scholarly journals Compatibility Of Metallic & Non-Metallic Turbine Engine Materials With Aviation Fuels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olcay Met
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Aerospace Materials ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Test Standards ◽  
Systematic Methodology

As known alternative fuels shall undergo two crucial regulations in order to be certified: emission gas rate and the compatibility with engine parts. The objective of this research is to assess the compatibility of engine materials with JetA. The methodology here is in accordance with ASTM D4054; the proposed materials are soaked in proposed fuel. Subsequent to the soak period specimens are subject to specific test standards such as ASTM and visual inspection. Through assessment of compatibility the actual objective is to establish a systematic methodology for future alternative fuel research studies. In another meaning it is aimed to develop in-house capability to create optimum medium for future alternative fuel studies at Ryerson University's Facility for Research on Aerospace Materials and Engineered Structure. Results demonstrate that being wetted at elevated temperatures played a significant role on the physical properties of most non-metallic materials and there is almost no surface deformation observed on metallic materials.

scholarly journals Compatibility Of Metallic & Non-Metallic Turbine Engine Materials With Aviation Fuels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olcay Met
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Aerospace Materials ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Test Standards ◽  
Systematic Methodology

As known alternative fuels shall undergo two crucial regulations in order to be certified: emission gas rate and the compatibility with engine parts. The objective of this research is to assess the compatibility of engine materials with JetA. The methodology here is in accordance with ASTM D4054; the proposed materials are soaked in proposed fuel. Subsequent to the soak period specimens are subject to specific test standards such as ASTM and visual inspection. Through assessment of compatibility the actual objective is to establish a systematic methodology for future alternative fuel research studies. In another meaning it is aimed to develop in-house capability to create optimum medium for future alternative fuel studies at Ryerson University's Facility for Research on Aerospace Materials and Engineered Structure. Results demonstrate that being wetted at elevated temperatures played a significant role on the physical properties of most non-metallic materials and there is almost no surface deformation observed on metallic materials.

Corrosion Behavior of Metallic Materials in Ethanol-Gasoline Alternative Fuels

2007 ◽  
Vol 546-549 ◽  
pp. 1093-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Nie ◽  
X. Li ◽  
Derek O. Northwood
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Oxide Coatings ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Plasma Electrolytic

Corrosion performances of several metallic materials (Al6061 and Al319 alloys, 304 stainless steel and grey cast iron) in the ethanol-gasoline alternative fuels were investigated. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization tests were used to study their corrosion behavior. Anodizing and plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) techniques were used to produce oxide coatings on the Al6061 and Al319 alloys, and the corrosion properties of these coatings in the alternative fuel environments were also evaluated. The results showed that, the 304 stainless steel, Al6061 and the coating materials are compatible with the alternative fuels. The oxide coatings on both Al alloys provided effective corrosion protection in the alternative fuel environments.

scholarly journals Ethanol/Gasoline Blends as Alternative Fuel in Last Generation Spark-Ignition Engines: A Review on CO and HC Engine Out Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 4034
Author(s):  
Paolo Iodice ◽  
Massimo Cardone
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
The Impact

Among the alternative fuels existing for spark-ignition engines, ethanol is considered worldwide as an important renewable fuel when mixed with pure gasoline because of its favorable physicochemical properties. An in-depth and updated investigation on the issue of CO and HC engine out emissions related to use of ethanol/gasoline fuels in spark-ignition engines is therefore necessary. Starting from our experimental studies on engine out emissions of a last generation spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels, the aim of this new investigation is to offer a complete literature review on the present state of ethanol combustion in last generation spark-ignition engines under real working conditions to clarify the possible change in CO and HC emissions. In the first section of this paper, a comparison between physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline is examined to assess the practicability of using ethanol as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines and to investigate the effect on engine out emissions and combustion efficiency. In the next section, this article focuses on the impact of ethanol/gasoline fuels on CO and HC formation. Many studies related to combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in spark-ignition engines fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels are thus discussed in detail. Most of these experimental investigations conclude that the addition of ethanol with gasoline fuel mixtures can really decrease the CO and HC exhaust emissions of last generation spark-ignition engines in several operating conditions.

A Coupled Temperature-Displacement Numerical Analysis of Hydraulic Press Workspace

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Jirasko ◽  
Antonin Max ◽  
Radek Kottner
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Compressive Force ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Pressing Force ◽  
Stress Criterion ◽  
The Press

The analysis is performed on a hydraulic press which is intended for use in the automotive industry and is a part of a production line. The final phase of manufacture of interior and acoustic parts takes place in this press. These interior and acoustic parts are made of sandwich fabric which is inserted into the heated mould of the press and by treatment with a defined pressure (or, more precisely, a defined compression) and temperature, it is formed into its final shape. This press has a frame with four columns and it is not preloaded. Two double acting hydraulic cylinders placed on an upper cross beam exert the compressive force. Due to continuously increasing demands on the accuracy and quality of products not only in the automotive industry, it is necessary to ensure compliance with the accuracy of certain values of machine operation. Especially in this case, the value of accuracy substantially depends on the clamping plates of the press, for which a certain value of flatness is required, both at room temperature and at elevated temperatures. To achieve this accuracy, it is necessary to guarantee sufficient stiffness of the machine to resist the pressing force with the smallest deformation possible. Another crucial factor affecting the accuracy of the machine is heating of the heated clamping plates. Unequal heating of parts of the frame causes additional deformation that has to be quantified and eliminated. The main aim was to verify the design of the press by numerical computation and gather knowledge for modifying the topological design of the press so that it fulfils the required customer parameters of flatness and parallelism for different types of loading. A computational model of the press was created for the numerical solution of a coupled temperature-displacement numerical analysis. The analysis was performed using the finite element method in Abaqus software. The press is symmetrical in two orthogonal planes and the load of the press is considered to be centric. On the basis of these two factors it was possible to carry out the analysis by considering only a quarter of the press. The analysis was used to investigate the effects of static and combined loads from the pressing force and heat on the press. The influence of a cooling circuit located in the press frame for the reduction of frame deformation (and deformation of clamping plates) was investigated. Contacts were defined among individual parts to ensure the computational model had characteristics as close as possible to the real press. The analysis was solved as stationary, on the basis that the cooling of the tool between individual pressing cycles is negligible. The insulating plates are made of a particulate composite material which was considered to have isotropic properties depending on the temperature. For strength evaluation of composite materials all individual components of the stress tensor were examined according to the maximum stress criterion. Hook’s law was considered to be valid for the metallic materials. Von Mises criterion was used to evaluate the strength of the metallic materials. The geometry of the press was discretized using 3D linear thermally coupled brick elements with 8 nodes and full integration (C3D8T). There were approximately 174,000 elements in total. Design procedures for designing a press frame with higher work accuracy (flatness) were proposed with the example of the simplified model of the press table. With these methods it is possible to achieve times higher accuracy than is achieved with conventional method.

Current Progresses of Laser Assisted Machining of Aerospace Materials for Enhancing Tool Life

2013 ◽  
Vol 690-693 ◽  
pp. 3359-3364
Author(s):  
Shou Jin Sun ◽  
Milan Brandt ◽  
John P.T. Mo
Keyword(s):  
Tool Life ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Aerospace Industry ◽  
Cutting Temperature ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Aerospace Materials ◽  
Beam Position ◽  
Laser Assisted Machining

A higher strength and heat resistance are increasingly demanded from the advanced engineering materials with high temperature applications in the aerospace industry. These properties make machining these materials very difficult because of the high cutting forces, cutting temperature and short tool life present. Laser assisted machining uses a laser beam to heat and soften the workpiece locally in front of the cutting tool. The temperature rise at the shear zone reduces the yield strength and work hardening of the workpiece, which make the plastic deformation of the hard-to-machine materials easier during machining. The state-of-the-art, benefits and challenges in laser assisted machining of metallic materials are summarized in this paper, and the improvement of tool life is discussed in relation to laser power, beam position and machining process parameters.

scholarly journals Emission estimates and air quality impacts from the use of alternative fuels by the Titan cement factory in Thessaloniki

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-224
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Cement Factory ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Fuel Substitution ◽  
The Impact

Cement production is an energy-intensive process. Utilisation of fossil fuels is common practice in the cement industry around the world. Alternative fuel substitution rates increase every year. More specifically, 18 % of the fuel used by the European cement industry in 2006 consists of alternative fuels. This study aims to investigate the prospects for the partial replacement of conventional fossil fuels currently used in the TITAN cement factory in Thessaloniki, Greece, with alternative fuels, focusing on the impact of alternative fuel use on the emissions of air pollutants from co-incineration operations. Air emissions were estimated for both the conventional fuel and mixtures of conventional fuel with alternative fuels, based on emission factors found in the literature but also using the measurements conducted by TITAN in 2010. Emission estimates indicate that legislative limit values for all pollutants are not exceeded. Based on the emission estimates and measurements in the flue gas, the dispersion of the plume around the factory has been described with an appropriate numerical simulation model. Results suggest that the factory’s contribution to the air pollution levels in the surrounding area is very low for most regulated pollutants.

scholarly journals An Investigation Into The Cmparability Of Common Jet Engine Materials With Next Generation Biofuels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Aircraft Fuel ◽  
Energy Independence ◽  
American Society

Growing concerns regarding the environmental impact of burning fossil fuels and energy independence has spurned the transportation industry into developing a more eco-friendly and sustainable way to travel. The most promising frontier in this endeavor is the development of alternative fuels that will significantly reduce the carbon footprint of our current engines with little or no modifications required. The effect that one of these frontier fuels may have, camelina based biofuel, on various fuel system materials was evaluated in this report in accordance with ASTM D4054 in the form of a 50:50 mixture. The materials went through an immersion process at varying temperatures and tested under the numerous standards outlined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The results were compared to a benchmark Jet A1 fuel since the effects of this fuel on current fuel system materials is extensively known. The purpose of this research is to determine the viability of using a 50:50 biofuel mixture in current aircraft fuel systems by evaluating the physical properties after being fuel treated. The results showed that the biofuel mixture affected the non-metallic materials in varying degrees, while not affecting the metallic materials.

Friction and wear of diamond and diamond-like carbon films

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (6) ◽  
pp. 387-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Erdemir
Keyword(s):  
Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Microelectromechanical Systems ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Diamond Like Carbon ◽  
Mechanical Seals ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Wide Range

Detailed tribological studies on diamond and diamond-like carbon (DLC) films have confirmed that these films are inherently self-lubricating and resistant to abrasive, adhesive and corrosive wear. Because of their high chemical inertness, they are also resistant to corrosion and oxidation (even at elevated temperatures). The combination of such exceptional qualities in these films makes them ideal for a wide range of demanding tribological applications (such as microelectromechanical systems, cutting tools, mechanical seals, magnetic hard disks, etc.). These films, available for more than three decades, have been used extensively for tooling and magnetic hard disk applications. Their potential in other application areas is currently being explored around the world. With the development of new and more robust deposition methods in recent years, it is envisioned that the production of high quality diamond and DLC films will become very cost effective and highly reliable for large-scale applications in the transportation and manufacturing sectors. In this paper, sliding wear mechanisms of diamond and DLC films will be presented. Specifically, it will be shown that, in general, the wear of these films is extremely low (mainly because of their exceptional hardness and low friction characteristics). Specific test conditions established during each sliding test, however, may dramatically affect the wear performance of certain diamond and DLC films. One of the dominant wear mechanisms relates to a phase transformation that is primarily the result of very high mechanical and thermal loadings of sliding contact interfaces. The transformation products (such as disordered graphite) trapped at the sliding interface may transfer to the mating surface and significantly affect friction and wear. This paper describes, in terms of structural and fundamental tribological knowledge, the ideal film microstructures and chemistry, as well as operational conditions under which diamond and DLC films perform the best and provide superlow friction and wear properties in sliding tribological applications.

Comparative assessment of engine vibration, combustion, performance and emission characteristics between single and twin-cylinder diesel engines in unifuel and dual-fuel mode

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-39
Author(s):  
Akash Chandrabhan Chandekar ◽  
Sushmita Deka ◽  
Biplab K. Debnath ◽  
Ramesh Babu Pallekonda
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Single Cylinder ◽  
Engine Vibration ◽  
Single Cylinder Engine

Abstract The persistent efforts among the researchers are being done to reduce emissions by the exploration of different alternative fuels. The application of alternative fuel is also found to influence engine vibration. The present study explores the potential connection between the change of the engine operating parameters and the engine vibration pattern. The objective is to analyse the effect of alternative fuel on engine vibration and performance. The experiments are performed on two different engines of single cylinder and twin-cylinder variants at the load range of 0 to 34Nm, with steps of 6.8Nm and at the constant speed of 1500rpm. The single cylinder engine, fuelled with only diesel mode, is tested at two compression ratios of 16.5 and 17.5. While, the twin-cylinder engine with a constant compression ratio of 16.5, is tested at both diesel unifuel and diesel-compressed natural gas dual-fuel modes. Further, in dual-fuel mode, tests are conducted with compressed natural gas substitutions of 40%, 60% and 80% for given loads and speed. The engine vibration signatures are measured in terms of root mean square acceleration, representing the amplitude of vibration. The combustion parameters considered are cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise, heat release rate and ignition delay. At higher loads, the vibration amplitude increases along with the cylinder pressure. The maximum peak cylinder pressure of 95bar is found in the case of the single cylinder engine at the highest load condition that also produced a peak vibration of 3219m/s2.

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