scholarly journals Organizational and legal principles of public policy of business support in Latvia and Lithuania

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-132
Author(s):  
V. P., Riashchenko  ◽  
B. A. Rivza  ◽  
I. Yu. Gryshova 
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Business Support

Принаймні половина з 10 новостворених компаній припиняє свою діяльність у перший рік, часто вказуючи причиною збитковість, яку неможливо усунути через відсутність необхідних знань і порад. Своєю чергою, держава та суспільство в цілому зацікавлені у забезпеченні стабільності діяльності компаній, у тому числі й новостворених. Тому формуються організації підтримки бізнесу, цілями яких є постійний нагляд за різними подіями у зовнішньому бізнес-середовищі, щоб мати можливість застосовувати превентивні та/або коригувальні заходи для подальшої підтримки та зростання підприємництва. Подібне значення має і аспект працевлаштування. Підприємництво відіграє вирішальну роль у виробництві ВВП, необхідного для розвитку Латвійської та Литовської держав, який надалі матеріалізується у продуктах і послугах, необхідних для населення, кінцевим результатом яких є підвищення добробуту держави та населення. Саме з цієї причини держава та муніципалітети мають приділяти значну увагу розумінню аспектів, що заважають розвитку бізнесу, і цілеспрямованим покращенням функціональності системи підтримки держави та муніципалітету. Метою статті є проведення аналізу систем підтримки бізнесу з метою сприяння ефективній співпраці організацій підтримки бізнесу в Латвії та Литві шляхом аналітичної оцінки діяльності організацій підтримки бізнесу Латвії та Литви. Наукова новизна полягає в тому, щоб зібрати й проаналізувати відповідне середовище для підтримки бізнесу в Латвії та Литві. Висновки. Порівнюючи національні закони Латвії та Литви, а також документи стратегічного планування, які регулюють організацію, фінансування й оцінку впливу підтримки бізнесу на національному рівні, які не регулюються законодавством чи зобов’язаннями ЄС, можна зробити висновок, що, на відміну від законодавства Латвії, законодавство Литви чітко вказує на пріоритети підтримки бізнесу, цільові групи бенефіціарів, види підтримки (матеріали та нематеріальні активи) та постачальників підтримки (муніципалітети чи держава), а також має чіткий опис та оцінку допомоги. Законодавство Латвії (за винятком нового закону про допомогу підприємствам та законів, які визначають надання й моніторинг допомоги ЄС) не визначає підтримку бізнесу, її бенефіціарів, можливі види та розмір підтримки, необхідність та процедури моніторингу та впливу тощо.

How Small Business Enterprises of Russia Attract Investments: Practices and Problems

10.12737/5966 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Фомичева ◽  
Irina Fomicheva
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Business Support ◽  
Capital Financing

Considered are possible sources of real investments for small businesses. It is shown how foreign investments in Russia make shifts towards securities market. Dynamics and structure of domestic sources of debt funds for fixed capital financing are examined. Considerable growth rates of the volume of investments is emphasized as well as growing number of sources of financing with substantial share of budgetary funds in the total amount of investment. Factors conducive to investment activities are outlined. Dynamics of mortgage lending, as the author shows, is not actually impacted neither by the dynamics of interest rates, nor by exchange rates ratio and inflation rates in Russia, while underuse of budgetary funds allocated for programs of small and medium business support proves that public policy in this sphere is inefficient.

6. Patentable Subject Matter

2019 ◽  
pp. 139-161
Author(s):  
Justine Pila ◽  
Paul L.C. Torremans
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Patentable Subject Matter

This chapter considers the subject matter for which European patents may validly be granted under the European Patent Convention (EPC), and the substantive European (EPC and EU) legal principles governing their identification and conception. To this end it discusses the two-fold role of the requirement for an invention in European patent law: first, as a means of filtering protectable from non-protectable subject matter; and second, as a means of denoting the object of patent protection, i.e. that which must be new, inventive, susceptible of industrial application, and clearly and sufficiently defined and described in the patent specification, and that with reference to which the scope of the patent monopoly is defined under Article 69 EPC. It also discusses the range of public policy-based exclusions from European patentability, and their relation to the requirement for an invention itself.

The Doctrines of Public Policy and Competence in Investor–State Arbitration

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-341
Author(s):  
Mary B. Ayad
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Commercial Arbitration ◽  
Conflict Of Laws ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Investment Arbitration ◽  
Practical Research ◽  
Form Part

Abstract International commercial arbitration (ICA) and international investment arbitration (IIA), as they are currently practiced in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) inter alia, cannot be seen in isolation. Long-standing historical forces have brought about both the development of jurisprudence as well as its current problems. In arbitrations in which one party is a MENA State, from the early oil concessions throughout the present, ICA and IIA law and practise have demonstrated that the central problem therein has to do with a conflict of laws. What is proposed herein is that common legal principles found in civil, common and Islamic law, which form part or all of the legal systems in the MENA, can be distilled to create a new ICA law code for adoption in the MENA; a code which addresses many of the doctrinal issues that arise in ICA and IIA proceedings. To this end, this article presents the results of this highly practical research which represents a synthesis of theory and practise.

scholarly journals Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives

1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 501
Author(s):  
Kernaghan Webb
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Legal Accountability ◽  
Public Policy Instruments

The federal government makes extensive use of its spending powers to establish programs intended to influence private behaviour in furtherance of public policy objectives. Incentives are frequently used where more conventional policy instruments would not be appropriate or available. However, in many situations, such programs lack adequate legal structure. The author concludes that the minimal legal structure allows for tremendous administrative flexibility, but detracts from effective accountability, and can negatively affect operational fairness. Taking a functional approach to analysis, the author argues that since incentives are public policy instruments intended to alter behaviour, they are akin (though not identical) to conventional regulatory approaches, and so should be subject to many of the same legal principles and structures as apply to conventional policy instruments. The effect would be more open and accountable frameworks for the creation and operation of incentives, which should result in better designed and more fair and efficiently functioning incentive regimes.

scholarly journals Reform of Civil Statutes of Limitation for Child Sexual Abuse Claims: Seismic Change and Ongoing Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Mathews ◽  
Elizabeth Dallaston
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Legal Development ◽  
Australian State ◽  
The Common ◽  
Civil Justice System

Historically, civil statutes of limitation applied standard approaches to claims for injuries suffered through child sexual abuse. Due to the features of these cases, many survivors were unable to commence an action for compensation within time, and could not access the civil justice system. However, since 2015, influenced by the recommendations of state and national inquiries, every Australian state and territory has removed limitation periods for child sexual abuse claims prospectively and retrospectively, enabling commencement of a claim at any time, while retaining protections for defendants’ rights to a fair trial. The reforms are a landmark socio-legal development in the common law world. However, the legal principles are complex, and inconsistencies remain in the approaches adopted by the eight states and territories. This article analyses the nature of these reforms, considers their justifiability as public policy, identifies remaining legislative inconsistencies and challenges, and makes recommendations for reform and application.

scholarly journals ECO-EFFICIENCY IN BIDDING PROCESSES TO PURCHASE EVERYDAY SUPPLIES FOR THE BRAZILIAN FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 33-61
Author(s):  
Maraluce Maria Custódio ◽  
Marcio Luís De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Federal Administration ◽  
Operation And Management

Environmental sustainability in the Government’s daily self-management should be the subject of efficient public policies, especially in the management of public assets. In this sense, and through the deductive methodology, the article focuses on the analysis of the operation and management of public administration in dealing with the purchase of everyday equipment, in order to watch out the principles of environmental law and sustainable development, in accordance with bidding laws and eco-efficiency. Thus, the article discusses the steps of public policy and the guiding principles of public administration to pursue eco-efficient acts in its purchases of everyday items. In conclusion, the article attests the failure by the Brazilian federal government to observe the stages of public policy and the bidding legal principles on this matter.

Delivering Quality Accommodation for Small Businesses in London despite Market Difficulties

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-317
Author(s):  
Martin Large ◽  
Chris Rushton
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
City Regions ◽  
Business Support ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Successful Business ◽  
Very High

Public policy on the subject of small business support generally concentrates on tackling market failures in delivering finance, innovation, technical development, skills and entrepreneurship. However, in growing city regions such as London, the difficulty in obtaining good quality fit-for-purpose accommodation can be an important factor inhibiting the growth of otherwise successful business. The rate of business formation is very high in London, but paradoxically, the very vibrancy of the economy creates a real estate market that can be hostile to the needs of small businesses, particularly those which achieve rapid growth. This article will consider the factors that cause this situation and will then outline some practical examples of how they can be overcome by smart public sector intervention.

CONTRADICTION TO THE PUBLIC POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AS A GROUND FOR CANCELLATION OF THE DECISION OF THE ARBITRATION COURT AND REFUSAL TO ISSUE A WRIT OF EXECUTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 140-158
Author(s):  
V.V. MOLCHANOV
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
The Public ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Russian Law

The contradiction with the public order of the Russian Federation is an unconditional basis for cancellation of the decision of the arbitration court and refusal to issue a writ of execution. What is meant by the public policy? There is no definition in the legislation. According to the position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation under the public policy are understood the fundamental legal principles (principles) having the highest imperative and universality. Study and analysis of the practice of consideration and resolution of cases about the cancellation of arbitration court decisions and refusal to issue writs of execution by arbitration courts and courts of general jurisdiction shows that the content of the concept of public policy in view of the abstract nature of normativity, inherent in the concept of fundamental principles of Russian law, is interpreted by judicial practice very widely. Since establishing in what cases the decision of an arbitration court violates the fundamental principles of Russian law, and hence the public policy of the Russian Federation, refers to the discretion of the court considering the case, and the boundaries of application of this ground for reversal of decision are determined by the discretion of the court in the context of the specific circumstances of the case. The article also concludes that the position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which lies in the fact that since the arbitration courts do not exercise judicial power and are not part of the judicial system of the Russian Federation, the state courts are not empowered to verify the legality of decisions of arbitration courts, which involves identifying the correctness of interpretation and application of law by the court of arbitration, must be understood systematically. According to the author, it is necessary to take into account that the function of state courts to control arbitration proceedings consists, among other things, in ensuring compliance of the results of arbitration proceedings with fundamental legal values, which include the legality of decisions rendered by arbitration courts in terms of interpretation and application of rules of law.

The Strategic Use of Public Policy: Business Support for the 1906 Food and Drug Act

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna J. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Federal Legislation ◽  
Government Relations ◽  
Federal Food ◽  
New Development ◽  
Business Support ◽  
Drug Regulations ◽  
Foreign Commerce

The 1906 Food and Drug Act is widely believed to be an early example of federal legislation designed entirely to protect consumers. Professor Wood shows that in fact many Progressive Era food and drug manufacturers had substantial interests in achieving passage of such a law and that they worked actively toward this end. In particular, the desire of businesspeople to secure advantage over domestic competitors and to expand markets to interstate and foreign commerce played a significant role in businesses' support for federal food and drug regulations. The article shows that the strategic use of public policy by business—a relatively recent development in theories of business-government relations—is by no means a new development in practice.

Which SMEs Use External Business Advice? A Multivariate Subregional Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1981-1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Johnson ◽  
Don J Webber ◽  
Wayne Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Business Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Push Factors ◽  
Business Support ◽  
Strong Positive Association

The authors examine factors that influence the propensity of a firm to take up external business support across four large English towns, using random effects nominal probit regression analysis to capture sector heterogeneity. The results suggest a strong positive association between the orientation of the firm towards growth and its propensity to use external business advice. ‘Push’ factors, including the existence of recruitment difficulties, are identified as key triggers to use business advice. These results provide valuable guidance to public policy organisations concerned with business development and competitiveness, and suggest a number of avenues for future research.

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