scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF INDIAN AND CANADIAN LAWS REGULATING THE BIOPESTICIDES: A COMPARISON

2021 ◽  
Vol 001 (001) ◽  
pp. 26-46
Author(s):  
Hasrat Arjjumend* ◽  
Konstantia Koutouki
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soil Biology ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Manufacturing Trade ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Toxic Plant ◽  
Legal Barriers

An excessive use of toxic plant protection chemicals has irreversibly damaged the soil biology of agroecosystems, resulting in a substantial decline of productivity. Biocontrol agents, especially microbial biopesticides, are seen as one of the key solutions to overcome toxicity and pest resistance issues. Biopesticides are defined as mass-produced agents manufactured from living microorganisms or natural products used for the control of pests. Laws to regulate biopesticides both in India and Canada need to be analysed from the perspectives of trade facilitation, ease of business, proliferation of green technologies and products, and the sustainability and revitalization of soil biology. Registration of new biopesticides for its manufacturing, trade, import, storage, transport, disposal and safety is discussed from the point of view of the legal barriers imposed on the production process and trade. Having compared laws of both countries, authors offer recommendations for legal reform.

Comparative Advantage of Using Biopesticides in Ukrainian Agroecosystems

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasrat Arjjumend ◽  
Konstantia Koutouki ◽  
Olga Donets
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Soil Biology ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Irreversible Damage

The use of unsustainable levels of chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals has resulted in a steady decline in soil and crop productivity the world over. Soil biology has undergone irreversible damage, coupled with a high concentration of toxic chemical residues in plant tissues and human bodies. Agricultural practices must evolve to sustainably meet the growing global demand for food without irreversibly damaging soil. Microbial biocontrol agents have tremendous potential to bring sustainability to agriculture in a way that is safe for the environment. Biopesticides do not kill non-target insects, and biosafety is ensured because biopesticides act as antidotes and do not lead to chemical contamination in the soil. This article is part of a larger study conducted in Ukraine by researchers at the Université de Montréal with the support of Mitacs and Earth Alive Clean Technologies. The responses of farmers who use biofertilizers (“user farmers”) and those who do not (“non-user farmers”), along with the responses of manufacturers or suppliers of biofertilizers, and research and development (R&D) scientists are captured to demonstrate the advantages of applying microbial biopesticides to field crops. Participants reported a 15-30% increase in yields and crop production after the application of biopesticides. With the use of biopesticides, farmers cultivated better quality fruits, grains, and tubers with a longer shelf life. Moreover, while the risk of crop loss remains high (60-70%) with chemically grown crops, this risk is reduced to 33% on average if crops are grown using biopesticides. The findings indicate that a large proportion of farmers would prefer to use biopesticides if they are effective and high quality products. In this context, the quality and effectiveness of products is therefore very important. Despite their benefits to soil, human health, and ecosystems, biopesticides face significant challenges and competition vis-à-vis synthetic pesticides for a variety of reasons. Therefore, the development of biopesticides must overcome the problems of poor quality products, short shelf life, delayed action, high market costs, and legal/registration issues.

The Kyoto Protocol and European energy policy

European View ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio De Filippis ◽  
Giovanni Scarano
Keyword(s):  
Energy Policy ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
European Energy Policy ◽  
The Creation

During the lead up to and assessment of the Copenhagen Climate Conference in November 2009, the effects of the celebrated Kyoto Protocol were often overlooked. Although the aims of the Kyoto Protocol can be relegated to the dustbin of history, the targets set out in the agreement allowed Europe to put itself in a dominant position. Not only did the Kyoto Protocol force Europe to invest heavily in green technologies, but in addition it led to the creation of a European energy policy with the aim of reducing Europe's dependence on fossil fuels which can be seen, from a strategic point of view, as an undesirable dependence on sources abroad.

scholarly journals Trade liberalization and trade facilitation: Two paths to one goal

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-183
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Vorontsova ◽  
◽  
Irina A. Klimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

The article defines trade liberalization and trade facilitation, highlighting their characteristics, some of which are inherent to both processes, while others differ. The authors analyze the impact of transborder production in a number of South-East Asian states on the development of their economies, as well as the role of trade facilitation in these processes. The article dwells on the economic impact of trade liberalization and facilitation, their synergistic interaction and peculiarities from the point of view of legal regulation. The authors come to the conclusion that trade liberalization and facilitation generally aim to achieve a common goal of promoting world trade, which in the long run will help to address one of the global problems — an immense wealth gap between developed and least developed countries. To achieve this goal, both liberalization and trade facilitation use their own tools, a set of practical measures enshrined in international legal instruments. At the same time, implementation of these measures often involves major risks, especially for developing economies. As a result, a strategy for implementing trade liberalization and facilitation measures needs to be developed, which would define the sequence of steps for each state individually and would take into account all the potential difficulties that a state may have while opening up the market. It is also necessary to create and improve the relevant regulatory and institutional framework for trade relations and implementation of reforms.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Biological Products and Micronutrient Fertilizers use in Row Crops Cultivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Maria Belik ◽  
Svetlana Sviridova ◽  
Tatyana Yurina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Biological Products ◽  
Krasnodar Region ◽  
Production Conditions

The results of field studies of the use of biological products and microfertilizers in the cultivation of corn for grain and sunflower in the production conditions of the Krasnodar Region are presented. Indicators of a comparative assessment of economic and new schemes for the application of fertilizers and plant protection products from the point of view of agrotechnical and economic efficiency are given.

An Investigation of the Relationship Between Employee Perception of Corporate Citizenship Behaviour and Organisational Sustainability

2021 ◽  
pp. 154-164
Author(s):  
Anshu Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Citizenship ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Stakeholder Perceptions ◽  
Employee Perception ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Environment Management ◽  
Pollution Emission ◽  
Corporate Greening ◽  
The Relationship

Corporate greening practices such as measures to reduce pollution emission, management of waste, use of green technologies, sustainable reporting, consuming removable energy sources, implementation of ISO environment management certification, auditing, etc. are required for sustainability. A lot of studies of stakeholder perceptions of corporate responses towards societal concerns are mostly from the point of view of marketing, existing or prospective customers, and industry at a large, but the employee's aspects is most neglected. This chapter investigates the employee's perception of corporate citizenship (CC) and organisational sustainability and also the interrelationship of these variables.

Automatism — a medico-legal conundrum

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Paul T. d'Orbán
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
External Factor ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Natural Justice ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Mind

AbstractDuring the past 35 years, a series of Court decisions have developed and refined the concept of automatism, defined in law as unconscious involuntary action. Two varieties of automatism have come to be recognised. In insane automatism, the absence of mens rea is caused by disease of the mind, and the defence leads to an insanity verdict with compulsory detention in hospital. In non-insane automatism, the mind is affected by some external factor and the findings result in complete acquittal. However, from the medical point of view, the distinction between exogenous and endogenous factors is naive and may lead to decisions that are contrary to natural justice and common sense. The main practical problems arise because of the mandatory commital to hospital when there is an insanity verdict and legal reform is required.

scholarly journals Development of budget law during the budget and legal reform in the Russian empire in 1860–1890

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Yurii Pokhodzilo
Keyword(s):  
Financial System ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Budget Reform ◽  
The Russian Empire

Problem setting. The article reveals the peculiarities of the development of budget law in the Russian Empire in the context of budgetary and legal reform in the period from 1860 to 1890. It has significant historical and legal significance, as today it remains the focus of many researchers who study various aspects of contemporary life from a historical, legal, political and even political point of view. The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of the development of budget law in the Russian Empire in the conditions of budgetary and legal reform in the period from 1860 to 1890. Article’s main body. It is emphasized that Ukraine is currently facing a new challenge for further modernization of the financial system, so the analysis and experience of financial system reform carried out in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX – early XX century is very relevant. In the process of studying the legal regulation of budgetary relations in the Russian Empire, the results of the reform developed four principles to be met by the budget: (a) unity of the budget, (b) completeness of the budget, (c) reality (truthfulness) of the budget, (d) publicity of the budget. The content of the budget reform of 1862 is most clearly revealed through the analysis of the legal consolidation of these principles. The unity of the budget consists both in a unified procedure for drawing up the budget and in a single budget document. In fact, it is a question of existence of one budget in which all incomes and expenses of the state are reflected. Conclusions. It is noted that as a result of the reform of legal regulation of budgetary relations in the state there is such a branch of law as budget law, a set of laws that determine the procedure for drawing up, reviewing, approving and implementing the budget. In addition, the procedure for drawing up, reviewing and approving the budget, the range of authorized persons involved in each of these stages is determined. Keywords: budget law, budget reform, development of budget law, Russian Empire.

scholarly journals Prognostication algorithms and predictability ranges of mass reproduction of harmful insects according to the method of nonliner dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
S. V. Stankevych ◽  
Ye. M. Biletskyj ◽  
I. V. Zabrodina ◽  
M. D. Yevtushenko ◽  
H. V. Baidyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Dynamics ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Theoretical Synthesis ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Mass Reproduction ◽  
The Many

The authors have analysed the theoretical possibilities of prognostication the dynamics in the number and mass reproduction of some species of harmful insects. A theoretical synthesis of the information on the regularities of the population dynamics of the most common insect pests of agricultural plants from the point of view of the methodology of nonlinear dynamics and synergetics has been done. Based on the past and present an analysis of the many-year dynamics in the number of the insect populations has been carried out and an attempt to develop the algorithms for prognostication the seasonal and annual changes in the number of the insects has been made. To do this the authors recommend a scenario-based method of prognostication and making decisions in plant protection. Using the phytosanitary monitoring they determine the beginning of the regular mass reproduction (the appearance of an aggravated rate) and then, based on the phytosanitary prognosis, an aggravation of the situation that has developed or is being developing on the farm, in the district or in the region is made; after that on the base of the short-term prognosis (signaling) it is recommended to make the optimal decision to protect a particular crop taking into account the economic threshold of harmfulness. According to the authors this approach, based on the methodology of nonlinear dynamics (synergetic paradigm), makes it possible to determine in advance the breeding grounds of the aggravated rates and make the optimal decisions in plant protection. The predicted scenario will not be a prognostication of the future, but the elements of an evolutionary process inherent in nature.

scholarly journals Advancements of Spraying Technology in Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiaz Ahmad ◽  
Aftab Khaliq ◽  
Baijing Qiu ◽  
Muhammad Sultan ◽  
Jing Ma
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Pesticide Application

Plant protection activities are most important practices during crop production. Application of maximum pesticide products with the sprayer. The application of fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides is one of the most recurrent and significant tasks in agriculture. Conventional agricultural spraying techniques have made the inconsistency between economic growth and environmental protection in agricultural production. Spraying techniques continuously developed in recent decades. For pesticide application, it is not the only sprayer that is essential, but all the parameters like the type and area of the plant canopy, area of a plant leaf, height of the crop, and volume of plants related to plant protection product applications are very important for obtaining better results. From this point of view, the advancement in agriculture sprayer has been started in last few decades. Robotics and automatic spraying technologies like variable rate sprayers, UAV sprayers, and electrostatic sprayers are growing to Increase the utilization rate of pesticides, reduce pesticide residues, real-time, cost-saving, high compatibility of plant protection products application. These technologies are under the “umbrella” of precision agriculture. The mechanized spraying system, usually implemented by highly precise equipment or mobile robots, which, makes possible the selective targeting of pesticide application on desire time and place. These advanced spraying technologies not only reduces the labour cost but also effective in environmental protection. Researchers are conducting experimental studies on the design, development and testing of precision spraying technologies for crops and orchards.

scholarly journals Implementation of the “regulatory guillotine” and development of the administrative law

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 03014
Author(s):  
Marina Anatolievna Shtatina ◽  
Ivan Valerievich Shmelev ◽  
Alessandro Cenerelli
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Administrative Reforms ◽  
Regulatory Instruments ◽  
Administrative Procedures

The purpose of this study is to analyse the functioning of the “regulatory guillotine” in the context of the development of administrative law. The authors used qualitative methods to identify the features of the “regulatory guillotine” and determine its place among the institutions of administrative law. Quantitative methods were applied to define the scope and consequences of administrative reforms. The use of the legal comparative method made it possible to describe the peculiarities of the “regulatory guillotine” in Russia. The research results were conclusions from the analysis of legislation and the practice of implementing administrative and legal reforms that show the technological nature of the “regulatory guillotine”. In terms of organisation and implementation, the authors attributed the “regulatory guillotine” to administrative reforms, but in terms of content, the “regulatory guillotine” goes beyond even legal reform, as it involves assessing regulatory instruments from the point of view of not only legality but also economic efficiency and social feasibility. The novelty of this research should be considered the conclusion that the “regulatory guillotine” technologies can contribute to the improvement of administrative and legal regulation in Russia, provided they are thoroughly and purposefully applied in conjunction with the updated institutions of administrative procedures, administrative responsibility, licensing, expert and evaluation activities.

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