scholarly journals Features of Scientific Research Financing in the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (522) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
O. A. Biletska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Content ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Business Structures ◽  
Definition Of

The article is aimed at identifying the scope and features of financial provision for scientific research in the founding countries of the EU – Germany, France and Italy, as well as in new countries – the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia. Methodological basis of researches constituted the publications of scholars on this issue, analytical methods, the Eurostat data, and developed scientific approaches. According to the substantiated criteria, the analysis of research costs in terms of total expenses, costs by sector and per person is carried out. The identified features are grouped by common and distinctive characteristics regarding business structures, the public sector and higher education institutions. The dynamics of increasing or reducing these costs for a particular country during 2014–2019 are distinguished. The acyclicity of expenses detected during the specified period in all the analyzed countries by certain sectors is an evidence of a permanent search for the optimal ratio between the subjects of financing and reflects the specifics of the financial policy implemented by governments. Significant results of the study are the definition of a significant role of Germany in financing these costs, the share of which is almost a third of all EU spending, as well as the identification among the analyzed countries of a significant difference in costs between Germany, as the most economically developed EU country, and Slovakia, as the least developed, which makes 141 times. Separately, it is emphasized that the peculiarities of financing the costs are determined by the factors of historical, economic and mental content, which are disclosed with the appropriate substantiation in the article. The conclusions of the completed research are consistent with the views of other scholars whose works are taken into account in this article. A reasoning of the research results is provided and the feasibility of further searches for optimization of research costs is defined.

OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF LOBISTRY ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE: REALITIES TODAY AND EVOLUTIONARY FORECAST

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 329-339
Author(s):  
Tikhon Sergeyevich Yarovoy
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Industrial Groups

The article is devoted to the research of goals and functions of lobbying activity. The author has processed the ideas of domestic and foreign scientists, proposed his own approaches to the definition of goals and functions of lobbying activities through the prism of public administration. As a result, a generalized vision of the goals and functions of lobbying activities as interrelated elements of the lobbying system was proposed, and a forecast for further evolution of the goals and functions of domestic lobbying was provided. The analysis of lobbying functions allowed us to notice the tendencies in shifting the goals of this activity. If the objectives were fully covered by functions such as mediation between citizens and the state, the information function and the function of organizing plurality of public interests, then the role of strengthening the self-organization of civil society and the function of compromise become increasingly important in the process of formation in the developed countries of civil society and the development of telecommunication technologies. Ukrainian lobbyism will not be left to the side of this process. Already, politicians of the highest level, leaders of financial and industrial groups have to act, adjust their goals (even if they are — declared), taking into account the reaction of the public. In the future, this trend will only increase. The analysis of current research and political events provides all grounds for believing that, while proper regulatory legislation is being formed in Ukraine, the goals and functions of domestic lobbying will essentially shift towards a compromise with the public. It is noted that in spite of the existence of a basic direction of action, lobbying may have several ramified goals. Guided by the goals set, lobbyism can manifest itself in various spheres of the political system of society, combining the closely intertwined interests of various actors in the lobbying process, or even — contrasting them.

scholarly journals CULTURE OF PERSONAL LANGUAGE AS A HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL EVENT

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetiana Stambulska
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Public ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Communication Culture

The article analyzed the peculiarities of the interpretation of the «communication culture» in the context of scientific researches of the past and contemporary domestic researchers. An analysis was carried out to define the concept of «communication culture of a person», the approaches to the definition of this concept are singled out. The positions of scientists concerning the role of eloquence in the formation of the linguistic personality are analyzed, the language is analyzed as a «social and psychological phenomenon», historical conditions of the formation of the concept of «communication culture» are characterized, in particular, attention is focused on the formation of the linguistic personality. It was found out that studies of the ancient traditions of the formation of the language of culture make it possible to better understand modern trends in the development of the person's communication culture. Modern studies have shown that in linguistics for a long time there was no unity in the interpretation of the concepts of «language» and «communication». Problems of the formation of the culture of broadcasting have become the object of research by eminent thinkers, beginning with the period of Antiquity. The question of the formation of a culture of speech has long traditions. Note that in European linguistics, the first decades of the twentieth century. Theoretical study and approval of the concept of «culture of language» in the scientific circulation is underway. It should be noted that in connection with the introduction of information and communication technologies in all spheres of society life has increased interest in the theory and practice of eloquence. This is explained by the fact that the active use of information and communication technologies involves the search for ways of speaking influence, both on the interpersonal and on the public level. According to authoritative experts in rhetoric, L. Matsko, O. Matsko, N. Mykhailychenko, V. Poltupets, etc., there are also communicative reasons that ensure the actual and further development of the theory and practice of oratory in the XX-beginning of the XXI century.

scholarly journals Exploring citizen science in post-socialist space: Uncovering its hidden character in the Czech Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Duží ◽  
Robert Osman ◽  
Jiří Lehejček ◽  
Eva Nováková ◽  
Pavel Taraba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Representation ◽  
Science Projects ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Search Approach ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Citizen science is a relatively new phenomenon in the Czech Republic and currently a general overview of existing citizen science projects is not available. This presents the challenge to uncover the ‘hidden’ citizen science landscapes. The main objective of this paper is to explore the (public) representation of citizen science (CS) projects and to describe their heterogeneity. The study aims to answer the question of what type of projects in the Czech Republic meet the definition of citizen science. Based on a specific methodological data-base search approach, we compiled a set of CS projects (N = 73). During the classification process, two general citizen science categories were identified. The first group (N = 46) consists of “pure” CS projects with a prevalence towards the natural sciences, principally ornithology, and thus corresponding to general European trends. Citizens usually participate in such research in the form of data collection and basic interpretation, and a high level of cooperation between academia and NGOs was detected. The second group of “potential” CS projects (N = 27) entails various forms of public participation in general, frequently coordinated by NGOs. Based on these results, we discuss the position of citizen science in the Czech Republic, including socially-oriented citizen science. Further research is strongly encouraged to achieve a more in-depth insight into this social phenomenon.

scholarly journals A Refugee Crisis Without Refugees: Policy and media discourse on refugees in the Czech Republic and its implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Marie Jelínková
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implications ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Media ◽  
Significant Effort

Abstract Along with other Central and Eastern European counties, Czechia has invested significant effort in deterring refugees from entering the country during the ‘refugee crisis’. This article sheds light on the role of the media in legitimising anti-refugee policies by analysing the politicised discourse on refugees in 900 articles published in Czech newspapers between 2014 and 2016. The findings indicate that refugees were depicted as a security threat and an administrative burden partly imposed by the European Union. The article discusses the policy implications of depicting refugees in this way and thus broadens the literature on European narratives during the refugee emergency in Europe.

Motives for using social media among post-basic education students (11-12) in Al-Buraimi Governorate schools in the Sultanate of Oman: دوافع استخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي لدى طلبة مرحلة التعليم ما بعد الأساسي (11-12) بمدارس محافظة البريمي بسلطنة عُمان

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelfattah Mohammed Said Alkhawaja, Shahin Mohammed Ali Kam
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Education Students ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Public ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Time Type ◽  
Grade 11

The main of this study is to identify the motivation for using social media among grade (11-12) school students at Al-Buraimi governorate in Oman through the following variables (class, gender, time, type of media mostly visited & the purpose of using the site). Among sample (240 male & female) students, who were distributed into 13 different schools from Al-Buraimi, mahdah & as-sunaynah. A questionnaire of motivation for using Social Media has been used. The sample percentage was 13% of the whole population target. The results showed that there are no statistical differences between grade 11 and grade 12 students in using social media. In addition, there is no significant difference in (gender) in using social media. Also, the study revealed that the most highlighted usage of social media amongst the study sample was for exploring the public culture. While the results showed that the number (155) of the study sample, which means (60%), they are using social media according to the available conditions. (47.9%) percentage of the sample was on social media about (1-3 hours). The most popular site was Instagram. The study recommended activating the role of the school administration, teacher & social worker in the school for helping students to take the benefit from social media & address the negative aspects of these means through school radio, lectures, seminars, scientific journals & etc.

Wie die EU den Weg aus der „Pandemie-Krise“ findet: Lehren aus der Krisenpolitik nach 2008

IG ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-335
Author(s):  
Hartmut Marhold
Keyword(s):  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Learning System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
The Public ◽  
Active Player ◽  
European Investment ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU) invests huge resources in overcoming the pandemic crisis and does so as a learning system: The Union learned lessons from the previous, the financial, economic and state debt crisis after 2008, in many ways. The EU assumes now definitely the role of an active player in the economy, leaving behind the neoliberal doctrine; she suspends the restrictive budgetary policy, which prevented already in 2008 and the following years adequate solutions; she reshaped the control over its financial aid programmes so that harsh conflict between member states („troika“) are mitigated; the Union further refined the public private partnership mechanisms established unter the aegis of the European Investment Bank (EIB); the European Central Bank (ECB) assumes now a role still disputed after 2008; the flexibility clauses of the Lisbon Treaty, just put into force after 2008, are now extensively applied; and, more than anything else, the Union aims at a change of paradigm by putting the NextGenerationEU programme at the service of sustainable development (enshrined in the Green Deal).

Geographers and sexual difference: feminist contributions

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Sexual Difference ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Geographical Knowledge ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Family ◽  
Definition Of

Divisions based on the assumption that men and women are different from one another permeate all areas of social life as well as varying across space and between places. In the home and in the family, in the classroom or in the labour market, in politics, and in power relations, men and women are assumed to be different, to have distinct rights and obligations that affect their daily lives and their standard of living. Thirty years ago, there were no courses about gender in British geography departments. This chapter discusses the challenges to geographical knowledge, and to the definition of knowledge more generally, that have arisen from critical debates about the meaning of difference and diversity in feminist scholarship. It examines a number of significant conceptual ideas, namely: the public and the private; sex, gender and body; difference, identity and intersectionality; knowledge; and justice. Finally, it comments on the role of feminism in the academy as a set of political practices as well as epistemological claims.

8. Referendums

UK Politics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 171-191
Author(s):  
Andrew Blick
Keyword(s):  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Political Decisions

This chapter starts with a definition of the term ‘referendum’. A referendum is a means of involving the public in political decisions via voting on specific issues such as leaving the European Union. The chapter focuses on the use of referendums at the local level. It sets out the key features of a referendum. Who is allowed to vote in referendums? What sort of questions are put to voters? Under want circumstances should a referendum take place on specific issues? What are the risks associated with holding a referendum? The chapter also looks at regulations surrounding referendums in the UK. The theoretical considerations that the chapter examines are the fact that a referendum subject tends to be controversial, the relationship between referendums and direct democracy and the implications of the results.

Health services for health promotion and disease prevention

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-171
Author(s):  
Jenifer Smith ◽  
James Mapstone
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Service Providers ◽  
Prevention And Health Promotion ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Definition Of

The importance of social and environmental factors in determining the health status of a population provides the context for the role of health services in health promotion and disease prevention. Health service providers play important roles as advocates, leaders, and partners in disease prevention and health promotion strategies. The initial sections of this chapter discuss the definition of prevention, levels of prevention, and the place of population-wide and high-risk approaches. It then discusses some of the public health skills that are required in prevention programmes, including assessing needs and priorities, evidence of effectiveness, the role of behavioural and implementation sciences, and the importance of evaluation. The chapter illustrates these principles using examples from communicable and non-communicable disease control.

2. The Competition Law and Institutions of the European Union

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-96
Author(s):  
Alison Jones ◽  
Brenda Sufrin ◽  
Niamh Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Competition Law ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Enforcement ◽  
The Public ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
National Competition ◽  
Competition Rules ◽  
The Eu

This chapter sketches the history and functions of the EU and its institutions in order to set the EU competition rules in context. It then describes the competition provisions themselves and outlines the way in which the rules are applied and enforced, including the public enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 under Regulation 1/2003, the control of mergers with a European dimension under Regulation 139/2004, public enforcement by the national competition authorities of the Member States, and the role of private enforcement. It discusses the position and powers of the European Commission, particularly the role of the Competition Directorate General (DG Comp); the powers of the EU Courts; the significance of fundamental rights and the general principles of EU law in competition cases; the application of competition rules to particular sectors of the economy; and the application of the EU rules to the EEA.

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