scholarly journals ICE Relevant Physical-chemical Properties and Air Pollutant Emission of Renewable Transport Fuels from Different Generations – An Overview

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Szabados ◽  
Jan Knaup ◽  
Ákos Bereczky
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Fuel Demand ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
First And Second Generation

The fuel demand in transport sector seems to be raised on a short and also on a long term base in the European Union and worldwide as well. A constantly growing trend is foreseen through 2050 worldwide as for using bio-based energy or fuels. Questions can arise before using these kinds of fuels in connection with the use of clean water or in terms of soil degradation, plant nutrients. It is also questionable whether they can be useful regarding their usage. First-, and second generation liquid as well as third generation gaseous bio-based fuels will be in focus in this article. They will be analyzed from physical-chemical properties and pollutant emission points of view.

scholarly journals The impacts of fuel price policies on air pollution: A case study of Tehran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
pouran raeissi ◽  
touraj harati ◽  
mohammad hadian ◽  
Sepehr Ahmadian ◽  
Kobra Farhadi
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Gasoline Prices ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Percent Decrease ◽  
Price Policies

Abstract Background: This study aims to investigate the impacts of fuel price policies on the concentration of air pollutants emitted from the transport sector.Methods: Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimation models were used to investigate the impacts of gasoline and diesel prices along with the weather and economic variables on the following traffic-related pollutants: Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and Particular matter 10 micrometers or less (PM10).Results: In the short term, one percent increase in gasoline prices leads to 0.02 and 0.012 percent decrease in the concentration of CO and PM10, respectively. In addition, in the short term, one percent increase in diesel prices leads to 0.008, 0.02, and 0.015 percent decrease in the concentration of CO, PM10, and NO2, respectively. Results demonstrate that one percent increase in gasoline prices leads to 0.011 and 0.02 percent increase in NO2 concentration in the short term and long term, respectively. Fuel prices had a greater impact on air pollutant concentration in the long term than in the short term. In the long term, one percent increase in diesel prices leads to 0.011, 0.024, and 0.029 percent decrease in the concentration of CO, NO2, and PM10, respectively.Conclusion: Although fuel price increases lead to a significant reduction in air pollution concentration, other factors related to weather conditions (wind speed, temperature, and rainfall) as well as economic activities have a greater impact on air pollution. Therefore, other policies such as improving fuel quality and technology along with other economic policies can be more effective.

scholarly journals The Biomethane Injection into the Natural Gas Networks: The EU’s Gas Synergy Path

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-50
Author(s):  
J. Savickis ◽  
L. Zemite ◽  
N. Zeltins ◽  
I. Bode ◽  
L. Jansons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Gas Networks ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Eu

AbstractBiomethane is one of the most promising renewable gases (hereafter – RG) – a flexible and easily storable fuel, and, when used along with the natural gas in any mixing proportion, no adjustments on equipment designed to use natural gas are required. In regions where natural gas grids already exist, there is a system suitable for distribution of the biomethane as well. Moreover, improving energy efficiency and sustainability of the gas infrastructure, it can be used as total substitute for natural gas. Since it has the same chemical properties as natural gas, with methane content level greater than 96 %, biomethane is suitable both for heat and electricity generation, and the use in transport.Biomethane is injected into the natural gas networks of many Member States of the European Union (hereafter – the EU) on a regular basis for more than a decade, with the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Sweden and France being among pioneers in this field. In most early cases, permission to inject biomethane into the natural gas grids came as part of a policy to decarbonize the road transport sector and was granted on a case-by-case basis. The intention to legally frame and standardise the EU’s biomethane injection into the natural gas networks came much later and was fulfilled in the second half of the present decade.This paper addresses the biomethane injection into the natural gas grids in some EU countries, highlights a few crucial aspects in this process, including but not limited to trends in standardisation and legal framework, injection conditions and pressure levels, as well as centralised biogas feedstock collection points and the biomethane injection facilities. In a wider context, the paper deals with the role of biomethane in the EU energy transition and further use of the existing natural gas networks.

Physical–chemical properties of plasma membrane and function of erythrocytes of cosmonauts after long-term space flight

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1517-1522 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Ivanova ◽  
N.A. Brazhe ◽  
O.G. Luneva ◽  
Y.V. Yarlikova ◽  
O.I. Labetskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Space Flight ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Term Space Flight ◽  
And Function

SOIL BIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL QUALITY OF WHEAT-MAIZE CROPPING SYSTEM IN LONG-TERM FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHENG HU ◽  
YING-CHUN QI
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Organic Compost

SUMMARYTwo long-term field experiments, each consisting of three treatments (organic compost treatment, chemical fertilizer treatment and an untreated control) were established in 1993 and 1997, respectively. Soil samples were collected from each plot in June 2004 and 2005 after crop harvest and were used to determine soil physical-chemical properties, biological and biochemical activity, and the nematode community. Soil physicochemical parameters, microbial biomass, biological activities and nematode communities were significantly influenced by long-term application of organic compost. In general, soil total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen, alkaline-hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium, microbial biomass, basal respiration, urease activities, total number of nematodes and bacterial-feeding nematodes were significantly higher in the compost plots than in the chemical fertilizer and control plots at two experimental sites and two sampling dates. Soil bulk density and pH values were significantly lower in the compost plots. We conclude that soil physical-chemical properties, size and activity of soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient (qCO2), urease activity, total number of nematodes and bacteria-feeding nematodes could be used as indicators of soil quality.

Shipboard tests of tribochemical lubrication mode

Fisheries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (6) ◽  
pp. 117-118
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Nechaev
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Satisfactory Condition ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Lubrication Mode ◽  
Cylinder Piston

The article is devoted to the tests of the main marine engine 8CHRN 32/48 (8NVD-48A-2U) SRT "Captain Rogozin" of the Murmansk SPCRK, operated in the tribochemical lubrication mode in the Barents Sea. The satisfactory condition of the cylinder-piston group parts is shown. Analysis of changes in the physical-chemical parameters of engine oil showed that the tribochemical lubrication mode with the TVM-S device stabilizes the physical-chemical properties of the oil when refilling fresh oil "on the fumes" and ensures continuous operation (up to 10 thousand hours) in a long-term mode equal to two of its resources.

scholarly journals ATTEMPTS TO REDUCE BIODIESEL BLENDS NOX POLLUTANT EMISSIONS BY ULTRASONIC CONDITIONING

Transport ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Florin Mariasiu
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Injection Process

The conditions imposed by the renewable energy Directive 2009/28/EC make it mandatory for EU member countries to ensure that by 2020 fossil fuels used in the transport sector contain a 10% component of biofuel. The 10% limit is based on results of experiments conducted by engine manufacturers and researchers in the biofuels domain, which show that this percentage can be used in IC engines without major technical changes to equipment and engine systems. Taking into account that increasing the percentage of biodiesel in blends results in significant reductions of CO2 emissions, an immediate way to surpass the 10% limit is to carry out external and/or internal processes that will act on the physico-chemical properties of those biofuels. This paper presents data and results from experiments examining the process of ultrasonic irradiation of rapeseed oil methyl ester type biodiesel. The results show the effects of the irradiation process on biodiesel physical parameters such as density, kinematic viscosity, speed of sound through the medium, and isentropic bulk modulus. The values of these parameters directly influence the operation, performance and pollutant emissions of diesel engines. Primary results obtained demonstrate the possibilities of using what we call here the B25 blend with low-cost procedures and without major technical intervention in the equipment used to construct diesel engines. Two parameters important for the injection process (kinematic viscosity and density) show equal values for B25Us_irr ultrasonically irradiated for 350 seconds and diesel fuel ultrasonically irradiated for 420 seconds. The range of the achieved NOx pollutant emission reduction was between 18.2% for the ultrasonically irradiated blend B25Us_irr (no load) and 1.4% for the ultrasonically irradiated blend B100Us_irr (100% load), when compared with untreated basic biodiesel.

in vitro experiments and in vivo implants to evaluate a new silicone-based polyurethane material for replacement of small vessels

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (S3) ◽  
pp. 20-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
giorgio soldani ◽  
massimo bernabei ◽  
paola losi ◽  
adrian crucean ◽  
dante chiappino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Good Biocompatibility

the idea underscoring our proposed development is to take advantage of the good properties of both polyurethanes (pu) and silicones (pdms). the attributes which make polyurethanes attractive as materials for biomedical applications are their excellent physical–chemical properties, and their relatively good biocompatibility. against their use is the phenomenon of biodegradation that occurs after long-term implantation. silicones, on the other end, are known to have long-term biostability and good haemocompatibility subsequent to their use in several biomedical settings.

Defining the Competence of Psychologists with a View to Public Accountability *

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ype H. Poortinga ◽  
Ingrid Lunt
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
The Body ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Rigorous Evaluation ◽  
Judicial Proceedings ◽  
Psychological Knowledge

In national codes of ethics the practice of psychology is presented as rooted in scientific knowledge, professional skills, and experience. However, it is not self-evident that the body of scientific knowledge in psychology provides an adequate basis for current professional practice. Professional training and experience are seen as necessary for the application of psychological knowledge, but they appear insufficient to defend the soundness of one's practices when challenged in judicial proceedings of a kind that may be faced by psychologists in the European Union in the not too distant future. In seeking to define the basis for the professional competence of psychologists, this article recommends taking a position of modesty concerning the scope and effectiveness of psychological interventions. In many circumstances, psychologists can only provide partial advice, narrowing down the range of possible courses of action more by eliminating unpromising ones than by pointing out the most correct or most favorable one. By emphasizing rigorous evaluation, the profession should gain in accountability and, in the long term, in respectability.

European Integration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann P. Arnason
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes ◽  
The Eu

Different understandings of European integration, its background and present problems are represented in this book, but they share an emphasis on historical processes, geopolitical dynamics and regional diversity. The introduction surveys approaches to the question of European continuities and discontinuities, before going on to an overview of chapters. The following three contributions deal with long-term perspectives, including the question of Europe as a civilisational entity, the civilisational crisis of the twentieth century, marked by wars and totalitarian regimes, and a comparison of the European Union with the Habsburg Empire, with particular emphasis on similar crisis symptoms. The next three chapters discuss various aspects and contexts of the present crisis. Reflections on the Brexit controversy throw light on a longer history of intra-Union rivalry, enduring disputes and changing external conditions. An analysis of efforts to strengthen the EU’s legal and constitutional framework, and of resistances to them, highlights the unfinished agenda of integration. A closer look at the much-disputed Islamic presence in Europe suggests that an interdependent radicalization of Islamism and the European extreme right is a major factor in current political developments. Three concluding chapters adopt specific regional perspectives. Central and Eastern European countries, especially Poland, are following a path that leads to conflicts with dominant orientations of the EU, but this also raises questions about Europe’s future. The record of Scandinavian policies in relation to Europe exemplifies more general problems faced by peripheral regions. Finally, growing dissonances and divergences within the EU may strengthen the case for Eurasian perspectives.

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