The High-Speed Low-Power Dynamic Comparator

This paper comments on four works for the optimization of comparator design. Today, with the development of integrated circuits, the requirements for comparators about low power, low delay, few offset voltage, and low noise are highly desirable. Specifically, these works made progress in the conventional comparator, which comprises a preamplifier and a latch. They also solved some problems, such as decreasing power and delay. Some works employ a positive feedback cross-coupled pares to provide a larger gain in the preamplifier, use PMOS switch transistors to accelerate the definition phase, or a double-tail architecture to increase the latch regeneration speed. Other work designs a charge pump to improve speed.

Monitoring the Daily Evolution and Extent of Snow Drought

Snow droughts are commonly defined as below average snowpack at a point in time, typically 1 April in the western United States (wUS). This definition is valuable for interpreting the state of the snowpack but obscures the temporal evolution of snow drought. Borrowing from dynamical systems theory, we applied phase diagrams to visually examine the evolution of snow water equivalent (SWE) and accumulated precipitation conditions in maritime, intermountain, and continental snow climates in the wUS using station observations as well as spatially distributed estimates of SWE and precipitation. Using a percentile-based drought definition phase diagrams of daily observed SWE and precipitation highlighted decision-relevant aspects of snow drought such as onset, evolution, and termination. The phase diagram approach can be used in tandem with spatially distributed estimates of daily SWE and precipitation to reveal variability in snow drought type and extent. When combined streamflow or other data, phase diagrams and spatial estimates of snow drought conditions can help inform drought monitoring and early warning and help link snow drought type and evolution impacts on ecosystems, water resources, and recreation. A web tool is introduced allowing users to create real-time or historic snow drought phase diagrams.

PROBLEMATIKA PEMILIHAN MATERI MUFRODAT MENURUT PERSPEKTIF RUSYDI AHMAD THU’AIMAH

The aim of this study is therefore to identify the types of problemsof teachers in the selection of Arabic mufrodat in Grade VII students ofMadrasah Tsanawiyah Fadllillah. The method used in this research, usingresearch and development methods (R&D) refers to the Thiagarajan 4Dmodel, which focuses on the definition or definition phase, using the RusydiAhmad Thu’aimah mufrodat selection principle, which is divided into sevenmufrodat selection principles. This research was carried out at one of the mostcumbersome educational institutions in the Waru area , at MTs. Fadllillah Jl.Kyai Ali No 57 A Sidoarjo Waru Sidoarjo. The results of this study have ledto the discovery of many of the problems faced by teachers in determininggood, accurate and effective mufrodats to be taught to students. For example,the appropriateness of the principles for the selection of mufrodat accordingto the principle of frequency is the choice of mufrodat in accordance withthe application of everyday language, but there are also principles that arenot appropriate, such as the principle of availability of teachers who do notknow the ability of students to understand words.

Transformative spaces in the making: key lessons from nine cases in the Global South

Creating a just and sustainable planet will require not only small changes, but also systemic transformations in how humans relate to the planet and to each other, i.e., social–ecological transformations. We suggest there is a need for collaborative environments where experimentation with new configurations of social–ecological systems can occur, and we refer to these as transformative spaces. In this paper, we seek a better understanding of how to design and enable the creation of transformative spaces in a development context. We analyse nine case studies from a previous special issue on Designing Transformative Spaces that aimed to collect examples of cutting-edge action-oriented research on transformations from the Global South. The analysis showed five design phases as being essential: Problem Definition Phase; Operationalisation Phase; Tactical Phase; Outcome Phase; and Reflection Phase. From this synthesis, we distilled five key messages that should be considered when designing research, including: (a) there are ethical dilemmas associated with creating a transformative space in a system; (b) it is important to assess the readiness of the system for change before engaging in it; (c) there is a need to balance between ‘safe’ and ‘safe-enough’ spaces for transformation; (d) convening a transformative space requires an assemblage of diverse methodological frameworks and tools; and (e) transformative spaces can act as a starting point for institutionalising transformative change. Many researchers are now engaging in transdisciplinary transformations research, and are finding themselves at the knowledge–action interface contributing to transformative space-making. We hope that by analysing experiences from across different geographies we can contribute towards better understanding of how to navigate the processes needed for the urgent global transformations that are being called for to create a more equitable and sustainable planet Earth.

Rerepresenting Autonomated Vehicles in a Macroscopic Transportation Model

The main goal of this article is to determine a comprehensive and well applicable model architecture, which is adequate to estimate the system level advantages with regard to automated transportation and which is appropriate to determine possible costs and losses with regard to the approach of such transport modes. In the study the Budapest Transportation Model is applied. Taking autonomous vehicle penetration into account as an external variable, in the analysis a constant growth is assumed in the penetration of automated vehicles. This article has taken the most relevant factors of transportation network into account with regard to automated cars. It is also important to mention that the paper presents the most important modelling phases, where automated cars can be taken into account during the macroscopic modelling process. In the first step of the process during the network definition phase it is possible to consider the effect of automated vehicles on the transport system (e.g. separated routes). The next phase where the effect of automated vehicles should be taken into consideration is the mode choice step (e.g. different demand segments). And finally traffic assignment step, where the effect of automated vehicles can be represented. The easiest way for this is the modification of passenger car units through the parameter of assigned traffic per capacity ratio.

When to Engage the Contractor for Pre-Construction Services in New Zealand

Large and complex projects have become commonplace, increasing the need to engage contractors in pre-construction services (PCS). Clients now have a range of procurement options that can involve a contractor in any phase of the pre-construction process. This research investigated what factors are important when deciding how soon to engage the contractor. Furthermore, it investigated the issues of engaging the contractor too early or too late. This study collected results through structured explorative interviews with senior staff from client, consultant, and contractor organizations in New Zealand. The results are presented, compared, and discussed for each respective viewpoint. The results show that cost (scale) and complexity of the project, the reputation of the involved parties, and the nature of the relationships are the most crucial factors. However, the parties differ on the best timing for PCS. The contractor argued that PCS should occur in the concept design phase. The client opined that for some projects they would prefer involvement by the contractor in the project definition phase, while for others this should occur later, in the detailed design phase. Consultants recommended that the contractor should be included in the later phases before construction commences. It is interesting to note that the contractor does not always want to be involved early. Generally, the contractor does not want to be involved when the award of the project is still uncertain. Finally, it became apparent that a significant number of issues stem from the contractual arrangements of PCS, which poorly dictates who controls the design process.

DISAIN LABORATORUM VIRTUAL MELALUI ICT PADA MATA PELAJARAN FISIKA SMA

One of the problems found in the implementation of the curriculum of 2013 is not all competency skills can be performed well. Therefore, to overcome these problems, virtual laboratory designed to improve the mastery of concepts of physics. One of the design objectives virtual laboratory is to improve the quality of education and learning in physics in high school. The method used in this study is a research method development four D model with the definition phase , design phase , development phase, and dissemination phase. Research has reached the stage of development and has been tested valid specialist. The instrument used in the research is a questionnaire consisting of: 1) the material substance; 2) The display of visual communication; 3) instructional design; 4) the use of software; and 5) Linguistic. The results obtained to test the validity in general has been very good category (85.6), so that the design of virtual labs designed can already be used in high school.

PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN MENGGAMBAR BERBASIS OUTDOOR LEARNING BAGI SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perangkat pembelajaran faktual yang ada dan karakteristik perangkat pembelajaran menggambar berbasis outdoor learning yang dikembangkan serta menguji kevalidan dan keefektifannya. Penelitian R and D dengan model 3D Thiagarajan yang dimodifikasi yang terdiri atas tahap pendefinisian, tahap perancangan, dan tahap pengembangan dengan subjek uji adalah siswa kelas IV SD Negeri 2 Singosari yang dipilih secara purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perangkat pembelajaran faktual yang ada masih terdapat ketidaksesuaian isi dan antar komponen perangkat pembelajaran. Perangkat pembelajaran menggambar berbasis outdoor learning memiliki lima sintaks pembelajaran yaitu: (1) tahap pendahuluan, (2) tahap eksplorasi, (3) tahap outdoor learning berbasis lingkungan sekolah, (4) tahap elaborasi, dan (5) tahap presentasi. Hasil validasi ahli terhadap perangkat pembelajaran diperoleh rata-rata sebesar 3,46 dalam kategori sangat valid. Hasil uji coba terhadap perangkat pembelajaran menunjukkan bahwa (1) pengukuran aspek kreativitas diperoleh rata-rata 7,01, (2) aktivitas siswa diperoleh persentase 66,87% dalam kategori aktif, (3) persentase respons siswa terhadap pelaksanaan perangkat pembelajaran sebesar 83,05% dalam kategori sangat positif, dan (4) persentase respons guru terhadap perangkat pembelajaran sebesar 85% dalam kategori sangat positif. Produk akhir penelitian berupa buku pedoman guru perangkat pembelajaran menggambar berbasis outdoor learning.Kata Kunci: Kreativitas, Outdoor Learning, Perangkat PembelajaranTHE DEVELOPMENT OF DRAWING LEARNING INSTRUMENTS BASED OUTDOOR LEARNING FOR ELEMENTARY STUDENTSAbstractThis research purpose to describe factually learning instrument dan characteristics of learning instrument was developed and acquiring products of drawing learning instrument that are valid and effective.The R and D research design used modifications Thiagarajan 3D model consisting of definition phase, design phase and development phase with research subjects are students of fourth grade at Singosari 2 Elementary School were selected by purposive sampling. The results showed are learning instruments in fact still found mismatch content and components. Drawing learning instruments based on outdoor learning that has five syntax, such as: (1) preliminary, (2) exploration, (3) outdoor learning based school environment, (4) elaboration, and (5) presentation. The validation result of learning instruments obtained an average of 3.46, it is include of very valid category. The result of learning instrument trials shows that: (1) measurement creativity is 7.01 an average, (2) percentage student’s activity get 66.87% in active category, (3) percentage student's response of learning implementation get 83,05% in very positive category, and (4) percentage teacher's respons of lesson plan get 85% in very positive category. The final product of the research was in the form of a teacher manual on drawing learning devices based on outdoor learning.Keywords: Creativity, Outdoor Learning, Learning Instruments

The Development of Virtual Laboratory Using ICT for Physics in Senior High School

One of the problems found in the implementation of the curriculum in 2013 is not allcompetency skills can be performed well. Therefore, to overcome these problems, virtuallaboratory designed to improve the mastery of concepts of physics. One of the designobjectives virtual laboratories is to improve the quality of education and learning in physics inhigh school. The method used in this study is a research method development four D modelwith the definition phase, design phase, development phase, and dissemination phase.Research has reached the stage of development and has been tested valid specialist. Theinstrument used in the research is a questionnaire consisting of: 1) the material substance; 2)The display of visual communication; 3) instructional design; 4) the use of software; and 5)Linguistic. The research results is validity in general has been a very good category (85.6), sothat the design of virtual labs designed can already be used in high school.