scholarly journals Rerepresenting Autonomated Vehicles in a Macroscopic Transportation Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Árpád Török ◽  
Zsolt Szalay ◽  
Gábor Uti ◽  
Bence Verebélyi
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Network ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
System Level ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Transportation Model ◽  
External Variable ◽  
Constant Growth ◽  
Definition Phase ◽  
Modelling Process ◽  
Relevant Factors

The main goal of this article is to determine a comprehensive and well applicable model architecture, which is adequate to estimate the system level advantages with regard to automated transportation and which is appropriate to determine possible costs and losses with regard to the approach of such transport modes. In the study the Budapest Transportation Model is applied. Taking autonomous vehicle penetration into account as an external variable, in the analysis a constant growth is assumed in the penetration of automated vehicles. This article has taken the most relevant factors of transportation network into account with regard to automated cars. It is also important to mention that the paper presents the most important modelling phases, where automated cars can be taken into account during the macroscopic modelling process. In the first step of the process during the network definition phase it is possible to consider the effect of automated vehicles on the transport system (e.g. separated routes). The next phase where the effect of automated vehicles should be taken into consideration is the mode choice step (e.g. different demand segments). And finally traffic assignment step, where the effect of automated vehicles can be represented. The easiest way for this is the modification of passenger car units through the parameter of assigned traffic per capacity ratio.

scholarly journals A temporal analysis of safety drivers taking back control in public roadway automated driving trials

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1532-1536
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Corcoran ◽  
Daniel V. McGehee ◽  
T. Zachary Noonan
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
The Public ◽  
Environment Research ◽  
Operational Design ◽  
Take Back ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Over Time

In 2019, industry is in the testing stages of level 4 SAE/NHTSA automated vehicles. While in testing, L4 vehicles require a safety driver to monitor the driving task at all times. These specially trained drivers must take back control if the vehicle doesn’t seem to be responding correctly to the ever-changing roadway and environment. Research suggests that monitoring the driving task can lead to a decrease in vigilance over time. Recently, Waymo publicly released takeover request and mileage data on its 2018 L4 autonomous vehicle takeover requests. From this data, which was represented in mileage, we created temporal metric which showed that there were typically 150-250 hours without a takeover request. From this we suggest that there may be a decrement in vigilance for Waymo safety drivers. While there are still many unknowns, we suggest Waymo release takeover requests in terms of time rather than mileage and provide more information on the operational design domains of these vehicles. Expanding the content of this publicly-released data could then give researchers and the public more understanding of the conditions under which safety drivers are functioning.

scholarly journals A Novel On-Ramp Merging Strategy for Connected and Automated Vehicles Based on Game Theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Haigen Min ◽  
Yukun Fang ◽  
Runmin Wang ◽  
Xiaochi Li ◽  
Zhigang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Control Algorithms ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Network Efficiency ◽  
Total Travel Time ◽  
The Cost

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) have attracted much attention of researchers because of its potential to improve both transportation network efficiency and safety through control algorithms and reduce fuel consumption. However, vehicle merging at intersection is one of the main factors that lead to congestion and extra fuel consumption. In this paper, we focused on the scenario of on-ramp merging of CAVs, proposed a centralized approach based on game theory to control the process of on-ramp merging for all agents without any collisions, and optimized the overall fuel consumption and total travel time. For the framework of the game, benefit, loss, and rules are three basic components, and in our model, benefit is the priority of passing the merging point, represented via the merging sequence (MS), loss is the cost of fuel consumption and the total travel time, and the game rules are designed in accordance with traffic density, fairness, and wholeness. Each rule has a different degree of importance, and to get the optimal weight of each rule, we formulate the problem as a double-objective optimization problem and obtain the results by searching the feasible Pareto solutions. As to the assignment of merging sequence, we evaluate each competitor from three aspects by giving scores and multiplying the corresponding weight and the agent with the higher score gets comparatively smaller MS, i.e., the priority of passing the intersection. The simulations and comparisons are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Moreover, the proposed method improved the fuel economy and saved the travel time.

scholarly journals Modeling of Mono-Commodity Multi-Location Linear Programming Techniques for Determining Optimum Transportation Network of a Manufacturing Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
ADEDEJI, Kasali Aderinmoye ◽  
ZOSU, Segbenu Joseph ◽  
DUDUYEMI Oladejo Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Optimal Transportation ◽  
Location Model ◽  
Transportation Model ◽  
Programming Techniques ◽  
Two Phases

This research on Modeling and Application of Mono-Commodity Multi-Location Linear Programming Techniques For Determining Optimum Transportation Network was carried out at a Manufacturing Industry in Lagos, which comprises of two plants, three depots and twenty retailers axis. The model was analyzed using Micro Soft Excel Software. The analysis to determine the optimal transportation network was carried out in two phases by considering numbers of truckload transported and each commodity from plants to depots and depots to retailers and their optimals. It was discovered that the existing practices transportation cost for truckloads moving from plant to retailers is N3,544,000,000,000 and when optimized, cost is N1,932,650,000,000 while considering each product the optimized transportation cost is N1,871,065,369,000. This implies that the transportation network generated considering each product will yield 47.2% gain in profit than existing network. Hence, it is recommended that mono-commodity multi-location transportation network be used. Keywords: [EXCEL Software, Mono-Commodity Multi-Location Model, Transportation Cost, Transportation Model, Transportation Network.].

scholarly journals Simulation of Autonomous RoboShuttles in Shared Space

10.29007/h58z ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Gasper ◽  
Stephan Beutelschieß ◽  
Mario Krumnow ◽  
Levente Simon ◽  
Zoltan Baksa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
Shared Space ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Simulation Scenario ◽  
Set Up

In the mobility sector, autonomous driving will become more and more part of our daily life. Most of all, in public transportation the research to exploit the new possibilities of autonomous driving has increased drastically. But the problem of the last mile is still unsolved, for example. The last mile is the problem to transport people from a transportation network (examples of endpoints are parking lots or bus station) to their final destination. A promising solution to this problem are autonomous RoboShuttles. Because of their low velocity, they can operate in the shared space where pedestrians and vehicles share the same traffic area. Therefore, in a shared space the interaction between them is greater than under normal traffic conditions, where the traffic flows are separated as much as possible. Through this higher interaction, new requirements on the autonomous vehicle arise. To explore the new requirements and to understand the interaction of a RoboShuttle in a shared space, a simulation scenario in SUMO is set up.

scholarly journals Attitudes Toward Four Levels of Self-Driving Technology Among Elderly Drivers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Lajunen ◽  
Mark J. M. Sullman
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Elderly Drivers ◽  
Strong Correlate ◽  
Four Levels

Automatization and autonomous vehicles can drastically improve elderly drivers' safety and mobility, with lower costs to the driver and the environment. While autonomous vehicle technology is developing rapidly, much less attention and resources have been devoted to understanding the acceptance, attitudes, and preferences of vehicle automatization among driver groups, such as the elderly. In this study, 236 elderly drivers (≥65 years) evaluated four vehicles representing SAE levels 2–5 in terms of safety, trustworthiness, enjoyment, reliability, comfort, ease of use, and attractiveness, as well as reporting preferences for vehicles employing each of the four levels of automation. The results of a repeated-measures ANOVA showed that the elderly drivers rated the SAE level 2 vehicle highest and the fully automated vehicle (SAE 5) lowest across all attributes. The preference for the vehicle declined as a function of increasing automatization. The seven attributes formed an internally coherent “attitude to automatization” scale, a strong correlate of vehicle preference. Age or annual mileage were not related to attitudes or preferences for automated vehicles. The current study shows that elderly drivers' attitudes toward automatization should be studied further, and these results should be taken into account when developing automated vehicles. The full potential of automatization may not be realized if elderly drivers are ignored.

A German Passenger Car and Heavy Vehicle Stock Model: Towards an Autonomous Vehicle Fleet

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (46) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hartmann ◽  
Peter Vortisch
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Road User ◽  
Heavy Vehicle ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
Stock Model ◽  
Vehicle Purchase ◽  
Automation Technology

Automated vehicles are becoming a reality. Many pilot projects have already begun demonstrating the technological capabilities, as public authorities now allow the testing of automated vehicles in real traffic. To smooth the transition from a conventional to an automated fleet, effective fiscal and regulatory policies must be developed by governmental agencies. But at what rate will automated vehicles actually be adopted, and what automation technology will be available for use in new cars joining the national fleet? A national vehicle stock model can be used to answer these questions and to observe the aggregate impact of governmental policies on individual vehicle purchase decisions. In this paper, we present a passenger car and heavy vehicle stock cohort model that forecasts the diffusion of automation technology in Germany. The model uses national data on vehicle stock and vehicle utilization patterns on German freeways and predicts market shares of generic automation levels in predefined instances of a trend scenario. Results point toward market saturation of automated vehicles beyond 2050, with almost 90% of the passenger car fleet being classified as at least partially automatized by this date. The results also suggest that technology diffusion will be faster in the heavy vehicle fleet than in the passenger car fleet. This implies a positive correlation between emission-linked road user charges for heavy vehicles on the freeway network and the renewal rate of the heavy vehicle fleet. The forecast shares of automated vehicles can be used as an input for traffic flow simulations or as a basis for those infrastructure measures and traffic policies that are sensitive to the share of automated vehicles.

scholarly journals Study on Cold Chain Transportation Model of Fruit and Vegetable Fresh-Keeping in Low-Temperature Cold Storage Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Jiao ◽  
Wen Xu ◽  
Lintong Duan
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Ant Colony Algorithm ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Bacterial Foraging Optimization ◽  
Transportation Model ◽  
Comprehensive Benefit ◽  
Consumption Cost

Due to the limitation of later stage intelligent algorithms, the fruit and vegetable fresh-keeping cold chain transportation scheme did not meet the expectation and could not achieve the dual objectives of the shortest time and the lowest consumption at the same time. In order to solve the above problems, a cold chain transportation model of fruit and vegetable fresh-keeping in a low-temperature cold storage environment is proposed. The model is based on the topology of the cold chain transportation network. By setting the assumptions of the fruit and vegetable fresh-keeping cold chain transportation model, the objective model is composed of three parts: vehicle power fuel consumption cost, cold chain transportation refrigeration cost, and total fruit and vegetable loss cost. Under six constraints, the improved ant colony algorithm is used to find the optimal fruit and vegetable fresh-keeping cold chain transportation route. The experimental results show that compared with the methods based on ALNS, genetic algorithm, and quantum bacterial foraging optimization algorithm, the research method can bring the best comprehensive benefit by accomplishing the fruit and vegetable transportation task in the shortest time at the lowest cost, and the research goal is thus achieved.

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