scholarly journals State control of the internet in China.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Wang
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
State Control ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
National Network ◽  
Network Information ◽  
Media Control ◽  
Democratic Centralism ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
History Of

"The Internet landed in China in 1987, only 9 years after the "Open-Door Policy" III 1978. Although the history of the Internet in China is not long, the speed of the Internet's development has been rapid. According to the statistics of China National Network Information Center (CNNIC), the number of Chinese Internet users already reached 33.7 million at the end of 2001, and this number quickly increased to 45.8 million by the end of June of 2002. The Chinese government also recognized the huge potential brought by the Internet to the economic growth in the country and started to launch several projects to enhance its development in 1990s. But, for regimes of democratic centralism, like China, the Internet is a double edged sword. Dramatically distinguished from other traditional mediums, the Internet enhances a much freer information flow and implies libertarianism and anarchism in the virtual world, which collides with the Chinese government's conventional practice of media control. Although the Internet is not as easy to control as other traditional mediums, the Chinese government is intent on maintaining control and censorship on it."--Page 3.

scholarly journals State control of the internet in China.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Wang
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
State Control ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
National Network ◽  
Network Information ◽  
Media Control ◽  
Democratic Centralism ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
History Of

"The Internet landed in China in 1987, only 9 years after the "Open-Door Policy" III 1978. Although the history of the Internet in China is not long, the speed of the Internet's development has been rapid. According to the statistics of China National Network Information Center (CNNIC), the number of Chinese Internet users already reached 33.7 million at the end of 2001, and this number quickly increased to 45.8 million by the end of June of 2002. The Chinese government also recognized the huge potential brought by the Internet to the economic growth in the country and started to launch several projects to enhance its development in 1990s. But, for regimes of democratic centralism, like China, the Internet is a double edged sword. Dramatically distinguished from other traditional mediums, the Internet enhances a much freer information flow and implies libertarianism and anarchism in the virtual world, which collides with the Chinese government's conventional practice of media control. Although the Internet is not as easy to control as other traditional mediums, the Chinese government is intent on maintaining control and censorship on it."--Page 3.

ICT in Chinese Higher Education

2021 ◽  
pp. 1614-1627
Author(s):  
Xiaobin Li
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Chinese Higher Education ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Network Information ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The World ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Education In China

A recent report from China Internet Network Information Center indicates that by the end of June 2015, 668 million Chinese have used the internet, which places China as the country with the most internet users in the world. As more Chinese get online, the internet has been integrated into providing education in China, where the age group using the internet the most often is between the ages of 20 and 29. Many of these youth are higher education students. With 34.6 million students the Chinese higher education system is the largest in the world, in which a significant proportion of the students' learning has been impacted by information and communication technology (ICT). The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of how the development of ICT in China has influenced higher education, what opportunities ICT offers for higher education, and what challenges Chinese face in further developing higher education with ICT.

Impact of Internet Use on Civic Engagement in Chinese Rural Areas

2012 ◽  
pp. 296-313
Author(s):  
Jian-Chuan Zhang ◽  
Ying Qin
Keyword(s):  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Network Information ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Political Impact ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Use Of The Internet

Few prior studies have addressed the political impact of the Internet on civic engagement in rural areas. This preliminary study aims to explore the connection between Internet use and civic engagement of rural Internet users. Based on the surveys implemented by the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), the authors find that using the Internet does enhance the level of civic engagement among rural Internet users in China. However, better use of the Internet faces some obstacles, too. They are the young age of rural users and the limited Net bandwidth. Implications of these obstacles are discussed. The chapter concludes that, under certain circumstances, there is great potential for Chinese rural Internet users to become more actively engaged in public affairs in the future.

Living with television and the Internet

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1850-1862
Author(s):  
James Lull
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Do So

We communicate to survive. The social history of our species can be characterized by how we continuously expand our ability to connect with others. Television and the Internet function as unique resources people creatively use to fulfill their social needs and build communities. But they do so in very different ways. By placing television and the Internet in evolutionary perspective, this commentary compares the form, content, and contexts of how the two technologies are used as culturally embedded social resources. The methodological challenge of generating empirical data to reveal how the Internet is used socially is addressed. Quantitative and qualitative assessments, especially ethnography, play complementary roles in describing how multi-modal Internet users construct the social contacts and relationships that shape their everyday lives in the Communication Age.

scholarly journals A Smart Agent Design for Cyber Security Based on Honeypot and Machine Learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nadiya El Kamel ◽  
Mohamed Eddabbah ◽  
Youssef Lmoumen ◽  
Raja Touahni
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Network Attack ◽  
Network Information ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Set Up

The development of Internet and social media contributes to multiplying the data produced on the Internet and the connected nodes, but the default installation and the configuration of variety of software systems represent some security holes and shortcomings, while the majority of Internet users have not really set up safety awareness, leading to huge security risks. With the development of network attack techniques, every host on the Internet has become the target of attacks. Therefore, the network information security cannot be ignored as a problem. To deal with 0-day and future attacks, the honeypot technique can be used not only passively as an information system, but also to reinforce the traditional defense systems against future attacks. In this paper, we present an introduction of machine learning and honeypot systems, and based on these technologies, we design a smart agent for cyber-attack prevention and prediction.

ICT in Chinese Higher Education

2017 ◽  
pp. 20-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobin Li
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Chinese Higher Education ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Network Information ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The World ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Education In China

A recent report from China Internet Network Information Center indicates that by the end of June 2015, 668 million Chinese have used the internet, which places China as the country with the most internet users in the world. As more Chinese get online, the internet has been integrated into providing education in China, where the age group using the internet the most often is between the ages of 20 and 29. Many of these youth are higher education students. With 34.6 million students the Chinese higher education system is the largest in the world, in which a significant proportion of the students' learning has been impacted by information and communication technology (ICT). The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of how the development of ICT in China has influenced higher education, what opportunities ICT offers for higher education, and what challenges Chinese face in further developing higher education with ICT.

scholarly journals Will Information-Communications Systems Survive? Web 2.x and SocNet as Placebos or Real Internet Survival Kit

10.28945/3373 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fjodor Ruzic
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Mobile Communication ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Network Information ◽  
Communications Systems ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Infrastructure Network ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Superior Level

Since the information-communications systems lay on three interactive portions of infrastructure (network, information bases, devices/interfaces), the current Internet domination of Web 2.x will be finished very soon. The Internet as we are using today has to be changed. In particular, the next generation of Internet has to be more user friendly, information oriented and computerless interfaced. It should add features that will help users utilize it in the same way they utilize other methods of communication and transport and have the same or superior level of flexibility. What will be with Internet if it would not answer on new demand for greater and more flexible/mobile communication? Some projections are based on presumptions that Internet will not survive. In contrary, there are also presumptions that Internet could survive with Web 2.x and Social Networks development and with IPv6 as well. Does it means real base and solution for helping Internet to stay alive or it is only placebo for today's Internet users. In order to reshape current Internet status, some Web 2.x and Social Networks deployments are described in this paper as well as the assumptions on the structure of survival kit for Internet to stay alive in the future.

scholarly journals INTERNET MEMS AS CULTURAL RETRANSMITTERS IN CHINESE MEDIA SPACE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Voina ◽  
◽  
Darya Shershun ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
National Language ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Language Resources ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Chinese Media ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The Look

The secrecy of the Chinese Internet makes it a unique ecosystem that operates separately from world trends. Along with the development of original social networks in China, Internet memes have entered the media arena, which not only broadcast the mood of network users but also preserve significant cultural and social phenomena. Currently, the field of Internet memes as cultural retransmitters in the Chinese-language media space is unexplored by Ukrainian scientists, which determines the relevance of this article. The main goal of the paper is to study the cultural phenomena that migrated to the Internet in the form of memes, their origin and structure. The object of the study is the 30 Internet memes that, according to the National Center for Monitoring and Study of National Language Resources of the People's Republic of China, were most popular in Chinese social networks in 2017-2019. On the example of three popular memes: 皮皮虾, 我们走 (shrimp, let's go), 确认过眼神 (I can see by the look in the eyes), 996工作制 (working system 996) we traced the history of memes, and summarize them by this structure: meme type + source + function. Also, the following features of Internet memes were highlighted and suggested: virality, emotionality, relevance, humour and media. Internet memes have become a real megaphone for ordinary citizens who are not afraid to discuss diverse topics, even despite all the secrecy and censorship of the Chinese network. Nowadays, memes aren’t just some funny pictures you see every day while scrolling your social media, there are a story and a history behind every meme. During the past three years, Chinese users were using memes to raise critical topics such as #米兔 (#Rice bunny) that was a Chinese way to support #MeToo campaign started in 2017. Girls and women stood up for each other to protest against sexual harassment and sexual assault. By coming up with the idea of using a homophone #米兔 (#Rice bunny), that sound just like #MeToo but was harder to track by Chinese government, Chinese girls and women weren't left behind. Posting memes about 996 was also a way to protest against overtime working that was so extensively supported by the two biggest Internet magnates in China. Taking into count the speed of development and changing of the Internet meme trends, we are not allowed to underestimate the importance of their role in every society. Perhaps, for Chinese Internet users memes are one of the limited ways to the freedom of speech, since it is harder to find the original source and a creator.

Online Filtering Policies Around the World

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Internet Regulation ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

In this chapter, the authors begin by providing definitions about the basic terms in use and then proceed with an introduction to the global phenomenon of internet regulation. Furthermore, the development of online censorship is being presented, and the need for internet regulation is being discussed, along with the role that internet users can actually play. Additionally, the chapter provides a brief history of internet regulation systems (IRSs) around the world, and the authors examine the technical aspects of accessing the internet today and in previous years. Moreover, the reasons that initiate internet regulation policies are being reviewed. Next, the authors present and compare two contradictory kinds of IRSs: open vs. silent IRSs. Last, the authors explain how existing IRSs can be used as a guide in an effort to design and present a blueprint for a fair IRS.

scholarly journals FACTORS INFLUENCING ONLINE VIOLENT BEHAVIORS AND APPROACHES TO EFFECT ONLINE VIOLENT BEHAVIORS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Yi Zhong ◽  
Mengyu Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Network Information ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Violent Behaviors ◽  
Community Behavior ◽  
Environment And Behavior ◽  
Media Experience

With the development of network information technology, the Internet is gradually playing a more and more important role in people’s work and life. The Internet brings convenience to people, meanwhile, the network violence behaviors become more and more. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the severe reality of online violence and identify possible related factors. Based on previous studies, this study selected two independent variables, social media experience and community behavior, from two aspects of environment and behavior respectively, and analyzed with online violence tendency as the dependent variable. The analysis results prove that social media experience and community behavior both have a positive effect on the behavioral intention of online violence. In order to curb the occurrence of cyber violence, the following suggestions are proposed based on the conclusions drawn above: (1) Establish a correct social media concept. (2) Strengthen social media moral education. (3) Standardize the personal behavior of Internet users.

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