PLUM VARIETIES USED AS PARENTS IN ROMANIAN BREEDING PROGRAM

There are about three thousand varieties belonging to Prunus domestica available at present worldwide that can be used as genitors in plum breeding activity. An analysis of the pedigrees of plum cvs. developed in Romanian breeding programs shows that the most are descended from ‘Tuleu gras’, ‘Renclod Althan’, ‘Anna Späth’, ‘Stanley’ and ‘Early Rivers’, called 'ancestors'. That means the majority of plum cvs. have at least one of the ancestors as parent or grandparent. For those 40 plum cvs. registered in Romania in 60 years an increased number of crosses with these 'ancestors' has led to what we call 'inbreeding'. According to data presented in this paper, ‘Tuleu gras’ cv. was the most frequently used parent in the cross combinations, giving origin to 23 cvs. Among the other frequently used genitors were: ‘Renclod Althan’ (7 cvs.), ‘Anna Späth’ (3 cvs.) and ‘Stanley’ (1 cv.). Many of the cultivars – 32 altogether (80%) have originated from hybridization, whereas 4 cvs. have originated from open pollination, others 3 cvs. from mutagenesis and 1 cv. from clonal selection. The goal of this work is to measure genetic diversity presently use in Romanian plum breeding. Pedigrees of each cv. were used to study the genetic contributions of ancestor. Of the 40 cvs. analyzed, 33 had an inbreeding coefficient other than zero. The overall mean inbreeding coefficient was 0.419 for all cvs., where their parentages were known. For cvs. with unknown parentage (nonrelated with known parentage) the inbreeding coefficient is zero. The mean coefficient of coancestry of 40 plum cvs. are 0.081 with ‘Tuleu gras’ cv., 0.019 with ‘Renclod Althan’ and ‘Anna Späth’ cvs., 0.017 with ‘Early Rivers’ cv., 0.014 with ‘d’Agen’ and ‘Renclod Violet’ cvs. and 0.005 with Stanley cv. In conclusion, plum breeders have worked with populations of greatly reduced genetic diversity and this strategy becomes a problem because it leads to genetic impoverishment, and, also, the loss of the genetic resistance to different diseases.

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Review: Genetic diversity studies using microsatellite markers and their contribution in supporting sustainable sheep breeding programs

Asian Journal of Agriculture ◽

10.13057/asianjagric/g010109 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (01) ◽

pp. 46-51

Author(s):

OUMER SHERIFF ◽

KEFYALEW ALEMAYEHU

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Polymorphic Information Content ◽

Domestic Sheep ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Sheep Breeding ◽

Population Structures ◽

The Mean ◽

Tree Building ◽

Diversity Studies

Sheriff O, Alemayehu K. 2017. Review: Genetic diversity studies using microsatellite markers and their contribution in supporting sustainable sheep breeding programs. Asian J Agric 1: 46-51. Microsatellites have been widely accepted and employed as useful molecular markers for measuring genetic diversity and divergence within and among populations. The various parameters developed so far to measure genetic diversity within and among populations are observed and expected heterozygosities (Ho and He), the mean number of alleles per locus (MNA),polymorphic information content (PIC), genetic distance and phylogenetic or tree building approach.The objective of thisreview was therefore to quantifythe genetic diversity studies of domestic sheep populations using microsatellite markersand their contribution in supporting sustainable sheep breeding programs. From the review, it is possible to see that there was high within population genetic variations in all the studied sheep populations, poor level of population differentiations and high levels of inbreeding. On the other hand, low estimates of hetrozygosities and mean number of alleles and employing only few and weak markers were observed in some of the studies. The gaps observed in the previous genetic diversity studies of the sheep populations may demand further works to reveal more information on the population structures andto start appropriate and sustainable breeding programs.

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Testing the breeding strategy of Hungarian Bronze turkey strains for maintaining genetic diversity with microsatellites

Archives Animal Breeding ◽

10.5194/aab-54-419-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 419-429

Author(s):

S. Kusza ◽

S. Mihók ◽

L. Czeglédi ◽

A. Jávor ◽

M. Árnyasi

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Variability ◽

Mating System ◽

Breeding Strategy ◽

Shannon Index ◽

Inbreeding Coefficient ◽

Control Population ◽

Conservation Strategies ◽

The Mean ◽

Two Populations

Abstract. The aim of the study was to provide information on the genetic variability of the Hungarian Bronze turkey gene reserve population and its difference from the Broad-breasted turkey, and offer guidance and proposals for its future conservation strategies. Altogether, 239 Hungarian Bronze turkeys from 10 strains and 13 Broad-breasted turkeys as a control population were genotyped for 15 microsatellites. All loci were polymorphic with the average number of alleles per locus 3.20±1.146 in the Hungarian Bronze turkey. The mean expected (Hexp) and observed heterozygosity (Hobs) were not different (0.392 and 0.376, respectively) in the overall population, and similar values were obtained for hens and bucks and among hen strains. Inbreeding coefficient (FIS) and Shannon index (I) indicated that there was low inbreeding within hens and bucks. Our results confirm that the genetic diversity in the Hungarian Bronze turkey population has been preserved by the rotational mating system. Differences between the Hungarian Bronze turkey and the Broad-breasted turkey populations were determined. Nei’s unbiased values clearly indicated that the two populations are highly genetically differentiated.

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Molecular and Phenotypic Diversity of Traditional European Plum (Prunus domestica L.) Germplasm of Southern Italy

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11154112 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (15) ◽

pp. 4112 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rosanna Manco ◽

Boris Basile ◽

Claudio Capuozzo ◽

Pasquale Scognamiglio ◽

Marcello Forlani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Southern Italy ◽

Phenotypic Diversity ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Molecular Profile ◽

Prunus Domestica ◽

Campania Region ◽

On Farm Conservation ◽

Plum Varieties

The European plum (Prunus domestica L.) is a worldwide distributed tree species. Italy has an ample number of traditional varieties, but many are neglected and at risk of extinction. This germplasm is still cultivated in rural areas in spite of the EU-28 crisis of the stone fruit sector. Traditional European plum varieties remain poorly characterized, strongly limiting their promotion in local markets, use for farm diversification, and exploitation for local gastronomic products. In this study, we carried out an investigation of the morphological and genetic diversity present in an ex-situ collection of 29 traditional varieties of P. domestica of the Campania region (Southern Italy). The combination of five continuous and five categorical fruit traits allowed us to phenotypically distinguish all the varieties. Similarly, the Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) employed (five genomic and five deriving from Expressed Sequence Tags) identified a unique molecular profile for each variety. Moreover, the data indicated that the phenotypic and molecular investigations provided different clustering, suggesting that the two analyses sampled different sources of diversity. The number and the distribution of the scored phenotypes as well as the indices of genetic diversity imply the presence of a wide-ranging variation, which may sustain the development of high-value, niche market products. Our work provided evidence that the implementation of measures for a combination of ex-situ and on-farm conservation of traditional European plum varieties should be preferred to avoid the loss of an ample diversity.

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Pedigree analysis of 220 almond genotypes reveals two world mainstream breeding lines based on only three different cultivars

Horticulture Research ◽

10.1038/s41438-020-00444-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Felipe Pérez de los Cobos ◽

Pedro J. Martínez-García ◽

Agustí Romero ◽

Xavier Miarnau ◽

Iban Eduardo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variability ◽

Tree Breeding ◽

Inbreeding Coefficient ◽

Genetic Contribution ◽

Pedigree Data ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Inbreeding Coefficients ◽

The Usa ◽

The Mean

AbstractLoss of genetic variability is an increasing challenge in tree breeding programs due to the repeated use of a reduced number of founder genotypes. However, in almond, little is known about the genetic variability in current breeding stocks, although several cases of inbreeding depression have been reported. To gain insights into the genetic structure in modern breeding programs worldwide, marker-verified pedigree data of 220 almond cultivars and breeding selections were analyzed. Inbreeding coefficients, pairwise relatedness, and genetic contribution were calculated for these genotypes. The results reveal two mainstream breeding lines based on three cultivars: “Tuono”, “Cristomorto”, and “Nonpareil”. Descendants from “Tuono” or “Cristomorto” number 76 (sharing 34 descendants), while “Nonpareil” has 71 descendants. The mean inbreeding coefficient of the analyzed genotypes was 0.041, with 14 genotypes presenting a high inbreeding coefficient, over 0.250. Breeding programs from France, the USA, and Spain showed inbreeding coefficients of 0.075, 0.070, and 0.037, respectively. According to their genetic contribution, modern cultivars from Israel, France, the USA, Spain, and Australia trace back to a maximum of six main founding genotypes. Among the group of 65 genotypes carrying the Sf allele for self-compatibility, the mean relatedness coefficient was 0.125, with “Tuono” as the main founding genotype (24.7% of total genetic contribution). The results broaden our understanding about the tendencies followed in almond breeding over the last 50 years and will have a large impact into breeding decision-making process worldwide. Increasing current genetic variability is required in almond breeding programs to assure genetic gain and continuing breeding progress.

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Genetic diversity and population structure of Eurycoma apiculata in Eastern Sumatra, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d221036 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Zulfahmi Zulfahmi ◽

Parjanto Parjanto ◽

Edi Purwanto ◽

Ahmad Yunus

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Population Structure ◽

Genetic Variation ◽

Genetic Differentiation ◽

Gene Diversity ◽

In Situ Conservation ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

The Mean

Abstract. Zulfahmi, Parjanto, Purwanto E, Yunus A. 2021. Genetic diversity and population structure of Eurycoma apiculata in Eastern Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4431-4439. Information on genetic variation within and among populations of Eurycoma apiculata plants is important to develop strategies for their conservation, sustainable use, and genetic improvement. To date, no information on genetic variation within and among populations of the E. apiculata has been reported. This study aims to assess genetic diversity within and among populations of E. apiculata based on RAPD markers, and to determine populations to collect E. apiculata genetic material for conservation and breeding programs. Young leaves of E. apiculata were collected from six natural populations. Fifteen RAPD primers were used to assess the genetic diversity of each population. The data obtained were analyzed with POPGEN and Arlequin software. The amplification results of 15 selected primers produced 3-16 loci with all primers 100% polymorphic. At the species level, the mean allele per locus (Na), number of effective alleles (Ne), percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL), Nei’s gene diversity index (He) and Shannon information index (I) were 2.000, 1.244, 100%, 0.167, and 0.286, respectively. At the population level, the mean values for Na, Ne, PPL, He and I were 1.393, 1.312, 39.27%, 0.119, and 0.186, respectively. The highest value of gene diversity within population (He) was found in the Lingga-1 population and the lowest value was found in the Rumbio population. The value of genetic differentiation among populations (GST) of E. apiculata is 0.284, consistent with the results of the AMOVA analysis which found that genetic variation among populations was 23.14%, indicates that the genetic variation of E. apiculata was more stored within populations than among populations. The gene flow (Nm) value of E. apiculata was 1.259 migrants per generation among populations. The Nm value of this species was high category, and could inhibit genetic differentiation among populations. The clustering of E. apiculata population based on the UPGMA dendrogram and PCA was inconsistent with its geographic distribution, reflecting the possibility that genes migration occurred between islands in the past. The main finding of this study was the genetic variation of the E. apiculata mostly stored within the population. Therefore, the population with the highest genetic diversity is a priority for in-situ conservation, and collection of E. apiculata genetic material for ex-situ conservation and breeding programs should be carried out minimum from Lingga-1 and Pokomo populations.

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Inbreeding, Coancestry, and Founding Clones of Almonds of California, Mediterranean Shores, and Russia

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.119.6.1279 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 119 (6) ◽

pp. 1279-1285 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ali Lansari ◽

Dale E. Kester ◽

Amy F. Iezzoni

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Genetic Gain ◽

Prunus Dulcis ◽

The United States ◽

Inbreeding Coefficient ◽

Market Demand ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Genetic Base ◽

Trace Back ◽

The Mean

The mean inbreeding and coancestry coefficients were calculated for almond, Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb, cultivars from the United States, France, Spain, Israel, and Russia. To improve cultivars to meet market demand, the recurrent use of four selections as parents in U.S. breeding programs has resulted in a mean inbreeding coefficient (F) of 0.022 in this collection. In France, a single cultivar, Ferralise, has an inbreeding value of F = 0.250, while cultivars of other almond-producing countries are noninbred (F = 0). Due to the use of common parents, U.S., Russian, and Israeli cultivars share coancestry, while coancestries also exist between French and Spanish almond germplasm. Cultivars of known parentage in the United States, Russia, Israel, France, and Spain trace back, respectively, to nine, eight, three, four, and three founding clones. Future almond-breeding programs may narrow the genetic base and thereby limit genetic gain.

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Microsatellite DNA Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Parentage Testing in the Popular Dog Breeds in Poland

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12040485 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 485

Author(s):

Anna Radko ◽

Angelika Podbielska

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Dna Analysis ◽

Inbreeding Coefficient ◽

Effective Number ◽

Effective Population ◽

German Shepherd ◽

Medium Level ◽

The Mean ◽

French Bulldog ◽

Yorkshire Terrier

There is growing concern that extreme breed standardization contributes to a reduction of the effective population size and high levels of inbreeding, resulting in the loss of genetic diversity in many breeds. This study examined genetic diversity among eight popular dog breeds in Poland and evaluated the effectiveness of a 21-microsatellite (STR) panel recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) for parent verification. The following breeds were characterized: German Shepherd, Maltese, Irish Wolfhound, Yorkshire Terrier, Biewer Yorkshire Terrier, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, and French Bulldog. STRUCTURE analysis showed breed distinctiveness among all the dog breeds under study. Reynold’s distance ranged between θw = 0.634 and θw = 0.260. The studied breeds showed a medium level of genetic differentiation; the mean number of alleles per locus ranged from 3.4 to 6.6, and the effective number of alleles from 2.1 to 3.5. The mean degree of heterozygosity varied from 49% to 69% and from 47% to 68% for HO and HE, respectively. The population inbreeding coefficient (FIS) indicated an absence of inbreeding in the studied breeds. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) values for most of the breeds were higher than 0.5. The cumulative power of discrimination (PD) for all the markers in all breeds reached high values (close to 1.0), while the probability of identity (PID) was low, ranging between 10−11 and 10−19. The cumulative exclusion probability when the genotypes of one (PE1) and both parents (PE2) are known and showed that the parentage can be confirmed with a probability of 94.92% to 99.95% and 99.78% to 99.9999%, respectively.

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Biodiversity of Russian Local Sheep Breeds Based on Pattern of Runs of Homozygosity

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13080360 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 360

Author(s):

Tatiana Deniskova ◽

Arsen Dotsev ◽

Marina Selionova ◽

Gottfried Brem ◽

Natalia Zinovieva

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Biodiversity Loss ◽

Inbreeding Coefficient ◽

Loss Estimation ◽

Runs Of Homozygosity ◽

Sheep Breeds ◽

Snp Data ◽

Population Sizes ◽

The Mean ◽

Genomic Inbreeding

Russian sheep breeds traditionally raised in specific environments are valuable parts of sociocultural heritage and economic component of the regions. However, the import of commercial breeds negatively influences the population sizes of local sheep populations and might lead to biodiversity loss. Estimation of the runs of homozygosity (ROH) in local sheep genomes is an informative tool to address their current genetic state. In this work, we aimed to address the ROH distribution and to estimate genome inbreeding based on SNP data to evaluate genetic diversity in Russian local sheep breeds. Materials for this study included SNP-genotypes from twenty-seven Russian local sheep breeds which were generated using the Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip (n = 391) or the Illumina Ovine Infinium HD BeadChip (n = 315). A consecutive runs method was used to calculate ROH which were estimated for each animal and then categorized in the ROH length classes. The ROH were found in all breeds. The mean ROH length varied from 86 to 280 Mb, while the ROH number ranged from 37 to 123. The genomic inbreeding coefficient varied from 0.033 to 0.106. Our findings provide evidence of low to moderate genomic inbreeding in major local sheep populations.

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Isoenzymatic variation in the germplasm of Brazilian races of maize (Zea mays L.)

Genetics and Molecular Biology ◽

10.1590/s1415-47572000000200023 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 375-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marcos Aparecido Gimenes ◽

Catalina Romero Lopes

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Zea Mays ◽

Genetic Variability ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Polymorphic Locus ◽

Maize Breeding ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Expected Heterozygosity ◽

Total Genetic Diversity ◽

The Mean

There are more than 200 races of maize (Zea mays L.) divided into three groups (ancient commercial races, the recent commercial races, and indigenous races). Although the indigenous races have no commercial value, they have many important characteristics which can be incorporated into maize breeding programs. Most Brazilian indigenous germplasm race stocks were collected at least 40 years ago, and nothing is known of the genetic variability present in this germplasm. The genetic variability was assayed in 15 populations from four indigenous races of maize (Caingang, Entrelaçado, Lenha and Moroti) and five indigenous cultivars, using five isoenzymatic systems encoded by 14 loci. The analysis revealed a low level of variability among the samples studied. Overall, the mean number of alleles/polymorphic locus was three, 64.3% of the loci analyzed being polymorphic and the estimated heterozygosity was 0.352. The mean number of alleles/polymorphic locus per population was 1.6. A mean of 47.5% of the loci were polymorphic. The mean expected heterozygosity was 0.195, the mean genetic identity was 0.821 and the proportion of total genetic diversity partitioned among populations (Gst) was 0.156. A founder effect could explain the low variability detected.

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Genetic variability in Tambaqui generations of the breeding program in the Central-West Region of Brazil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3supl1p1785 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (3Supl1) ◽

pp. 1785-1796

Author(s):

Angela Maria Urrea-Rojas ◽

◽

Annaiza Braga Bignardi ◽

Felipe Pinheiro de Souza ◽

Ed Christian Suzuki de Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Variability ◽

Native Species ◽

Genetic Improvement ◽

Improvement Program ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

West Region ◽

Fish Breeding ◽

The Mean

The implementation of fish breeding programs in Brazil has brought significant results in the productivity of tilapia. However, the insertion of native species with great potential (such as Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum) in these programs is still recent, and thus requires genetic information for monitoring and enabling their consolidation into the programs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of the parental generation (G0) and two consecutive generations (G1 and G2) in the C. macropomum genetic improvement program, located in the municipality of Sorriso, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Ninety caudal fin samples were collected (30 samples per generation) for DNA extraction. The genetic study implemented seven microsatellite markers (Cm1A8, Cm1A11, Cm1D1, Cm1E3, Cm1F4, Cm1F5, and Cm1H8). A total of 17 alleles were amplified, with variations in the mean number between four to two alleles per locus. The size per locus ranged from 170 to 360 bp. The average inbreeding coefficient was 0.126 (G0), -0.040 (G1), and 0.131 (G2). No null or exclusive alleles were found. The observed heterozygosity values for G1 and G2 demonstrated the preservation of genetic variability (0.453 and 0.409, respectively). In conclusion, the genetic diversity of the parental generation (G0) and the two progenies generations (G1 and G2) were adequate, which demonstrates that the genetic improvement program was conducted correctly; however, it is important to continue to evaluations the genetic diversity of the future progeny.

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