scholarly journals Struktury terytorialne państwa – w poszukiwaniu optymalnych rozwiązań

2012 ◽  
pp. 129-152
Author(s):  
Marcin Sakowicz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
The One ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
European Union Member States

The article presents changes in the territorial structure, especially in the local governments, that have taken place in selected countries of European Union in the last 20 years. Changes on the local level and adjustments on the regional level as experienced by unitary states (Scandinavian and Baltic states), federal states (Belgium), states with regional autonomy (Spain) and states that underwent devolution (United Kingdom) are presented. The territorial organization of European Union member states reflects differences in governing and managing structures adjusted to the characteristics of each state. The undertaken reforms relate on the one hand to political, economic and civilizational conditions, and on the other hand to brand new approach to fulfillment of the tasks of public administration (both governmental and self governmental) that would be the most effective, efficient and satisfying the needs of citizens. In many countries, particularly Scandinavian, reforms have been implemented aiming at decreasing of the number of communes.

scholarly journals Municipal reform in Ukraine: a doctrinal approach to determining the components of system implementation blocks

2020 ◽  
pp. 155-166
Author(s):  
Ruslan Hwan
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Municipal Reform ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
Legislative Support ◽  
The One

The purpose of this article is to study doctrinal approaches to determining the components of system blocks – sections of muni -cipal reform in Ukraine in the context of their implementation.It is argued that the process of municipal reform has been carried out in Ukraine for many years and is characterized by the participationof a wide range of participants, from public authorities to institutional structures of civil society and international intergo -vernmental organizations that develop individually or collectively relevant municipal reform projects. goals, methods and forms ofimplementation, their priority and level of organizational and organizational and legal support and provision.It is argued that, on the one hand, a large number of concepts and program regulations of municipal reform contributes to slowingdown its pace and difficulties in choosing a national system of EOM, and on the other – demonstrates, concretizes, details the position of participants in municipal reform, appropriate methods and means of its implementation, and what is the main subject of this article –system blocks – sections of municipal reform concerning the legislative support of local government, the formation of real legal personalityof territorial communities, the formation of its own competence of local governments, improvement mechanisms of local protectionof human rights and freedoms (individual) at the local level of society, the final formation of the territorial organization of power,etc.

The Municipal Map in Portugal

2019 ◽  
pp. 275-292
Author(s):  
Barbara Luize Iacovino Barreiros
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
Consequent Reduction ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Do So

The municipality is the basic territorial organization for almost all the Member States of the European Union and has approximately the same attributions in all these. Even so, the territorial structure of municipalities differs in each of the Member States, and it is possible to group them into two large groups: those that have implemented reforms with a consequent reduction in the number of these entities and those with a high number of municipalities. Although Spain is a neighbor of Portugal and Portugal gets some influences from France, in fact the territorial organization of municipalities corresponds to very different realities. Through this research you can see that Portugal did reform its municipalities while France and Spain failed to do so. However, they all recognize that there is a need to reform the territorial structure of municipalities.

18. The Europeanization of National Economies?

2020 ◽  
pp. 422-451
Author(s):  
Vivien A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Post War ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
European Union Member States ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the impact of Europeanization upon the national economies of European Union member states. It considers how successful the EU has been in promoting its goal of building a single European economy out of the diverse national economies of its member states; how much convergence has occurred among EU member states, and how much divergence remains; and what impact the economic crisis beginning in 2008 has had on the EU and its member states. To answer these questions, the chapter traces the development of Europe’s national economies from the post-war period until today. It also analyses the impact of globalization and Europeanization on post-war varieties of capitalism before concluding with reflections on future patterns of political economic development in the EU in light of the economic crisis.

scholarly journals DIRECTIONS OF PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE REGIONAL TOURIST COMPLEX OF KHMELNYTSKY REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-163
Author(s):  
Olesia Dolynska
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
Primary Network ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Tourist Center ◽  
The One

The directions of perspective development of the territorial organization of the regional tourist complex of Khmelnytsky region are analyzed. As part of the regional tourist complex of Khmelnytsky region, we have identified point elements of the territorial structure: 2 bifunctional tourist nodes; 10 bifunctional tourist centers; 1 monofunctional tourist center; 17 bifunctional tourist points; 18 monofunctional tourist points. Four clusters are distinguished. The most complex territorial formations in the regional tourist complex of Khmelnytsky region are Khmelnytsky and Kamyanets-Podilsky bifunctional dispersed bushes. The main branch directions of perspective development of tourist activity of Khmelnytsky region are considered. As part of the improvement of the territorial organization of the regional tourist complex, it is necessary to pay attention first of all to the intensification of activities to complete the formation of existing tourist dispersed bushes. It is necessary to promote the establishment of Kamyanets-Podilsky as a tourist «superpoint» of the national level. It is advisable to form on the basis of this city a complex dispersed tourist bush, which should take a leading position in the development of tourism in the Khmelnytsky region. In order to reduce the polarization of the tourist regional complex, to promote the completion of the formation of tourist scattered bushes in other areas of the region. Of particular importance is its development on the basis of the regional center, which has the most favorable transport and geographical position in the region. It is expedient to build a primary network of tourist points and centers in the most promising 13 rural settlements, as well as to create two tourist clusters (Medzhibizh and Sataniv). Of particular importance is the development of a network of agricultural settlements, which will attract existing from the monuments of nature, history and culture. Thus, on the one hand, it is necessary to promote the establishment of Kamyanets-Podilsky as a tourist "superpoint" of the national level. It is advisable to form on the basis of this city a complex dispersed tourist bush, which should take a leading position in the development of tourism in the Khmelnytsky region. On the other hand, in order to reduce the polarization of the tourist regional complex, it is advisable to help complete the formation of tourist scattered bushes in other areas of the region. Of particular importance in this context is its development on the basis of the regional center, which has the most favorable transport and geographical position in the region. Also expedient, in our opinion, is the development of the primary network of tourist points and centers in the most promising 13 rural settlements, as well as the creation of two tourist clusters on the basis of the villages of Medzhibizh and Sataniv. Of particular importance in this context is the development of a network of agro-villages, which will involve in tourism activities of national importance monuments of nature, history, culture, as well as partially relevant monuments of local importance in the Khmelnytsky region. Key words: development, territorial organization, regional tourist complex, Khmelnytsky region.

scholarly journals METHODICAL APPROACHES TO THE REFORMING OF ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS IN UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1(70)) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
P.V. ZHUK
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
District Level ◽  
Governance Reform ◽  
Administrative District ◽  
Communication Links ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
Territorial Division ◽  
Administrative Center

Topicality. The need to reform subregional (district) level of administrative and territorial division of Ukraine is urgent as the result of forming of consolidated territorial communities and the change of liabilities division between the basic and district levels. Transition of the majority of liabilities from local governments to consolidated territorial communities has changed the nature and direction of communication links between the residents and authorities at the district level and contributes to reinforcement of district level of administrative and territorial units. Due to reforming of the system of administrative and territorial structure of Ukraine, a district becomes the territory of localization and functioning of state authorities. The major list of administrative, educational, medical, cultural and other public services will be provided at the basic rather than district levels.Aim and tasks. The paper aims to substantiate and outline the suggestions regarding the methodical approaches to reforming of the system of administrative and territorial units at subregional level in the context of local governance reform and authorities’ territorial organization reform conducted in Ukraine.Research results. The author analyzes the use of the concept of “district” in the context of administrative and territorial division and suggests its definition as administrative and territorial unit that is included into the higher-level units (Autonomous Republic of Crimea, oblasts, cities with special status) and is the territorial foundation for organization of activity of state authorities and local governments at subregional levels. District should include all administrative and territorial units of basic level located within its boundaries. Major principles, criteria and requirements to apply while forming the districts are suggested. Among those criteria and requirements, we outline the following: demographic capacity of a territory – usually between 150 and 800 thous. residents; transport accessibility of administrative center of the district from the most remote settlement – up to 1.5 hours (not exceeding 50-60km); the network of districts is reorganized without the change of oblasts’ boundaries; administrative center of a district is usually located closest to geographic (transport-geographical) center of district’s territory; administrative center of a district is usually the settlement with the highest economic and demographic capacity and developed infrastructure, which performed, performs or can perform the functions of subregional administrative center.An algorithm of modeling of new administrative districts is presented as the consequence of steps: 1) finding subregional centers – perspective centers of administrative districts (usually out of oblast significance cities); 2) zone of gravitation to oblast center with the radius up to 60km is considered as the territory of administrative district; 3) outside its boundaries the other districts are allocated according to gravitation zones of other perspective centers of districts; 4) there are also factors that substantially impact their functionality and efficiency of relevant authorities: natural-geographical, transport, economical, managemental, historical, demographic, infrastructural, etc.Conclusion. In author’s opinion, approaches to forming of administrative districts contribute to optimization of their network taking into account the changes in the functions of a district in the system of public authority division. Testing of these methodological approaches in the process of modeling of the new network of administrative regions shows an opportunity and reasonability of their reduction in Lvivska oblast from 20 to 7, in Ivano-Frankivska oblast from 14 to 4, in Ternopilska oblast from 15 to 4.

scholarly journals A Europe Without Internal Frontiers: Challenging the Reintroduction of Border Controls in the Schengen Area in the Light of Union Citizenship

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Stefan Salomon ◽  
Jorrit Rijpma
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Union Member ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Union Citizenship ◽  
The One ◽  
Border Controls ◽  
European Union Member States

Abstract Border controls within the Schengen area are meant to be a thing of the past. Yet, since the refugee crisis of 2015, “temporary” border controls have become quasi permanent in several European Union Member States. Although these controls are against the letter and spirit of the Schengen Borders Code, the Commission has not taken any measures to enforce these rules. One of the reasons for the dismal state of the Schengen area is the one-sided focus on the abolition of internal border controls as primarily functional for the establishment of the internal market. This comes at the expense of Union citizens’ rights and disregards the fundamental role that the abolition of border controls has on how citizens see the Union in political terms and conceive themselves as Union citizens. Against this background, we argue that from its beginning the objective of the project to abolish border controls was to foster a supranational political identity of Union citizens by transforming citizens’ spatial experience. Union citizenship in the current EU Treaty framework constitutes the legal expression of that historical connection between the abolition of border controls and free movement. Emphasizing the citizenship dimension of an area without internal frontiers provides a different perspective on current controls at the Schengen internal borders.

scholarly journals GEOGRAPHY OF WASTE AS A NEW APPROACH IN WASTE MANAGEMENT STUDY

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin Constantin MIHAI
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
International Policy ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Municipal Waste Management ◽  
The One ◽  
Economic Studies

Abstract. Municipal waste management in the last two decades has become aglobal environmental priority in the context of increasing amounts of wastegenerated due to the development of a mass consumer society. Various issuesof waste management , territorial and temporal variability, spatialanalysis of treatment or disposal facilities, systemic implications on theenvironment, the harmonization of international policy at national,regional and local level are solid arguments forstudying this field by geography. Mostly technical or economic studies,lacking a vision of territory are supplemented in the conceptual andmethodological level by geographers. This paper performed on the one hand,an overview of various approaches in current literature on waste managementissue and onanother hand analyses the geographical contributions in this field. Ourconclusions lead to the idea that waste management must be performedaccording to the geographical features of the territory concerned.

scholarly journals Strengthening Local Democracy or Neo-Liberal Conversions? New Local Governmental Legislation in Turkey

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Ayten Alkan
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Democracy ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Local Identities ◽  
Local Citizenship ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The One ◽  
Transformation Processes

Among numerous transformation processes of the globalized neo-liberal era, governmental restructuring and decentralisation of the State have been distinctive and prevalent features, particularly in the countries characterized by highly centralised traditions. This transformation has resulted in rather complex and contradictory reforms at the local level: On the one hand, local community members have begun to be seen as ‘customers’ instead of citizens. But on the other hand, local autonomy and subsidiarity have gained more importance than before. In parallel with the redefinition of local identities, differences, local potentials and decision-making processes, the emphasis on local citizenship and local democracy has become sharper. After coming into force, the new Turkish (local) governmental legislation (2004-2006) has cloven these paradoxical processes and relations. This paper aims to question how far these paradoxes are embedded in the new legislation, and whether, in these circumstances, ‘governmental decentralisation’ directly connotes ‘the empowerment of local governments and local communities’. Keywords: • Turkish Local Governmental System • (Local) Governmental Restructuring • Local Democracy • Neo-liberalism

Market Failure or Governmental Failure? A Study of China's Water Abstraction Policies

2011 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 951-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Melanie Beresford ◽  
Guojun Song
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Local Level ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Water Management System ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
The Public ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
Institutional Dimension ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractChina's water abstraction policies are significant for illustrating the application of market-based instruments in a transitional and developing country and for shedding light on improving China's water management system. This article presents a new approach to analysing applications of market-based instruments for water resources in China. Expanding the analysis beyond a rational choice approach, it demonstrates the institutional dimension of policy implementation at the local level in China. Four peculiar features of China's water institutions influence local governments in dealing with water abstraction differently from how regulators might expect. This explains local governmental failures and the implementation of water abstraction policies in several ways, including the setting of charges at low levels, a lack of necessary monitoring and sanctions, few incentives to collect charges diligently, and failure to provide accessible information for the public.

scholarly journals Suwerenność państw w procesie integracji europejskiej

2018 ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz MALENDOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Union Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Approach ◽  
International Environment ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
European Union Member States

The paper concerns an attempt to determine the status of European Union member states. It takes as its starting point the statement that the EU’s organizational structure provides for more than a confederation of states but less than a federation. At the present stage of the EU’s development a unique organization has been established that has not predecessor in the standards of international organizations. This is accompanied with a new approach to the interpretation of the nature of sovereignty of integrating European states, which is connected with intensifying processes of decomposition and the loosening of sovereign control by states over their territories and populations. States achieve their sovereign interests within the framework of international structures. They can also voluntarily restrict their sovereign rights on the basis of the commonly accepted rules and principles of international organizations. In this way they assign a comparative degree of state authorities’ competencies to these organizations. As a consequence, numerous issues that were formerly regulated by states are increasingly more often solved by means of corporate operations. This naturally leads to the states’ opening to the international environment without any threat to their sovereignty. The process of integration in Europe has not resulted in sovereignty of the European Union itself. Sovereignty remains an attribute of states. European states maintain their ability to

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