scholarly journals Paläoklimatologische Eindrücke aus Neuseeland

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-238
Author(s):  
Martin Schwarzbach
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Windward Side ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Volcanic Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Climatic History ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Wet Climate

Abstract. Some observations and remarks about the climate and paleoclimate of New Zealand, founded on journeys and the work of New Zealandic geologists. Some peculiarities of the climate (fig. 1). New Zealand has a relatively cool and wet climate (similar to Tasmania at the present). There is a very conspicious difference between the very humid windward side and the arid lee-side of the Southern Alps (also in the vegetation, fig. 2). „Edaphically caused deserts" begin to develop in the volcanic area of the North Island (fig. 3). The glaciers on the western coast of New Zealand (fig. 4), especially Franz Josef and Fox Glaciers, are impressive examples for the coexistence of lush, nearly subtropical rainforests (with tree-ferns) with glacier ice (figs. 6, 8). Therefore they are especially important for paleoclimatologists and for the interpretation of climatic indicators. Both glaciers have their tongues near the sea, nearly 2000 mts. below snow-line. Their recession (fig. 7) was 1200 and 1800 m respectively in 21 years. The cause for the low position of the tongues is to bee seen in high precipitation in connexion with the altitude and steepness of the mountains. Climatic history of New Zealand. The Quaternary is not treated; it only is referred to the influence of recent tectonic movements on the terraces. — The climate of the Tertiary was temperate to subtropical and humid. Maximal temperatures did not occur (as in Europe and North America) in the older, but (as in Australia) in the middle Tertiary (fig. 9). The author tries to explain this difference by the combination of 2 curves (fig. 10): one is the curve of changing latitude, caused by drift, the other is the general trend of the decline of temperature in Tertiary time. Because Australia obviously moved towards the equator, but Europe (if at all) towards the pole, the resulting curve is different in both continents. — Also the Mesozoic climate was neither tropical nor arid. Perhaps the Permian was a little warmer than in Australia. Compared with Australia, the climatic history is distinctly different. Australia changed from a polar climate to a subtropical and tropical one since the Carboniferous-Permian period, but New Zealand seems to have remained more or less in the same climatic zone during this long time. We don't yet know whether the difference between New Zealand and Australia is only apparent (caused by gaps in our knowledge), or is caused by an independent northward drift of both regions (Australia quickly, New Zealand more slowly).

V.—Mr. Harkee and Mr. Debley on the Scandinavian Ice-Sheet

1894 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 496-499
Author(s):  
Henry H. Howorth
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
The North ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Inductive Methods ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
The Alps ◽  
The Difference

Mr. Deeley tells your readers that he has recently been to the summit of Mont Blanc, and has been studying the difference between névé and glacier ice. This is interesting; but we thought that a great many people had done the same thing during the last hundred years, and we thought that one of them, Forbes, had studied the famous Mountain and the phenomenoninquestion to good effect, not in a casual visit to the Alps, but in the course of many years of patient labour. Among other things we also thought he had shown that in a viscous body like ice, the slope of the upper surface necessary to make it begin to move is the same as the slope which, would be required to induce motion in the ice if its bed were inclined at an angle. He further collected considerable evidence to show what the least angle is upon which ice will begin to move. This is the slope, the least slope, available. It is nothing less than astounding to me that anyone should venture to postulate a Scand in avian ice-sheet in the North Sea until he had considered this necessary factor, and how it would operate.The Scand in avian ice-sheet was, I believe, the invention of Croll, who, sittinginhis arm-chair and endowed with a brilliant imagination, imposed upon sober science this extraordinary postulate. He did not dream of testing it by an examination of the coasts of Norway, or even of Britain, but put it forward apparently as a magnificent deduction. All deductions untested by experiment are dangerous. Thus it came about that the great monster which is said to have come from Norway, goodness knows by what mechanical process, speedily dissolved away on the application of inductive methods. Of course it still maintained its hold upon that section, of geologists who dogmatiseinprint a great deal about the Glacial period before they have ever seen a glacier at work at all; but I am speaking of those who have studied the problem inductively. First Mr. James Geikie, a disciple of Croll, was obliged to confess that this ice-sheet, which is actually said to have advanced as far as the hundred-fathom line in the Atlantic, and there presented a cliff of ice like the Antarctic continent, never can have reached the Faroes, which had an ice-sheet of their own. Next Messrs. Peach and Home were constrained to admit that no traces of it of any kind occur in the Orkneys, or in Eastern Scotland. They still maintained its presence in the Shetlands; however, this was upon evidence which is somewhat extraordinary. I do not mean the evidence as to the direction of the striation, which was so roughly handled by Mr. Milne-Home, but I mean the evidence they adduce that the boulders found on the islands are apparently all local ones, and that, contrary to the deposits of glaciers, they diminish in number as we recede from the matrix whence they were derived.

352. Variations in the carotene and vitamin A contents of certain New Zealand butterfats

1947 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Barnicoat
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Total Vitamin ◽  
The North ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Very High

1. Chemical estimations of carotene and vitamin A in New Zealand butters from two of the principal butter-making districts of the North Island during the seasons 1935–6 show that the total vitamin A potency was fairly high.2. There were seasonal variations apparently due to nutritional rather than physiological causes. The minimum values (33–37 i.u./g. butterfat) for total vitamin A were found in late summer (February) at the time when the pasture normally tends to dry up, while the peak values (42–53 i.u./g. butterfat) occurred in late winter and spring (July-October). The variations in vitamin A potency with season were in the opposite direction to the variations recorded in the literature for Europe and America. The difference is no doubt due to the practice of stall-feeding in these countries in contrast with the all-the-year-round grazing commonly practised on dairy farms in New Zealand. The spring flush of grass is also later in the season in Europe than in New Zealand.3. The more deeply-coloured Jersey butterfat was only slightly richer in total vitamin A potency than Friesian butterfat.4. Contents of carotene and vitamin A in the fat of colostrum were very high, but reached normal values within 4 or 5 days after parturition.

scholarly journals A Climatology of Atmospheric Rivers in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 4383-4402
Author(s):  
Hamish D. Prince ◽  
Nicolas J. Cullen ◽  
Peter B. Gibson ◽  
Jono Conway ◽  
Daniel G. Kingston
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Moisture Flux ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Windward Side ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Jet Streams ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Hemisphere Winter

AbstractThe occurrence of extreme precipitation events in New Zealand regularly results in devastating impacts to the local society and environment. An automated atmospheric river (AR) detection technique (ARDT) is applied to construct a climatology (1979–2019) of extreme midlatitude moisture fluxes conducive to extreme precipitation. A distinct seasonality exists in AR occurrence aligning with seasonal variations in the midlatitude jet streams. The formation of the Southern Hemisphere winter split jet enables AR occurrence to persist through all seasons in northern regions of New Zealand, while southern regions of the country exhibit a substantial (50%) reduction in AR occurrence as the polar jet shifts southward during the cold season. ARs making landfall on the western coast of New Zealand (90% of all events) are characterized by a dominant northwesterly moisture flux associated with a distinct dipole pressure anomaly, with low pressure to the southwest and high pressure to the northeast of New Zealand. Precipitation totals during AR events increase with AR rank (five-point scale) throughout the country, with the most substantial increase on the windward side of the Southern Alps (South Island). The largest events (rank 5 ARs) produce 3-day precipitation totals exceeding 1000 mm. ARs account for up to 78% of total precipitation and up to 94% of extreme precipitation on the west coast of the South Island. Assessment of the multiscale atmospheric processes associated with AR events governing extreme precipitation in the Southern Alps of New Zealand should remain a priority given their hydrological significance and impact on people and infrastructure.

Remarks on the plant geography of the southern cold temperate zone

1960 ◽  
Vol 152 (949) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Temperate Zone ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Plant Geography ◽  
The North ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Northern And Southern Hemispheres ◽  
Joseph Hooker

The difference between the northern and southern hemispheres in the distribution of land and sea fundamentally affects the problems of the origin, dispersal and distribution of the biota. Whereas a circumpolar distribution seems to be quite natural in the north, it is much more difficult to explain when we get to the south. Although the naturalists of James Cook’s first and second voyages visited both New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego, the purport of the existence of closely related but geographically widely disjunct organisms did not dawn upon them; Terra Australis, a vision of the old cosmographers to counterbalance the solid North, but searched for in vain by Cook, had disappeared from the map. It fell to Joseph Hooker to discover a circumpolar Flora Antarctica at a time when the Antarctic Continent, thus named by Ross, had become a reality. What Hooker found on truly antarctic shores was not very promising, but the discovery of fossilized gymnosperm wood on Kerguelen made him speculate on former antarctic forests and on the possibility of greater land areas where only small, scattered islands are found now. In a letter to Darwin in November 1851 (Huxley 1918, p. 445) he wrote: ‘... recent discoveries rather tend to ally the N. Zeald. Flora with the Australian—though there is enough affinity with extratropical S. America to be

scholarly journals Updated inventory of glacier ice in New Zealand based on 2016 satellite imagery

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Sabine Baumann ◽  
Brian Anderson ◽  
Trevor Chinn ◽  
Andrew Mackintosh ◽  
Catherine Collier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Band Ratio ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Classification ◽  
The North ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
Glacier Ice

Abstract The only complete inventory of New Zealand glaciers was based on aerial photography starting in 1978. While there have been partial updates using 2002 and 2009 satellite data, most glaciers are still represented by the 1978 outlines in contemporary global glacier databases. The objective of this project is to establish an updated glacier inventory for New Zealand. We have used Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery from February and March 2016 for delineating clean glaciers using a semi-automatic band ratio method and debris-covered glaciers using a maximum likelihood classification. The outlines have been checked against Sentinel-2 MSI data, which have a higher resolution. Manual post processing was necessary due to misclassifications (e.g. lakes, clouds), mapping in shadowed areas, and combining the clean and debris-covered parts into single glaciers. New Zealand glaciers cover an area of 794 ± 34 km2 in 2016 with a debris-covered area of 10%. Of the 2918 glaciers, seven glaciers are >10 km2 while 71% is <0.1 km2. The debris cover on those largest glaciers is >40%. Only 15 glaciers are located on the North Island. For a selection of glaciers, we were able to calculate the area reduction between the 1978 and 2016 inventories.

Personal safety issues in the lives of children with learning disabilities

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freda Briggs ◽  
Russell Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Learning Problems ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
The North ◽  
Abusive Behaviour ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Speculative Hypothesis

An earlier evaluation of the New Zealand child protection program ‘Keeping Ourselves Safe’ found, inter alia, that girls with learning problems were highly vulnerable to drugs, sexual abuse and violence (Briggs & Hawkins 1996a). This led to the present study, the aim of which was to focus specifically on children with learning disabilities, and to include data from boys as well as girls.Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from one hundred and sixteen students aged 11–17 years (61 females and 55 males) who were interviewed in special education units. Their common characteristics were that they had all been assessed as being 3 years or more behind their chronological age group in their development and achievement, they needed individually planned curricula across the range of school subjects, and they had all previously attended mainstream schools throughout the North and South Islands of New Zealand.The study confirmed the vulnerability of children with learning disabilities to the risks of drugs, violence, psychological bullying, pornography and sexual abuse. Significant levels of violence in both schools and the home were found. The study also showed the need for special attention for the protection of boys.It is possible that children with learning disabilities were targeted because they were seen as safer targets in terms of an expectation that they would be less aware of the difference between right and wrong and less likely than other children to make a report about any abusive behaviour. If this speculative hypothesis is correct, it means that children with learning disabilities require even more vigilant forms of protection than other children.

scholarly journals Updated inventory of glacier ice in New Zealand based on 2016 satellite imagery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Baumann ◽  
Brian Anderson ◽  
T Chinn ◽  
A MacKintosh ◽  
C Collier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Band Ratio ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Classification ◽  
The North ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
Glacier Ice

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press. The only complete inventory of New Zealand glaciers was based on aerial photography starting in 1978. While there have been partial updates using 2002 and 2009 satellite data, most glaciers are still represented by the 1978 outlines in contemporary global glacier databases. The objective of this project is to establish an updated glacier inventory for New Zealand. We have used Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery from February and March 2016 for delineating clean glaciers using a semi-Automatic band ratio method and debris-covered glaciers using a maximum likelihood classification. The outlines have been checked against Sentinel-2 MSI data, which have a higher resolution. Manual post processing was necessary due to misclassifications (e.g. lakes, clouds), mapping in shadowed areas, and combining the clean and debris-covered parts into single glaciers. New Zealand glaciers cover an area of 794 ± 34 km2 in 2016 with a debris-covered area of 10%. Of the 2918 glaciers, seven glaciers are >10 km2 while 71% is <0.1 km2. The debris cover on those largest glaciers is >40%. Only 15 glaciers are located on the North Island. For a selection of glaciers, we were able to calculate the area reduction between the 1978 and 2016 inventories.

scholarly journals I. On the laws of the tides on the coasts of Ireland, as inferred from an extensive series of observations made in connection with the ordnance survey of Ireland

1845 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 1-124 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Determination ◽  
High Water ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Ordnance Survey ◽  
The North ◽  
Small Depth ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hydrostatic Level

In the spring of 1842 I was informed by Colonel Colby, R. E., Director of the Trigonometrical Survey, that in the operations of the Survey of Ireland it had become necessary to adopt a line of reference for the elevations ascertained in the running of various lines of level through the country; and that it was his intention to institute a series of observations of the height of the water in different states of the tide, in order to refer the levels to the mean height of the sea, or to its height at some definite phase of the tide. Colonel Colby stated also that he was desirous that the observa­tions should be made subservient to improvements in the theory of the tides, and requested my assistance in sketching a plan of observation which would be most likely to contribute to that end. In reply, I made the following suggestions:—That great care should be taken in the accurate determination of time at every station, and that for this purpose the non­commissioned officer of the Royal Sappers and Miners who had the care of the observations at each station, should be entrusted with a pocket chronometer, and that an officer should, at least twice during the series of observations, visit every station, carrying, for comparison, an itinerant chronometer whose error on Greenwich time was accurately known from astronomical observations. That stations should be chosen on the eastern as well as on the western coast, in order to determine the difference of level, if any, between an open sea and a partially inclosed sea. That on the north-eastern coast, stations should be selected at smaller intermediate distances than at other parts of the coast, with the purpose of removing, if possible, the doubt which appears to exist as to the progress of the semidiurnal tide-wave through the North Channel. That, where practicable, several stations should be selected on each of the large rivers or estuaries, in order to ascertain the nature of the modification which the tide-wave undergoes in passing up a contracted channel of comparatively small depth. That the series of observations should be so arranged, that, at every station, one complete tide (from high water to high water, or from low water to low water) should be completely observed on every day, its observations being made at small equidistant intervals. That supplementary observations, applying only to the neighbourhood of the low water or high water omitted in the observations of the complete tide, should also be made, for the development of the principal facts of diurnal tide. Finally, that the zeros of the tide-gauges should be connected with the principal lines of level, so that every observation should be referred to the same hydrostatic level.

Geophysical Studies of North African Cenozoic Volcanic Areas I: Haruj Assuad, Libya

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 998-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Ade-Hall ◽  
P. H. Reynolds ◽  
P. Dagley ◽  
A. E. Mussett ◽  
T. P. Hubbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Age Dating ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Volcanic Area ◽  
North African ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
African Plate ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
The Difference

This study is the first of a series in which a main concern will be to establish the Neogene absolute motion of the African Plate. A combined palaeomagnetic and K–Ar whole rock age dating study has been made of the Haruj Assuad basaltic volcanic area of central Libya. Seventy volcanic units, largely pahoehoe basaltic flows, were sampled in the north-central Haruj Assuad in an area centred on 27°45′ N, 017°30′E. Precisely defined paleomagnetic directions were obtained for 68 of the volcanic units and a weighted mean pole at 83°N, 171°E (δp = 5°, δm = 9°) obtained. This pole is just significantly different at the 95% level from the geographic pole. The difference between the paleomagnetic and geographic poles is thought to be largely the result of a degree of nonrepresentative sampling of the geomagnetic field. K–Ar radiometric age data indicate that volcanic activity in the Haruj Assuad area continued at least over the interval 6.0 to 0.4 my. The polarities of dated units are in agreement with the predictions of the time polarity scale. The ages of dated flows indicate that most of the flows presently exposed are younger than 2.2 my (i.e.) Upper Pliocene and younger. A scheme for assigning relative ages to groups of flows by degree of surface weathering is now calibrated in part with absolute ages.

scholarly journals Updated inventory of glacier ice in New Zealand based on 2016 satellite imagery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Baumann ◽  
Brian Anderson ◽  
T Chinn ◽  
A MacKintosh ◽  
C Collier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Band Ratio ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Classification ◽  
The North ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
Glacier Ice

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press. The only complete inventory of New Zealand glaciers was based on aerial photography starting in 1978. While there have been partial updates using 2002 and 2009 satellite data, most glaciers are still represented by the 1978 outlines in contemporary global glacier databases. The objective of this project is to establish an updated glacier inventory for New Zealand. We have used Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery from February and March 2016 for delineating clean glaciers using a semi-Automatic band ratio method and debris-covered glaciers using a maximum likelihood classification. The outlines have been checked against Sentinel-2 MSI data, which have a higher resolution. Manual post processing was necessary due to misclassifications (e.g. lakes, clouds), mapping in shadowed areas, and combining the clean and debris-covered parts into single glaciers. New Zealand glaciers cover an area of 794 ± 34 km2 in 2016 with a debris-covered area of 10%. Of the 2918 glaciers, seven glaciers are >10 km2 while 71% is <0.1 km2. The debris cover on those largest glaciers is >40%. Only 15 glaciers are located on the North Island. For a selection of glaciers, we were able to calculate the area reduction between the 1978 and 2016 inventories.

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