽  
Single European Market

- Starting from the early nineties, the Italian banking system has undergone a deep process of deregulation, consolidation and diversification. The deregulation process has enabled Italian banks to enter new - geographical and product - markets. The single European market has introduced a competitive challenge from abroad. The concentration process may be explained on several grounds. Smaller banks have aimed at reaching a more efficient scale of production. Deals involving banks located in Northern and Southern Italy had a prudential rationale, given the weakness of Southern banks. Large banks have presumably pursued a defensive strategy, due to the threat of take-overs from abroad. An important role has been played by the moral suasion exerted by the Bank of Italy. Deregulation and consolidation have come along together with an increase of the competitive pressure, as shown by the decline of interest rate margins. Banks have reacted by diversifying their business, in order to expand their sources of revenue and to create switching costs for their customers (by selling bundles of services). Keywords: banks, deregulation, consolidation, competition Parole chiave: banche, liberalizzazione, concentrazione, concorrenza Jel Classification: G21 - L89

NPLs — The Solution Recipe for Albania

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Elona Shehu ◽  
Elona Meka
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
System A ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Recent Financial Crisis ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Asset Quality ◽  
Macroeconomic Determinants

The quality of the loan portfolio in Albanian banking system is facing many obstacles during the last decade. In this paper we look at possible determinants of assets quality. During the recent financial crisis commercial banks were confronted with deteriorating asset quality that threatened not only the banking industry, but also the stability of the entire financial system. This study aims to examine the correlation between non-performing loans and the macroeconomic determinants in Albania during the last decade. NPLs are considered to be of a high importance as they represent the high risk exposure of banking system. A solid bank with healthy assets increases the market efficiency. Our approach is based on a panel data regression analysis technique from 2005-2015. Within this methodology this study finds robust evidence on the existing relationship between lending interest rate, real GDP growth and NPLs. We expect to find a negative relationship between lending interest rate and asset quality. Further we assume an inverse relationship between GDP growth and non-performing loans, suggesting that NPLs decrease if the economy is growing. Furthermore this study proposes a solution platform, which looks deeper into the possibility of creating a secondary active market for troubled loans, restructuring the banking system or implementing the Podgorica model. This research paper opens a new lieu of discussion in terms of academic debates and decision-making policies.

scholarly journals The impact of interest rate spread on the banking system efficiency in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1546417
Author(s):  
Varaidzo batsirai Shayanewako ◽  
Asrat Tsegaye ◽  
Christian Nsiah
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Banking System ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Interest Rate Spread ◽  
The Impact

Impacts of Real Depreciation and Appreciation on Aggregate Output in Taiwan

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
Yu Hsing
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Real Interest Rate ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Real Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Expected Inflation ◽  
Deficit Spending

Extending the IS-MP-AS model, this article finds that real depreciation helped to raise real gross domestic product (GDP) during 1999.Q1-2010.Q2 whereas real appreciation helped to increase real GDP during 2010.Q3-2016.Q4. In addition, a lower world real interest rate, a higher stock price, a higher real oil price or a lower expected inflation would increase real GDP. More deficit spending as a percent of GDP does not affect real GDP.JEL Classification: F41, E62

scholarly journals Unanswered quibbles: George Selgin still gets it wrong with fractional reserve free banking

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Bagus ◽  
David Howden
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Free Banking ◽  
Fractional Reserve Banking ◽  
Credit Expansion ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Fractional Reserve ◽  
Monetary Equilibrium ◽  
El Sistema

In this article we reply to George Selgin’s counterarguments to our article «Fractional Reserve Free Banking: Some Quibbles». Selgin regards holding cash as saving while we focus on the real savings necessary to maintain investment projects. Real savings are unconsumed real income. Variations in real savings are not necessarily equal to variations in cash holdings. We show that a coordinated credit expansion in a fractional reserve free banking (FRFB) system is possible and that precautionary reserves consequently do not pose a necessary limit. We discuss various instances in which a FRFB system may expand credit without a prior increase in real savings. These facets all demonstrate why a fractional reserve banking system —even a free banking one— is inherently unstable, and incentivized to impose a stabilizing central bank. We find that at the root of our disagreements with Selgin lies a different approach to monetary theory. Selgin subscribes to the aggregative equation of exchange, which impedes him from seeing the microeconomic problems that the stabilization of «MV» by a FRFB system causes. Key words: Free banking, fractional reserve, monetary equilibrium, credit expansion, economic cycle. JEL Classification: B53, E32, E42, E5, G18, H11, K39, P3, P34. Resumen: En este artículo respondemos a George Selgin, que a su vez respondió a nuestro artículo «Fractional Reserve Free Banking: Some Quibbles». Selgin considera que los saldos de tesorería son ahorros, mientras nosotros nos fijamos en los ahorros reales necesarios para mantener proyectos de inversion. Ahorros reales son ingresos reales no consumidos. Variaciones en los ahorros reales no necesariamente coinciden con las variaciones en los saldos de tesoreria. Mostramos que una expansión crediticia coordinada es posible en un sistema bancario de reserva fraccionaria (FRFB) y que las reservas prudenciales no constituyen necesariamente un limite a la expansión co - ordinada. Discutimos varios escenarios en los que el sistema FRFB puede expandir los créditos sin un aumento previo en los ahorros reales. Todas estas facetas muestran que un sistema bancario de reservas fraccionarias —incluso uno de banca libre— es inherentemente inestable y produce incentivos para imponer un banco central estabilizador. Mostramos que el origen de nuestras diferencias con Selgin está en un enfoque diferente a la teoría monetaria. Selgin es partidario de la ecuación de intercambio que es muy agregada y que le impide ver los problemas microeconomicas que la estabilización de «MV» por parte del sistema FRFB produce. Palabras clave: Banca libre, reserva fraccionaria, equilibrio monetario, expansión crediticia, ciclo económico. Clasificación JEL: B53, E32, E42, E5, G18, H11, K39, P3, P34.

scholarly journals Growth and Financing Behaviour of Firms of Textile Industry in Pakistan: A Panel Data Analysis.

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (4II) ◽  
pp. 699-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ijaz Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Negative Sign ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Financial Leverage

High economic growth, extremely low nominal interest rate and negative real interest rate gave a boost to financial leverage (gearing ratio) of the textile sector to its peak in 2005. Firms are now are facing the consequence of high gearing. An explosion in their financing costs along with removal of textile quota from 2005 onwards and later on an acute energy crisis hampered their profitability and ability to repay their debt. This in turn contributed to non-performing loans which is now is likely to pose a big challenge for financial sector and push economy into another crisis. Most of the previous studies including a very few on capital structure of Pakistani firms focus on understanding only the firm specific determinants of financial leverage and completely ignore macroeconomic or institutional factors. Findings of this paper prove that all firm specific determinants including profitability and efficiency, firms‘ growth, risk and collateral excluding size significantly influence corporate financial leverage of textile industry in Pakistan. All macroeconomic variables including overall economic growth, equity market conditions and nominal cost of debt also have significant impact on corporate gearing. Negative sign with the composite measure of profitability and efficiency implies that banks are compelled to fund inefficient and unprofitable firms because demand for loans comes more from inefficient and unprofitable firms. Positive sign with growth and negative sign with risk is indicative of the fact that banks prefer to lend to growing rather than riskier firms. JEL classification: C13, C23, C51, L65, G10, G30 Keywords: Capital Structure Determinants, Corporate Financial Leverage, Corporate Gearing Ratio

scholarly journals Heterogeneity in the Relationship Between NPLs and Real Economy: Evidence from the Mongolian Banking System

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-155
Author(s):  
Enkhzaya Demid
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Macroeconomic Shocks ◽  
Credit Quality ◽  
Loan Supply ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The paper analyses the relationship between the banks’ credit risk and macroeconomic conditions by addressing the following questions; (i) How are macroeconomic shocks transmitted to lending risk depending on the ban-specific features? (ii) Are the effects of macroeconomic shocks different across the loan portfolios in various economic sectors? Unlike the common assumption in the literature, the empirical analysis considers banks’ heterogeneity and diversification across borrowers. It employs heterogeneous panel SVARs and standard SVAR models on a dataset from 2002. Q1 to 2019.Q1. The results suggest that the deterioration in credit quality is affected by both macroeconomic and bank-specific factors, with substantial heterogeneity in the magnitudes and timing in terms of the type of loans in various business sectors and bank characteristics. In particular, we find strong evidence of cyclical sensitivity of loan quality, and about 1/4 of banks’ NPLs increases stronger in response to the shocks to growth, exchange rate, interest rate, and profitability. The highly profitable banks tend to less engage in excessive risk-taking, resulting in lower NPLs, whereas the relation of asset size to NPLs is not significant for the sample. A growth shock plays a prominent role in explaining the variation of NPLs for the trade and mining sectors. Similarly, the loan supply shock is the main determinant for the construction sector’s NPLs, while the exchange rate shock is the most responsible for the manufacturing sector. The interest rate shock and exchange rate shock are the most effective factors on NPLs of consumer loans. Finally, the feedback effect of NPLs shows that deterioration of credit quality slows down economic growth.

scholarly journals Does the Interest Rate Form Business Cycle?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Bijan Bidabad ◽  
Abul Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Rate Form ◽  
The Interest Rate

Dynamic structural behavior of depositor, bank and borrower and the role of banks in forming business cycle are investigated. We test the hypothesis that does banks behavior make oscillations in the economy through the interest rate. By dichotomizing banking activities into two markets of deposit and loan, we show that these two markets have non-synchronized structures, and this is why the money sector fluctuation starts. As a result, the fluctuation is transmitted to the real economy through saving and investment functions. Empirical results assert that in the USA, the banking system creates fluctuations in the money sector and real economy as well through short-term interest rates

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