Effect of ink and paperboard characteristics on flexographic print quality based on print density

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
KHODADAD MALMIRCHEGINI ◽  
FARSHAD SARKHOSH RAHMANI

Flexography is an evolving printing technology that is suitable for printing on coated and uncoated paperboard and board, nonporous substrates including metalized and paperboard foils, and plastic films used especially in the packaging industry. This study evaluated the effect of paperboard and ink characteristics on flexographic print density in paperboard. Three commercial paperboards from different companies were prepared: brown kraft from Thailand, white kraft from Spain, and test liner from Iran. Four samples of process print inks from Iran were used in this investigation. Paperboard properties, such as roughness and water absorption, and ink characteristics, including solids content, PH and particle diameter, were measured. The inks were printed on paperboards using a roll no.15 applicator with a blade metering device, and the print densities were measured. Results showed that solids content, pH, and particle diameter of printing inks influenced print density, while the roughness and water absorption of the three types of paperboard had no significant influence on print density. Results also illustrated that two levels of ink viscosity (25–30 and 50–55 mPa·s) were insignificant to print density.

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1261
Author(s):  
Catarina S. P. Borges ◽  
Alireza Akhavan-Safar ◽  
Eduardo A. S. Marques ◽  
Ricardo J. C. Carbas ◽  
Christoph Ueffing ◽  
...  

Short fiber reinforced polymers are widely used in the construction of electronic housings, where they are often exposed to harsh environmental conditions. The main purpose of this work is the in-depth study and characterization of the water uptake behavior of PBT-GF30 (polybutylene terephthalate with 30% of short glass fiber)as well as its consequent effect on the mechanical properties of the material. Further analysis was conducted to determine at which temperature range PBT-GF30 starts experiencing chemical changes. The influence of testing procedures and conditions on the evaluation of these effects was analyzed, also drawing comparisons with previous studies. The water absorption behavior was studied through gravimetric tests at 35, 70, and 130 °C. Fiber-free PBT was also studied at 35 °C for comparison purposes. The effect of water and temperature on the mechanical properties was analyzed through bulk tensile tests. The material was tested for the three temperatures in the as-supplied state (without drying or aging). Afterwards, PBT-GF30 was tested at room temperature following water immersion at the three temperatures. Chemical changes in the material were also analyzed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was concluded that the water diffusion behavior is Fickian and that PBT absorbs more water than PBT-GF30 but at a slightly higher rate. However, temperature was found to have a more significant influence on the rate of water diffusion of PBT-GF30 than fiber content did. Temperature has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of the material. Humidity contributes to a slight drop in stiffness and strength, not showing a clear dependence on water uptake. This decrease in mechanical properties occurs due to the relaxation of the polymeric chain promoted by water ingress. Between 80 and 85 °C, after water immersion, the FTIR profile of the material changes, which suggests chemical changes in the PBT. The water absorption was simulated through heat transfer analogy with good results. From the developed numerical simulation, the minimum plate size to maintain the water ingress unidirectional was 30 mm, which was validated experimentally.


1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Craig ◽  
R. H. Buckholz ◽  
G. Domoto

This paper studies the rapid simple shearing flow of dry cohesionless metal powders contained between parallel rotating plates. In this study, an annular shear cell test apparatus was used; the dry metal powders are rapidly sheared by rotating one of the shear surfaces while the other shear surface remains fixed. Such a flow geometry is of interest to tribologists working in the area of dry or powder lubrication. The shear stress and normal stress on the stationary surface are measured as a function of the following parameters: shear surface boundary material and roughness, the shear-cell gap thickness, the shear-rate and the fractional solids content. Both the fractional solids content and the gap thickness are kept at prescribed values during stress measurements. In this experiment the metal powder tested is different from the shear transmission surface material; the effect on the measured normal and shear stress data are reported. The results show the dependence of the normal stress and the shear stress on the shear-rate, particle density and particle diameter. Likewise, a significant stress dependence on both the fractional solids content and the shear-cell gap thickness was observed.


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 5677
Author(s):  
Yi Shi ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Haiyan Li ◽  
Shaoliang Wu

This work intends to contribute to the understanding of the influence factors of early hydration of ultrafine cement by focusing on the different fineness, different kinds of hardening accelerators, and different curing temperatures. Isothermal calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed to compare the hydration and chemical evolution of pastes containing accelerators with different fineness and curing temperatures; meanwhile, mechanical properties and water absorption were tested. The results showed that the cement fineness had a significant effect on the early hydration process; the smaller the cement particle size, the higher the early compressive strength. The 24 h compressive strength of ultrafine cement with a particle diameter of 6.8μm could reach 55.94 MPa, which was 118% higher than the reference cement. Water absorption test results indicated that adding 1% Ca(HCOO)2 to ultrafine cement can effectively reduce the water absorption, and it was only 1.93% at 28 d, which was 46% lower than the reference cement. An increase in curing temperature accelerated the activation of ultrafine cement in terms of the strength development rate, and the content of Ca(OH)2 in the ultrafine cement paste could reach 13.09% after being mixed with water for 24 h, which was 22% higher than that of the reference cement.


Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1476
Author(s):  
Anderson M. S. Medeiros ◽  
Elodie Bourgeat-Lami ◽  
Timothy F. L. McKenna

An alternative approach for the synthesis of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) copolymer latexes was explored in order to obtain low gel fractions and high solid contents. The ultra-turrax-assisted miniemulsion stabilized by in situ surfactant generation was adopted as the main strategy since this technique can inhibit the eventual presence of secondary nucleation producing polybutadiene particles and also control the cross-linking degree. Styrene monomer was first miniemulsified using an ultra-turrax and in situ generated surfactant using either hexadecane (HD) or octadecyl acrylate (ODA) as the hydrophobe. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements of droplet size indicated faster stabilization and the production of smaller droplet diameters ca. 190 nm (PdI = 0.08) when employing in situ generated potassium oleate (K-Oleate) in comparison to SDS-based miniemulsions. High butadiene-level SBR latexes with ca. 50% solids content, a glass transition temperature (Tg) of −52 °C, and a butadiene to styrene weight ratio of 75:25, were then obtained using the miniemulsion droplets as seeds. Turbiscan and DLS measurements revealed a very stable resulting latex with SBR particle diameter of ca. 220 nm and a low polydispersity index (PdI). Secondary nucleation was prevented as indicated by the low Np/Nd value. Cryo-TEM images showed a narrow distribution of particle size as well as the absence of agglomeration. The gel content was below 10% when tert-dodecyl mercaptan (t-DM) was used as chain transfer agent (CTA).


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Muhammad Resthu ◽  
Dzarnisa Araby ◽  
Sri Wahyuni

This study aims to see the extent of influence of oxytocin hormone induction on the nutritional composition of milk in the Etawah Crossbred  goat. This research was conducted in December 2018 in Syiah Kuala District, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The examined parameters were the levels of fat, nonfat dry matter (BKTL), protein content, lactose content and milk density. The research used 18 Etawah goats and oxytocin hormone. A statistical unpaired t test indicated a highly significant influence (P <0.01) on the increase of milk fat injected with oxytocin hormone, i.e. 4.86% or 37.2% or higher than that without hormone injection. The milk density results showed  a significant effect (P <0.05) on the decrease in goat milk density (28.81% ) which was lower by 10.65% from that without hormone treatment. The level of nonfat dry matter (BKTL), protein content and lactose content had no effect (P> 0.05) in milk, i.e. 8.39%, 3.91% and 3.76%, respectively. In conclusion, hormone oxytocin injection had a highly significant effect on increasing milk fat levels and significantly affected the decrease in milk density but did not affect the level of nonfat dry matter (BKTL), lactose and protein.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Eduardo Polesello ◽  
Marcelo Maus

RESUMOCom a alta demanda no uso de concreto para produção de estruturas na construção civil, surge também a preocupação com sua durabilidade, ou seja, vida útil das estruturas. Para se obterem estruturas com melhores desempenhos, o uso de diferentes tecnologias e materiais tem sido aplicado, em particular, por meio da redução da permeabilidade. Diante disso, a utilização de aditivos tornou-se uma opção tecnicamente viável na produção de concreto, e, em especial, o aditivo cristalizante tem se mostrado um grande aliado na impermeabilização das estruturas, pois a permeabilidade é um dos fatores que contribui para o aparecimento de manifestações patológicas nas estruturas. O objetivo deste estudo é fornecer uma melhor compreensão da influência do aditivo cristalizante sobre o concreto, avaliando sua eficiência quanto à estanqueidade das estruturas, proporcionando assim um aumento em sua durabilidade e vida útil. Este estudo contempla a análise de um tipo de cristalizante, em três diferentes percentuais de dosagem (0,5%, 0,8% e 1,0% em relação à massa de cimento), na produção de concretos caracterizados por três relações água/cimento (a/c), definidas em 0,40, 0,50 e 0,60, submetidos a dois processos de cura, úmida e submersa. A análise, quanto ao desempenho desses concretos produzidos, aos 28 dias de idade, será pela verificação da resistência à compressão e da permeabilidade determinada por meio da absorção por capilaridade. Os resultados obtidos mostram que tanto o tipo de cura, quanto a relação a/c e a dosagem do aditivo exercem influência significativa nas propriedades do concreto. Destaca-se que a cura submersa proporcionou melhor desempenho quanto à resistência à compressão do concreto e que maiores teores de aditivo utilizados resultam em maior absorção de água por capilaridade.Palavras-chave: Concreto. Durabilidade. Aditivo cristalizante. Absorção por capilaridade. ABSTRACTDue to the high demand for concrete for the production of structures in civil construction, it is worth mentioning the concern regarding the useful life of the structures. For the structures to perform better, the use of different technologies and materials is necessary, in particular, through the reduction of permeability. This work will focus on the use of the crystallizer admixture, which has proven to be a great ally in the waterproofing of structures. The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of the influence of the crystallizing additive on the concrete, evaluating its efficiency as regards the tightness of the structures, thus providing an increase in their durability and useful life. This study contemplates the analysis of one type of crystallizer, in three different percentages of dosage (0.5, 0.8 and 1.0% in relation to cement mass), in the production of concrete characterized by three water/cement ratios (w/c) (0.40, 0.50 and 0.60), submitted to two healing processes, wet and submerged. At 28 days of age, after the concrete production, the compressive strength and the permeability determined by capillary absorption, were analyzed. The results obtained with this experiment proved that the curing processes, w/c ratio and the crystallizer dosage have a significant influence on the properties of the concrete. It should be noted that the submerged curing provided better performance in terms of compressive strength of the concrete and that higher amounts of additives used resulted in higher water absorption by capillarity.Keywords: Concrete. Durability. Crystallizer admixture. Absorption by capillarity.


TAPPI Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIKKO TUOMINEN ◽  
JOHANNA LAHTI ◽  
JURKKA KUUSIPALO

Polymer and paper structures have been used in several fields, especially in the packaging industry. This study shows how flame and corona treatment modify the most important properties of fiber-based packaging materials: printability, sealability, and barrier effectiveness against water vapor, oxygen, and grease. A high level of wetting or oxygen content of the surface after flame or corona treatment did not lead to improved print quality (i.e., better toner adhesion and high visual quality for the extrusion coatings). Flame treatment improved visual quality and toner adhesion of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) coating, but increased minimum sealing temperatures and reduced seal strengths of the coating. The reduced sealability likely resulted from cross-linking of the LDPE surface, which reduced chain mobility and limited the amount of chain interdiffusion across the seal interface. Polypropylene (PP) coating sealability was enhanced by flame treatment, whereas corona treatment improved the sealability of both coatings. The reason for the improved sealability was chain-scission, not cross-linking, which is the dominant reaction for flame-treated PP and corona-treated LDPE and PP coatings. Flame treatment also improved the water vapor and oxygen barrier ability by increasing the surface crystallinity of coatings.


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