A Preliminary Study on the Meranaw Traditional Balod “Tie-Dye” Technique in Weaving

This paper is a historical narrative study documenting two of the most ancient living Meranaw cultural heritage: kapanga-awl (weaving) and kapamalod (tie-dyeing). These century-old surviving crafts serve as a testament to a very long-standing contacts and trade relations between the Philippines and her neighboring countries such as India, China and the Asian countries, more particularly Indonesia whose Ikat (from an ancient Indonesian word mengikat which means to tie or bind) weaving style closely resembles the Meranaw balod technique in weaving. What links the Philippines with these countries and what finds the Meranaw more similar to the weaving tribes in Northern Luzon and Southern Mindanao are their weaving culture. Highlights of this paper include the origin of the balod technique in weaving, their ingenuity with regards to the use of natural and indigenous raw materials for weaving and some mythical performances, ceremonies, and ritual offerings associated with the balod craftsmanship. Significantly, the research aimed to enable the readers to appreciate and understand the said weaving cultural heritage. It addresses the issues of saving this cultural heritage; otherwise, weaving may suffer the fate of other Meranaw indigenous arts that have diminished and faded into oblivion. This paper recommends preserving such weaving cultural heritage through continuous recording or documenting, archiving, preserving them in their living form, and ensuring its transmission to the next generation.

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Southeast Asia and the United States

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.537 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Kenton Clymer

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cold War ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

Raw Materials ◽

The United States ◽

The Philippines ◽

Southeast Asian ◽

Asian Countries ◽

The Cold War ◽

Southeast Asian Countries

The U.S. relationship with Southeast Asia has always reflected the state of U.S. interactions with the three major powers that surround the region: Japan, China, and, to a lesser extent, India. Initially, Americans looked at Southeast Asia as an avenue to the rich markets that China and India seemed to offer, while also finding trading opportunities in the region itself. Later, American missionaries sought to save Southeast Asian souls, while U.S. officials often viewed Southeast Asia as a region that could tip the overall balance of power in East Asia if its enormous resources fell under the control of a hostile power. American interest expanded enormously with the annexation of the Philippines in 1899, an outgrowth of the Spanish-American War. That acquisition resulted in a nearly half-century of American colonial rule, while American investors increased their involvement in exploiting the region’s raw materials, notably tin, rubber, and petroleum, and missionaries expanded into areas previously closed to them. American occupation of the Philippines heightened tensions with Japan, which sought the resources of Southeast Asia, particularly in French Indochina, Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies (today’s Indonesia). Eventually, clashing ambitions and perceptions brought the United States into World War II. Peeling those territories away from Japan during the war was a key American objective. Americans resisted the Japanese in the Philippines and in Burma, but after Japan quickly subdued Southeast Asia, there was little contact in the region until the reconquest began in 1944. American forces participated in the liberation of Burma and also fought in the Dutch Indies and the Philippines before the war ended in 1945. After the war, the United States had to face the independence struggles in several Southeast Asian countries, even as the Grand Alliance fell apart and the Cold War emerged, which for the next several decades overshadowed almost everything. American efforts to prevent communist expansion in the region inhibited American support for decolonization and led to war in Vietnam and Laos and covert interventions elsewhere. With the end of the Cold War in 1991, relations with most of Southeast Asia have generally been normal, except for Burma/Myanmar, where a brutal military junta ruled. The opposition, led by the charismatic Aung San Suu Kyi, found support in the United States. More recently American concerns with China’s new assertiveness, particularly in the South China Sea, have resulted in even closer U.S. relations with Southeast Asian countries.

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KAZAKHSTAN’S POSITION IN THE ECONOMIC COOPERATION WITH OTHER COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL ASIA

Central Asia and the Caucasus ◽

10.37178/ca-c.21.2.10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 110-121

Author(s):

Karlygash MUKHTAROVA ◽

Yermukhambet KONUSPAYEV ◽

Klara MAKASHEVA ◽

Karim SHAKIROV

Keyword(s):

Central Asia ◽

Economic Model ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Economic Cooperation ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Regional Economic ◽

Economic Relations ◽

Central Asian ◽

Central Asian Countries ◽

Economic Ties

Improving the forms and mechanisms of regional economic integration, deepening the mutual understanding on the formation of an economically and politically secure integrated space, expanding trade and economic relations, elaborating joint actions to maintain regional peace and stability, creating a single information space are among the key areas that have become the basis of cooperation among the Central Asian region (CAR) states. The authors reveal the positive aspects of cooperation among the CAR countries—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan. First and foremost, these include common historical roots, linguistic and cultural similarity, convenient geographical location and established economic ties, which allow the states of Central Asia (CA) to establish a deeper and more active understanding of each other, to solve economic and political problems related to finding and realizing domestic investment potential and expanding regional trade and economic ties. The joint establishment of international transport corridors and infrastructure will help reduce the transport costs for Central Asian countries that supply export products to external markets, which is an important area of cooperation in Central Asia. In addition, the economic problems that exist among the regional countries largely determine the nature of relations between them. Future solution of problems determines the subsequent viability of the Central Asian Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) and the regional development prospects. Based on the use of economic research tools, the authors examine the problems caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on the state of trade and economic relations between the regional states. Post-crisis plans for economic recovery in the Central Asian countries will be developed and implemented in the context of the need to solve the present-day problems associated with the gradual lifting of quarantine measures. In this regard, the quickest possible transition of economies to an upward growth trajectory should launch the expansion of trade and economic cooperation and ties among the Central Asian countries. The authors emphasize the fact that another important problem within CAREC is the fact that CAR economies are dominated by raw materials, which does not solve the problems of reducing social inequality and improving the welfare of the regional population. For this reason, Kazakhstan, like other Central Asian countries, is currently in search of a new economic model. The transformation is crucial because the country needs to overcome its excessive long-term dependence on the export of oil and raw materials. The new economic model should be focused on further industrialization and diversification of the economy, on the search for new innovative approaches and development strategies.

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Serra da Estrela PDO Cheese Microbiome as Revealed by Next Generation Sequencing

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9102007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 2007

Author(s):

Rui Rocha ◽

Manuela Vaz Velho ◽

Joana Santos ◽

Paulo Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Next Generation Sequencing ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Next Generation ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Characterization Study ◽

Materials Used ◽

Serra Da Estrela ◽

Generation Sequencing

Serra da Estrela PDO cheese is the oldest traditional cheese manufactured in Portugal. In this work, its microbiome as well as the main raw materials used in cheese production, raw ewes’ milk and thistle flowers (Cynara cardunculus L.), were characterized using next generation sequencing. Samples were accordingly retrieved from a local producer over two consecutive production campaigns and at different time periods within each campaign. The bacterial and fungi communities associated with each matrix were accessed through sequencing of V3−V4 and Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 regions of rRNA gene amplicons, respectively. A high microbial diversity was found associated to each matrix, differing significantly (p < 0.05) from each other. Over 500 taxa were identified in each analyzed matrix, ranging from dominant (relative abundance > 1%), sub-dominant (0.01−1%) and rare taxa (<0.01%). Specifically, in cheese, 30 taxa were present in all analyzed samples (core taxa), including species of Leuconostoc spp. and Lactococcus spp. for bacteria and Candida spp., Debaryomyces spp. and Yarrowia spp. for fungi, that were cumulatively the most prevalent genera in Serra da Estrela PDO cheese (average relative abundance ≥10%). Ultimately, this characterization study may contribute to a better understanding of the microbial dynamics of this traditional PDO product, namely the influence of raw materials on cheese microbiome, and could assist producers interested in preserving the identity, quality and safety of Serra da Estrela PDO cheese.

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Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) in Southeast Asian Countries: Review of Effects and Challenges

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132312952 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 12952

Author(s):

Haitham Esam Rababah ◽

Azhar Ghazali ◽

Mohd Hafizal Mohd Isa

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

The Philippines ◽

Southeast Asian ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Building Sector ◽

Building Integrated Photovoltaic ◽

The Government ◽

Southeast Asian Countries

Fossil fuel consumption for electricity generation in the building sector is at an all-time high in line with the country’s economic growth. This scenario will increase the global CO2 emissions and large carbon footprints, thus leading to global warming. In recent years, most of the research related to the building sector has focused on the development of new techniques to reduce buildings’ energy consumption through energy conservation, energy efficiency, and the implementation of renewable energy technologies. The introduction of photovoltaic (PV) technology has become the most prominent renewable energy (RE) that can be integrated into building components. Even though the Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) has been available for decades, but its implementation in Southeast Asian countries has not gained widespread acceptance compared to European countries and other parts of Asia. This paper aims to investigate the effects and challenges of BIPV implementation in Southeast Asian Countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines), focusing on climate effects, the initial cost of PV technology, government policies, and initiatives. An in-depth literature review from past research, policies, and reports taken between 2016 to 2021 has been conducted and found that the environmental parameters directly influence the performance of BIPV systems and affect efficiency. This study pointed at Feed-in Tariff (FiT), policies and initiatives offered by the government in Southeast Asian countries are not beneficial and discourage building owners to adopt the BIPV technology or any other RE technology. Governments should revise the current policies to promote and attract more building owners to take part in the efforts to minimize CO2 emissions from the building industry.

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Prospects for the use of Caragana fruits (Caragana arborescens and C. frutex) as alternative raw materials for the food industry

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20213800123 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 00123

Author(s):

Ekaterina Solomonova ◽

Nikolay Trusov ◽

Tatiana Nozdrina ◽

Nikolay Kuvshinchikov

Keyword(s):

Food Industry ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Comparative Aspect ◽

Caragana Arborescens ◽

Vegetable Raw Materials ◽

Academy Of Sciences ◽

Saline Land

Currently, there is an increase in the world’s population against the background of a reduction in land suitable for growing traditional agricultural crops. This is especially true for Asian countries. Due to a number of factors, the areas of fertile land are decreasing, and the areas of saline land are increasing; arid areas of the planet are expanding. In this regard, it is important to introduce plants into the culture that can grow on poor, arid, saline soils. The purpose of the research is to study vegetable raw materials from fruits Caragana arborescens and C. frutex, undergoing introduction tests in the arboretum of the Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, to find out the possibilities and advantages of their use in the food industry in a comparative aspect. A comparative assessment of the size and weight characteristics of the fruits and seeds of C. arborescens and C. frutex studied by us indicates the possibilities of their industrial food use in the future, along with a good introduction, and, probably, plantation potential of these plants.

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MUSEUM SONGKET PALEMBANG DENGAN PENDEKATAN ARSITEKTUR NEO-VERNAKULAR

Arsitektura ◽

10.20961/arst.v14i2.9046 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Abdul Aziz Arrosyid ◽

Samsudi Samsudi ◽

Ummul Mustaqimah

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Property ◽

Property Rights ◽

Cultural Heritage ◽

Cultural Values ◽

Intellectual Property Rights ◽

Architectural Design ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Vernacular Architecture ◽

Museum Design ◽

Limited Process

Traditional weaving as a national cultural heritage is being abandoned, including songket in Palembang city. Songket weaving craft has been abandoned due to the limited process of the making, expensive raw materials, and competitiveness, either other crafters or modern weaving. There are hundreds of Palembang songket motifs that have not been documented and collected well. Only 77 motifs which have been registered as intellectual property rights. The lack attention of this matter would give possibility for neighboring countries to claim it such an accident ever exist. Songket Museum is needed as conservation center, exhibition, research, and songket craft workshop. Neo-Vernacular Architecture approach is used to make museum architectural design which is in line the cultural values of Palembang in contemporary design. The design issue is how to apply the principles of Neo-Vernacular Architecture into Palembang Songket Museum design. The method is designing the museum by taking both the physical and non-physical elements of local culture. Beside, re-interpretation the shape and philosophycal value of local architecture and Palembang songket are apllied in a new composition of Neo-Vernacular Architecture. The result is a design of Palembang Songket Museum which applies Neo-Vernacular Architecture principles. Keywords: Architecture, Neo-Vernacular, Palembang Songket, Songket Museum.

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Chinese Investments in Brazil: Economic Diplomacy in Bilateral Relations

Contexto Internacional ◽

10.1590/s0102-8529.2019430300005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 541-564

Author(s):

Virginia Soledad Busilli ◽

María Belén Jaime

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Development Strategy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Trade Relations ◽

Economic Diplomacy ◽

Economic Development Strategy ◽

Bilateral Relations ◽

Chinese Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Do So

Abstract The People’s Republic of China has consolidated its status as a great power and strengthened its presence in different regions of the planet. In accordance with its economic development strategy, Beijing’s growing bond with Latin America is part of China’s need to guarantee access to raw materials and energy resources. In this framework and through economic diplomacy, China has strengthened its trade relations, as well as loans and investments in most of the region’s countries.Brazil is an example of this relationship pattern, as one of China’s most important partners and top investment destination in Latin America. It became Beijing’s top commercial partner in 2012. This paper will analyse the composition and evolution of Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) in Brazil between the years of 2004 and 2020. In order to do so, we will study the main projects carried out by the country, as well as the characteristics of the Chinese companies (state or non-state) that participated in the process, in order to understand their most important features. Likewise, we will analyse the articulation of the Chinese FDI with its trade flows. We will start from the premise that Chinese investments in Brazil are directly linked to Beijing’s strategic interests, while at the same time guided by market logics that try to maximise profits. In this vein, within the framework of the ‘going out strategy’,state companies play a fundamental role.

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The Issues and Challenges Faced by Malay Cuisine in the Foreign Market

Jurnal Intelek ◽

10.24191/ji.v16i2.393 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 20-28

Author(s):

Rahman Abdullah ◽

Aniza Arifin ◽

Azlina Samsudin ◽

Sabaianah Bachok ◽

Harnizam Zahari

Keyword(s):

Cultural Heritage ◽

Success Factors ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Country Of Origin ◽

Foreign Market ◽

Future Research ◽

Traditional Food ◽

Meal Preparation ◽

New Generation

The traditional food of a culture in a society is continuously inherited from the old generation to the new generation. The traditional element is an in-depth understanding of the function of each material, techniques of preparation, and the practice in our daily cooking. This understanding in the form of preparation, meal preparation, tips, use of certain equipment, and raw materials are mysteries difficult to be unravelled. The Malay cultural heritage food is an integral asset among Malaysians in general and the Malay race in particular. Malay cuisine is one of the special and unique blended of many traditions from around the region. However, when Malay culture and cuisine are introduced to other countries, they faced certain hurdles and challenges. This study investigates the issues and challenges faced by Malay cuisine in the foreign market. The points in question are, 1) Why are Malay cuisine difficult to be exported to other countries 2) Why Malay cuisine is less popular than cuisines from other countries? 3) What are the factors that make foods from a country of origin can be successfully exported? These issues and challenges will be parsed and discussed based on the existing written collection. Recommendations will be made on the mechanisms that enable the success of Malay cuisine food to be commercialized abroad, as well as future research examining the success factors of traditional food exported abroad.

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ANALISA STANDARISASI MUSEUM BATIK DENGAN PENDEKATAN KEARIFAN LOKAL BUDAYA ARSITEKTUR SURAKARTA

Jurnal Patra ◽

10.35886/patra.v3i2.248 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 127-137

Author(s):

Maysitha Fitri Az Zahra ◽

Ully Irma Maulina Hanafiah ◽

Febri Toni Setiawan

Keyword(s):

Cultural Heritage ◽

Spatial Planning ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽

Research Focus ◽

Fabric Materials ◽

The City

Batik, which is rich in symbols and philosophies for the Indonesian people, has now been recognized by UNESCO as a Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The beginning of the emergence of batik in Indonesia is in the city of Solo, and comes from the Pajang kingdom 400 years ago. With the passage of time, batik continues to grow and produces various variations and innovations, from raw materials to the drawn motifs. However, it is very unfortunate that not all of the previous heritage batik can be maintained. Recently, there has been a batik museum created by individuals or institutions, but in the design, some interior elements are less than optimal in their arrangement. So they don't affect the batik stored or on display. In this research, focus of the discussion is on standardization which discusses spatial planning, facilities, collections, lighting, ventilation, acoustics and museum security, which are combined with local wisdom of Surakarta architecture, so that the data becomes a batik museum with character and can preserve the stored batik. This research uses a case study of the Surakarta batik museum, and the final results of this study can be used as a guide for designing a museum with fabric materials in it.

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The future of farm tourism in the Philippines: challenges, strategies and insights

Journal of Tourism Futures ◽

10.1108/jtf-06-2020-0101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Kafferine Yamagishi ◽

Cecil Gantalao ◽

Lanndon Ocampo

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Tourism Development ◽

Skills Training ◽

The Philippines ◽

Historical Narrative ◽

Government Support ◽

Current Status ◽

Content Type ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Farm Tourism

Purpose This study aims to draw observations on the current status and potentials of the Philippines as a farm tourism destination and identify the underlying factors that inhibit farm tourism development. It intends to gauge the challenges that Filipino farmers face in diversifying farms and operating farm sites and uses these challenges in crafting strategies and policies for relevant stakeholders. It also provides Philippine farm tourism literature to address the limitations of references in the topic. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts an exploratory type of inquiry method and secondary data collection from various sources, such as published journal articles, news articles and reports, to gain insights and relevant information on farm tourism. The study also uses a threats, opportunities, weaknesses and strengths analysis approach to develop competitive farm tourism strategies. Findings The Philippines, with vast agricultural land, has the necessary base for farm tourism, and the enactment of the Farm Tourism Development Act of 2016 bridges this potential. With low agricultural outputs, the country draws relevance for farm tourism as a farm diversification strategy to supplement income in rural communities. While having these potentials, crucial initiatives in physical characteristics, product development, education and training, management and entrepreneurship, marketing and customer relations and government support must be implemented. Farmers' lack of skills, training and capital investment potential to convert their farms into farm tourism sites serves as the major drawback. Thus, developing entrepreneurial and hospitality skills is crucial. Originality/value This work presents a historical narrative of initiatives and measures of the Philippine farm tourism sector. It also provides a holistic discussion and in-depth analysis of the current state, potentials, strategies and forward insights for farm tourism development.

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