scholarly journals Developing an evaluation tool for green roof typologies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Laidlaw
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Quality Maintenance ◽  
The Future ◽  
Criteria For Evaluation ◽  
Specific Project ◽  
Runoff Quality

Green roofs possess the potential to provide a plethora of benefits in the urban environment. The variability among the green roof typologies (intensive, extensive, and agriculture) leads to different benefits when one system is selected over another. By the collection and analyzing of metadata, an evaluation tool is developed to assist green roof designers to meet the goals of their specific project. Included criteria for evaluation are: water runoff quantity, water runoff quality, maintenance, amenity, and irrigation. The evaluation tool is designed to be compartmentalized, with each criteria treated independently, allowing further expansion, alteration, or refinement of the tool in the future.

scholarly journals Developing an evaluation tool for green roof typologies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Laidlaw
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Quality Maintenance ◽  
The Future ◽  
Criteria For Evaluation ◽  
Specific Project ◽  
Runoff Quality

Green roofs possess the potential to provide a plethora of benefits in the urban environment. The variability among the green roof typologies (intensive, extensive, and agriculture) leads to different benefits when one system is selected over another. By the collection and analyzing of metadata, an evaluation tool is developed to assist green roof designers to meet the goals of their specific project. Included criteria for evaluation are: water runoff quantity, water runoff quality, maintenance, amenity, and irrigation. The evaluation tool is designed to be compartmentalized, with each criteria treated independently, allowing further expansion, alteration, or refinement of the tool in the future.

scholarly journals Growing substrates for aromatic plant species in green roofs and water runoff quality: pilot experiments in a Mediterranean climate

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 1081-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina M. Monteiro ◽  
Cristina S. C. Calheiros ◽  
Paulo Palha ◽  
Paula M. L. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Aromatic Plant ◽  
Runoff Quality

Green roof technology has evolved in recent years as a potential solution to promote vegetation in urban areas. Green roof studies for Mediterranean climates, where extended drought periods in summer contrast with cold and rainy periods in winter, are still scarce. The present research study assesses the use of substrates with different compositions for the growth of six aromatic plant species – Lavandula dentata, Pelargonium odoratissimum, Helichrysum italicum, Satureja montana, Thymus caespititius and T. pseudolanuginosus, during a 2-year period, and the monitoring of water runoff quality. Growing substrates encompassed expanded clay and granulated cork, in combination with organic matter and crushed eggshell. These combinations were adequate for the establishment of all aromatic plants, allowing their propagation in the extensive system located on the 5th storey. The substrate composed of 70% expanded clay and 30% organic matter was the most suitable, and crushed eggshell incorporation improved the initial plant establishment. Water runoff quality parameters – turbidity, pH, conductivity, NH4+, NO3−, PO43- and chemical oxygen demand – showed that it could be reused for non-potable uses in buildings. The present study shows that selected aromatic plant species could be successfully used in green roofs in a Mediterranean climate.

A green roof experimental site in the Mediterranean climate: the storm water quality issue

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1419-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Gnecco ◽  
Anna Palla ◽  
Luca G. Lanza ◽  
Paolo La Barbera
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Storm Water Runoff ◽  
Runoff Quality

Since 2007, the University of Genoa has been carrying out a monitoring programme to investigate the hydrologic response of green roofs in the Mediterranean climate by installing a green roof experimental site. In order to assess the influence of green roofs on the storm water runoff quality, water chemistry data have been included in the monitoring programme since 2010, providing rainfall and outflow data. For atmospheric source, the bulk deposition is collected to evaluate the role of the overall atmospheric deposition in storm water runoff quality. For subsurface outflow, a maximum of 24 composite samples are taken on an event basis, thus aiming at a full characterization of the outflow hydrograph. Water chemistry data reveal that the pollutant loads associated with green roof outflow is low; in particular, solids and metal concentrations are lower than values generally observed in storm water runoff from traditional rooftops. The concentration values of chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, Fe, Ca and K measured in the subsurface outflow are significantly higher than those observed in the bulk deposition (p < 0.05). With respect to the atmospheric deposition, the green roof behaviour as a sink/source of pollutants is investigated based on both concentration and mass.

scholarly journals Phosphorus and Metals Leaching from Green Roof Substrates and Aggregates Used in Their Composition

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Karczmarczyk ◽  
Anna Baryła ◽  
Joanna Fronczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Bus ◽  
Józef Mosiej
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Batch Tests ◽  
Quality Literature ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Runoff Quality

Green roofs are constructions made of different layers, each serving a dedicated function. Substrates and materials used in their composition are essential from the point of view of rainwater retention and plant development, but they may have an adverse effect on runoff quality. Literature studies show that phosphorus and heavy metals are of main importance. The total roofs area covered with green increased in the last years in cities as they are efficient in retention of rainwater and delaying of the runoff, therefore, protecting the cities against floods. As green roofs filtrate a significant amount of rainwater, materials used in substrates composition should be carefully selected to protect urban receivers against pollution. The aim of this study was to assess phosphorus and heavy metals leaching from different green roof substrates and their components with the focus on green roof runoff quality. Both commercially made green roof substrates and often used compounds (construction aggregates) were tested in laboratory batch tests for P, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn content in extracts. Based on the results of this study, it could be emphasized that a large part of commonly used construction aggregates can be a source of phosphorus, some also can release elevated values of nickel. Therefore, the materials should be carefully tested before use in the green roof substrate composition, not only for their physical properties reflecting water retention capacity, but also for chemical composition.

scholarly journals Analysis of roof greening technology impact on rain and meltwater retention

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 11023
Author(s):  
Elena Sysoeva ◽  
Margarita Gelmanova
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Substrate Thickness ◽  
Runoff Reduction ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Analytical Review

Over the past 20 years, a large number of studies have been published on reducing storm runoff by various types of green roofs. This article analyzes the results of experimental studies presented in 39 publications on green roof runoff reduction in a climate similar to the climate of Russia: in Canada, the USA, Finland, Norway, France. An analytical review found that the ability of green roofs to retain rainfall varies from 20 to 99.5% depending on climatic conditions (duration and intensity of rains, duration of dry periods, solar radiation, temperature and humidity, wind conditions), the properties of green roof layers (moisture capacity of the substrate and a drainage layer, the substrate thickness), the type of vegetation, the geometry of a green roof (slope and orientation). Green roofs can be a useful tool for reducing urban storm water runoff. However, in order to ensure high efficiency, it is necessary to use green roof technology with other measures to reduce runoff.

The Potential of Recycled Locally-Sourced Waste Materials for Green Roof Soil Mixtures

2017 ◽  
Vol 730 ◽  
pp. 445-451
Author(s):  
Hartini Kasmin ◽  
Siti Nur Ummiah Munir ◽  
Nur Syafira Razak ◽  
Nor Azizi Yusoff ◽  
Rosniza Kassim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Soil Mixtures

The increase in surface runoff has become a serious environmental problem and concern in Malaysia. Hence, promoting the use of green roofs in urban areas will potentially allow some storage area and time attenuation for any rainfall. Initial studies on a few substrate mixtures were done in order to find out the properties of green roof media. These included vermiculite (V), perlite (P) and peat moss (PM) together with locally-sourced waste materials such as empty fruit bunches (EFB) and wet diaper gel (D) which are expected to potentially retain more storm water runoff. A test on the substrate mixture properties and evaporation tests were conducted on seven types of soil mixtures. The results show that a basic substrate mixture of PVPM3,5,2 has a maximum water capacity of 50%. The modification and addition of diaper gel in DVPM1,3,2 and empty fruit bunch (EFB) in PEFBPM1,0.3,2 show an increment in both mixtures’ water holding capacity (54%). All the proposed mixtures have shown permeability values larger than 0.0005 cm/s. To investigate the maximum water storage availability, the evaporation tests show that both mixtures could provide 60 - 62 mm of water storage after 34 days without rainfall under ambient climatic condition (32 ̊ to 34 ̊) whereas under extreme heat temperatures (50 ̊), both mixtures took only 1 day to provide the same storage as the ambient condition. Therefore, this study has provided an initial understanding of the properties of the substrate mixture as well as the evaporation rate of the materials tested. This information can be used to demonstrate the relationship between soil characteristics and local climatic factors (temperature).

scholarly journals Evaluating different machine learning methods to simulate runoff from extensive green roofs

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 5917-5935
Author(s):  
Elhadi Mohsen Hassan Abdalla ◽  
Vincent Pons ◽  
Virginia Stovin ◽  
Simon De-Ville ◽  
Elizabeth Fassman-Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Retention Model ◽  
Machine Learning Methods ◽  
Storm Water Runoff ◽  
Extensive Green Roofs

Abstract. Green roofs are increasingly popular measures to permanently reduce or delay storm-water runoff. The main objective of the study was to examine the potential of using machine learning (ML) to simulate runoff from green roofs to estimate their hydrological performance. Four machine learning methods, artificial neural network (ANN), M5 model tree, long short-term memory (LSTM) and k nearest neighbour (kNN), were applied to simulate storm-water runoff from 16 extensive green roofs located in four Norwegian cities across different climatic zones. The potential of these ML methods for estimating green roof retention was assessed by comparing their simulations with a proven conceptual retention model. Furthermore, the transferability of ML models between the different green roofs in the study was tested to investigate the potential of using ML models as a tool for planning and design purposes. The ML models yielded low volumetric errors that were comparable with the conceptual retention models, which indicates good performance in estimating annual retention. The ML models yielded satisfactory modelling results (NSE >0.5) in most of the roofs, which indicates an ability to estimate green roof detention. The variations in ML models' performance between the cities was larger than between the different configurations, which was attributed to the different climatic characteristics between the four cities. Transferred ML models between cities with similar rainfall events characteristics (Bergen–Sandnes, Trondheim–Oslo) could yield satisfactory modelling performance (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency NSE >0.5 and percentage bias |PBIAS| <25 %) in most cases. However, we recommend the use of the conceptual retention model over the transferred ML models, to estimate the retention of new green roofs, as it gives more accurate volume estimates. Follow-up studies are needed to explore the potential of ML models in estimating detention from higher temporal resolution datasets.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF GREEN ROOF IN MANAGING URBAN STORMWATER RUNOFF

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shazmin Shareena Ab. Azis ◽  
Muhammad Najib Mohamed Razali ◽  
Nurul Hana Adi Maimun ◽  
Nurul Syakima Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Mohd Shahril Abdul Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flash Flood ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Extensive Green Roof ◽  
Storm Water Runoff ◽  
Urban Storm

Modernization has created new impervious urban landscape contributed to major catastrophe. Urban drainage system incapable to convey the excess rainwater resulting in flash flood due to heavy rainfall. The combination of green roof on building have tremendously proved to control stormwater efficiently. This study is conducted to review the efficiency of intensive and extensive green roof in reducing urban storm water runoff. This study identifies characteristic of green roof that contributes to lessening urban storm water runoff. Data was collected based on rigorous literature reviews and analyzed using meta-analysis. Overall, findings revealed intensive green roof performed better in reducing storm water runoff compared to extensive green roof. Green roof performance increases as the depth of substrate increased. Origanum and Sedum plants are both highly effective for intensive and extensive green roofs. The performance of green roof reduces as degree of roof slope increased.

Research on Urban Green Roof Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
pp. 853-856
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Yan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Roof System ◽  
Urban Green

For the deteriorating urban ecological environment, the green roofs, as an important component of the urban landscape, play a positive and important role on constructing harmonious and natural urban environment. This article is focused on the analyses of the technical characteristics of green roof system and its structure, and also on the demonstration of the important effects of green roofs in areas such as energy-saving, emission reduction and eco-environment.

scholarly journals Are Biocrusts and Xerophytic Vegetation a Viable Green Roof Typology in a Mediterranean Climate? A Comparison between Differently Vegetated Green Roofs in Water Runoff and Water Quality

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Bernardo Rocha ◽  
Teresa A. Paço ◽  
Ana Catarina Luz ◽  
Paulo Palha ◽  
Sarah Milliken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All

Green roofs can be an innovative and effective way of mitigating the environmental impact of urbanization by providing several important ecosystem services. However, it is known that the performance of green roofs varies depending on the type of vegetation and, in drier climates, without resorting to irrigation, these are limited to xerophytic plant species and biocrusts. The aim of this research was therefore to compare differently vegetated green roofs planted with this type of vegetation. A particular focus was their ability to hold water during intense stormwater events and also the quality of the harvested rainwater. Six test beds with different vegetation compositions were used on the roof of a building in Lisbon. Regarding stormwater retention, the results varied depending on the composition of the vegetation and the season. As for water quality, almost all the parameters tested were higher than the Drinking Water Directive from the European Union (EU) and Word Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking-water quality standards for potable water. Based on our results, biocrusts and xerophytic vegetation are a viable green roof typology for slowing runoff during stormwater events.

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