scholarly journals HERTA MULLER “BREATHING SWING”: TRANSLATION OF THE CATEGORY OF DEFINITENESS / INDEFINITENESS

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Soliuk M.M.
Keyword(s):  
Definite Article ◽  
German Language ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Modern Fiction ◽  
Indefinite Pronoun ◽  
Linguistic Means

This scientific research deals with a topical linguistic and translation problem – the category of definiteness / indefinitenessand ways of its reproduction in the German- Ukrainian translations of modern fiction. The purposeof this articleis to determine the ways one can employ to convey different meanings of German articles and other determinants into Ukrainian, as they are used to express the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the German language. To achieve this goal, there has been employed comparative and descriptive methodsof linguistic research as they allow to consider different ways of expression of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the Ukrainian translation. The objectof this research is the translation of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness which leads to a strictly defined subject. The subjectof the study are explicit means of expression of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in German (in the novel “Breathing Swing” by H. Muller) and implicit means of its expression in Ukrainian (in the Ukrainian translation of the respective novel).Results.The comparative analysis of the original and translated texts makes it possible to determine the main linguistic means of reprodution the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the Ukrainian translation. The analyzed material contains examples where the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the original text is expressed by a definite article which is translated by a pronominalized numeral “some of”, an indefinite-personal pronoun “someone”, or an indefinite pronoun; an indefinite article which is translated by pronouns; zero article is reproduced by a more detailed translation; pronouns are reproduced by their equivalents, as well as other pronouns; other cases of translation include a periphrasis, a descriptive, inaccurate or non-literal translation. Conclusions:Definite, indefinite, zero articles and pronouns serve as the main, most consistent, and regular means of realization of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the German language. While there are no certain morphological means of expression of this category in the Ukrainian language, the translator uses lexical and syntactic means for reproduction of the category definiteness / indefiniteness. The context also plays an essential role.Key words: category of determination, the definitness / indefinitness, article, pronoun, translation. У дослідженні порушується актуальна перекладознавча проблема – особливості відтворення категорії означеності / неозначеності на матеріалі німецько-українських перекладів творів сучасної художньої літератури. Метоюданої статті є визначення способів передачі українською мовою значень німецьких артиклів та інших детермінативів, за допомогою яких вира-жається категорія означеності / неозначеності в німецькій мові. Для досягнення поставленої мети застосовуються зіставний та описовий методи лінгвістичного дослідження, що дозволяють розглянути різні способи передачі засобів вираження катего-рії означеності / неозначеності в українському перекладі. Об’єктом дослідження постає категорія означеності / неозначеності, що виступає засобом позначення певного предмета. Предметом вивчення є експліцитні засоби вираження вищевказаної кате-горії в німецькій мові (в романі Г. Мюллер «Гойдалка дихання») та імпліцитні в українському перекладі зазначеного твору. За допомогою результатів, досягнутих внаслідок зіставного аналізу текстів оригіналу та перекладу, вдалося встановити основні мовні засоби відтворення категорії означеності / неозначеності в українському перекладі.Зокрема, зафіксовано такі випадки вираження категорії означеності / неозначеності в мові-оригіналі, а також засоби та способи їх відтвореня в мові перекла-ду: неозначений артикль перекладений прономіналізованим числівником «один із/з», неозначено-особовоим займенником «якийсь», вказівним займенником; означений артикль – за допомогою займенників; нульовий артикль відтворено деталізованим перекладом; детермінативи – їх відповідниками, а також іншими детермінативами; в деяких випадках перекладач вдається до перифрази, описового, неточного чи недослівного перекладу. Висновки:в німецькій мові означеність / неозначеність виражається за допомогою артиклів (означеного, неозначеного або нульового), а також інших детермінативів, якими часто виступають займенники. В той час як в українській мові певних морфологічних засобів вираження цієї категорії нема, перекладач вдається до використання лексичних та синтаксичних засобів, важлива роль при цьому відводиться контексту. Ключові слова: категорія детермінації, означеність / неозначеність, артикль, займенник, переклад.

scholarly journals CENTRAL DETERMINER IN ABSTRACTS JOURNAL

Al-Lisan ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-132
Author(s):  
WINANTU KURNIANINGTYAS SRI AGUNG ◽  
Aries Fitriani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Finding ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Possessive Pronoun ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Indefinite Pronoun ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Syntactical Analysis

Central determiner is as the main component in constructing noun phrase element as subject, objects, and complement in writing compositions. Meanwhile, determiner affects the meaning of noun. This research investigates the constructions of central determiners in abstracts of Journal Al-Tahrir Volume 17 No.1 Tahun 2017 and the reasons in applying those determiners in that journal. In gaining related information, types of central determiners, three diagram and table bracket were used. Qualitative research and syntactical analysis was conducted to analyze the data. The research finding revealed that central determiners were used in sentences of the abstracts. The terms of central determiners in subject were constructed through 7 determiners such demonstrative article, personal pronoun, possessive pronoun, indefinite pronoun, demonstrative article, definite article, and indefinite article. Having the function of object, central determiners were defined in 5 terms namely possessive pronoun, indefinite pronoun, demonstrative article, definite and indefinite article. Then, they were also used in sentences of the abstracts as complement. Here, central determiners were defined in terms of reflective pronoun, personal pronoun, possessive pronoun, indefinite pronoun, interrogative pronoun, definite and indefinite article.

scholarly journals Semantics of the phraseological units with the component HUND in the modern German language

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
German Language ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects

The article is devoted to the semantics of the phraseological units with the component HUND in the modern German language research. The author defines the semantic content of the word HUND in the German language of the XXI century through a term, functional style and transferred meaning. Also the author distinguishes and specifies the etymology of the element, determines its original motivation – “one of the mountain animals”, which makes an appeal to the Early Indo-European language. The transferred meaning of the element under analysis in the semantic structure of the German language of the XX–XXI centuries is highlighted. Thorough analysis of the experimental card index made by author on the ground of such lexicographical sources as: the most authoritative German explanatory (“WAHRIG”) and phraseological (“DUDEN”) dictionaries, the bilingual phraseological dictionary of L.S. Osovetska and K.M. Silvestrova; the most complete among all German-Ukrainian dictionaries, where widely presented to phraseology – common figures of speech, idioms, phrases, stamps, sayings, proverb are presented (V. Müller), gave an opportunity to make some conclusion about the limitation of the lexical means of the semantics “dog” verbalization. The author proves that lexical means coincide with the zoological term being oriented at the same time onto the common and transferred usage. From the morphological point of view a dog is represented by two basic parts of speech: noun and pronoun. The noun is characterized by the grammatical categories of gender (masculine), number (single, plural), case (nominative, dative, accusative), definiteness (definite article), indefiniteness (indefinite article), omission (zero article). The pronoun is differentiated according to the semantics feature and is represented by the third person in plural in the nominative case; its parallel functions are defined as conjunction and subject of the subordinate sentence. The multiplicity of the semantics of the analyzed material predetermined by the lingual and extralingual factors is defined. The conclusions verify the widely know statements of linguists about the transfer of the term to the category of the common lexis, semantical development of a word under the influence of the linguistic and extralinguistic factors and the appearance of the semantic potential of a word in the communicative and pragmatic aspects.

Quelques particularités dans l’expression de la détermination du nom. Comparaison entre cinq langues romanes

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Gorana Bikić-Carić
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
Change Of Perspective ◽  
The One ◽  
Time Description

"Some Features in the Expression of the Noun Determination. Comparison Between Five Romance Languages. In this article we would like to compare the noun determination in five Romance languages (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian). All the languages examined here share the main uses of articles: known referent, generic use, unique entities, abstract names, inalienable possession for the definite article, or introduction of a new element into the discourse and description for the indefinite article. However, we wanted to show some peculiarities. We used the same text in five languages, (La sombra del viento, Carlos Ruiz Zafón) which is part of the RomCro corpus, composed in the Chair of Romance Linguistics of the Department of Romance Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zagreb, Croatia. The results of the analysis showed a clear difference between French and the other languages. As expected, French uses the indefinite article in plural much more often, as well as the partitive article, which does not exist in Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian. Likewise, the possessive adjective is more common in French than in other languages which use the definite article instead. But what is particularly interesting are the differences which indicate a ""change of perspective"", namely a different kind of article than in the original text. Our conclusion is that the noun can have several characteristics at the same time (description or determination by complement, generic use or absence of specific referent etc.) of which the author (or the translator) chooses the one to highlight. Likewise, we have underlined the role of article zero, which can carry different values (unspecified referent, but also unspecified quantity or even definite article value if the noun is introduced by a preposition), depending on its relationship to other articles in the language.

scholarly journals On Proper Names in German: An Analysis from the Cognitive Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (28) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Magdalena Zofia Majcher
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
German Language ◽  
Proper Noun ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
Proper Nouns ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun ◽  
Grammar Analysis

The aim of this paper is a cognitive grammar analysis of noun phrases in German which contain a proper noun. It is common for proper nouns in German, like first names, surnames, the names of cities and countries, to occur without an article. They can, however, also occur with the definite article, the demonstrative pronoun or with the indefinite article. There are also proper nouns in German, such as the names of rivers, mountain ranges, and some countries, which—according to many grammars—obligatorily occur with the definite article. However, it may happen that even those occur without an article. Whether there is an article before a proper noun or not is regarded as a grammatical phenomenon, without acknowledging its semantic aspects. The latter are only considered in a very few cases. A cognitive grammar analysis makes it possible to look at the abovementioned phenomena from the semanticconceptual perspective, thus ensuring wider opportunities to explain and describe them. According to cognitive grammar, every use of any element should have a semantic-conceptual motivation. The cognitive grammar analysis of German noun phrases containing a proper noun carried out in this article allows us to conclude that the use of articles in the German language is in most cases determined by the speaker’s intention. The analysis in this paper includes a description of noun phrases containing proper nouns selected from the German magazine Der Spiegel.

scholarly journals Antonymy as a Reflection of Herman Melville’s Bipolar World in the Novel “Moby Dick” Translated by I. Bernstein

2020 ◽  
pp. 406-416
Author(s):  
E.B. Demidova ◽  
L.G. Sharlikova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
American Literature ◽  
Original Text ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Moby Dick ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Russian Version ◽  
Russian Soil ◽  
Light Darkness ◽  
Linguistic Means

Herman Melville’s novel Moby Dick addresses the eternal problem of life and death, the human personality and its place in the universe. It is an exceptional piece of work about the tragic tension of the worldview, the sharpness of the material presented in it, and the most important role in this is played by antonymous linguistic means. The authors of the article present a comparative analysis of the linguistic means of the original text of the parable novel and its Russian translation with respect to the use of antonyms. The material of the article makes it possible to realize the role of the translator I. Bernstein in transposition of verbalizers of art values of the American literature on Russian soil, reveals its creative individuality and professionalism. Understanding the functional and stylistic importance of the antonymous component of the novel, in his translation I. Bernstein retains the most important in terms of content and style of this work a pair of lexical antonyms of the contradicting type: “Light — Darkness”, “Black — White”, “Tall — Short”, “God — Devil”, “Life — Death”. Contextual antonyms, word-forming antonymous pairs, metaphors based on antonyms available in the original text also have equivalents in the Russian version. Comparative analysis of the original text and the Russian version clearly shows that I. Bernstein’s translation is equivalent and adequate. The stylistic peculiarities of G. Melville’s novel “Moby Dick”, connected with the use of antonymic possibilities and conditioned by contradictory philosophical problems solved in the work, are preserved in the Russian version of the novel.

AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE NOVEL THE SINS OF FATHER

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Chintia Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Annotated Translation

This article is based on annotated translation. Annotated translation is a translation with commentary. The objective of this article is to find out strategies that was employed in translating in Personal Pronoun I and You in the novel The Sins of Father by Jeffry Archer. The research used qualitative method with retrospective and introspective as research approached. The syntactic strategies by Chesterman is employ as tools of analysis. The result shows that from 25 data, there are 5 primary data which are taken using purposive sampling technique. There are 3 word ‘I’ and 2 word ‘You’, which all the data has the same translation principle and strategies.

Telling the Truth: Fictionality and Epic in Seventeenth-Century German Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-259
Author(s):  
Dirk Werle ◽  
Uwe Maximilian Korn
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
German Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Poetry And Poetics ◽  
Important Place ◽  
First Crusade ◽  
Epic Poem ◽  
History Of ◽  
Epic Poems

AbstractResearch on the history of fiction of the early modern period has up to now taken primarily the novel into consideration and paralleled the rise of the novel as the leading genre of narrative literature with the development of the modern consciousness of fictionality. In the present essay, we argue that contemporary reflections on fictionality in epic poetry, specifically, the carmen heroicum, must be taken into account to better understand the history of fiction from the seventeenth century onwards. The carmen heroicum, in the seventeenth century, is the leading narrative genre of contemporary poetics and as such often commented on in contexts involving questions of fictionality and the relationship between literature and truth, both in poetic treatises and in the poems themselves. To reconstruct a historical understanding of fictionality, the genre of the epic poem must therefore be taken into account.The carmen heroicum was the central narrative genre in antiquity, in the sixteenth century in Italy and France, and still in the seventeenth century in Germany and England. Martin Opitz, in his ground-breaking poetic treatise, the Buch von der Deutschen Poeterey (1624), counts the carmen heroicum among the most important poetic genres; but for poetry written in German, he cites just one example of the genre, a text he wrote himself. The genre of the novel is not mentioned at all among the poetic genres in Opitz’ treatise. Many other German poetic treatises of the seventeenth century mention the importance of the carmen heroicum, but they, too, provide only few examples of the genre, even though there were many Latin and German-language epic poems in the long seventeenth century. For Opitz, a carmen heroicum has to be distinguished from a work of history insofar as its author is allowed to add fictional embellishments to the ›true core‹ of the poem. Nevertheless, the epic poet is, according to Opitz, still bound to the truthfulness of his narrative.Shortly before the publication of Opitz’ book, Diederich von dem Werder translated Torquato Tasso’s epic poem Gerusalemme liberata (1580); his translation uses alexandrine verse, which had recently become widely successful in Germany, especially for epic poems. Von dem Werder exactly reproduces Tasso’s rhyming scheme and stanza form. He also supplies the text with several peritexts. In a preface, he assures the reader that, despite the description of unusual martial events and supernatural beings, his text can be considered poetry. In a historiographical introduction, he then describes the course of the First Crusade; however, he does not elaborate about the plot of the verse epic. In a preceding epyllion – also written in alexandrine verse – von dem Werder then poetically demonstrates how the poetry of a Christian poet differs from ancient models. All these efforts can be seen as parts of the attempt to legitimate the translation of fictional narrative in German poetry and poetics. Opitz and von dem Werder independently describe problems of contemporary literature in the 1620s using the example of the carmen heroicum. Both authors translate novels into German, too; but there are no poetological considerations in the prefaces of the novels that can be compared to those in the carmina heroica.Poetics following the model established by Opitz develop genre systems in which the carmen heroicum is given an important place, too; for example, in Balthasar Kindermann’s Der Deutsche Poet (1664), Sigmund von Birken’s Teutsche Rede- bind- und Dicht-Kunst (1679), and Daniel Georg Morhof’s Unterricht von der Teutschen Sprache und Poesie (1682). Of particular interest for the history of fictionality is Albrecht Christian Rotth’s Vollständige Deutsche Poesie (1688). When elaborating on the carmen heroicum, Rotth gives the word ›fiction‹ a positive terminological value and he treats questions of fictionality extensively. Rotth combines two contradictory statements, namely that a carmen heroicum is a poem and therefore invented and that a carmen heroicum contains important truths and is therefore true. He further develops the idea of the ›truthful core‹ around which poetic inventions are laid. With an extended exegesis of Homer’s Odyssey, he then illustrates what it means precisely to separate the ›core‹ and the poetic embellishments in a poem. All these efforts can be seen as parts of the attempt to legitimize a poem that tells the truth in a fictional mode.The paper argues that a history of fictionality must be a history that carefully reconstructs the various and specifically changing constellations of problems concerning how the phenomenon of fictionality may be interpreted in certain historical contexts. Relevant problems to which reflections on fictionality in seventeenth-century poetics of the epic poem and in paratexts to epic poems react are, on the one hand, the question of how the genre traditionally occupying the highest rank in genre taxonomy, the epic, can be adequately transformed in the German language, and, on the other hand, the question of how a poetic text can contain truths even if it is invented.

Young children use shared experience to interpret definite reference

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 1146-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL SCHMERSE ◽  
ELENA LIEVEN ◽  
MICHAEL TOMASELLO
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
Shared Experience ◽  
Joint Actions ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
Shared Experiences ◽  
Communicative Intention ◽  
Linguistic Categories ◽  
Referential Choice

AbstractWe investigated whether children at the ages of two and three years understand that a speaker's use of the definite article specifies a referent that is in common ground between speaker and listener. An experimenter and a child engaged in joint actions in which the experimenter chose one of three similar objects of the same category to perform an action. In subsequent interactions children were asked to get ‘the X’ or ‘a X’. When children were instructed with the definite article they chose the shared object significantly more often than when they were instructed with the indefinite article in which case children's choice was at chance. The findings show that in their third year children use shared experiences to interpret the speaker's communicative intention underlying her referential choice. The results are discussed with respect to children's representation of linguistic categories and the role of joint action for establishing common ground.

scholarly journals The polyfunctional lexeme /fard/ in the Arabic dialects of Iraq and Khuzestan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Bettina Leitner ◽  
Stefan Prochazka
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
Epistemic Status ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Spoken Arabic ◽  
Very High

Abstract The primary aim of this paper is to explore the functions of the word /fard/ in Iraqi and Khuzestani Arabic. The study is based on the analysis of various text corpora and the elicitation of further examples from native speakers of the varieties investigated. The analysis of these data has shown that /fard/ is a polyfunctional item. Its various functions are the result of several grammaticalization processes. In the first stage, the noun “individual” has become a quantifier that expresses singularity. From this stage it developed into an intensifier, a marker of approximation and the scalar adverb “only.” It has been demonstrated that, from its use as a presentative marker, it developed toward an indefinite article. In contrast to the definite article, which is a grammatical category in nearly every variety of Arabic, the use of an indefinite article is rarely found in spoken Arabic. In Iraqi and Khuzestani Arabic, /fard/ is an indefinite article that possesses a wide range of applications and only a limited set of constraints. Its use, however, remains optional to a very high degree. Its main function is that of a presentative—i.e., introducing a new referent into a discourse. In addition, it also functions as an individuation marker, as a marker for expressing the speaker’s epistemic status (knowledge/ignorance) regarding a referent, and indicating free choice from a set of potential referents. Related to this last function is its use as a mitigating device in imperatives and polite requests.

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