scholarly journals Ewolucja modeli lobbingu – wpływ gospodarki opartej na informacjach i wiedzy

2012 ◽  
pp. 57-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Molęda-Zdziech
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Grassroots Lobbying ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Eu

The text analyzes institutionalization of lobbying and its ties with democracy, and compares models of lobbying (pluralistic – model typical for the USA, UK, neo-corporativistic – model typical for Western Europe and Poland and the EU model). Then, lobbying is showed in the context of changes caused by the development of knowledge and information-based economy, particularly wikinomy – economy based on cooperation. The development of new technologies and the rules of global cooperation, which are the key elements of this economy, influence the creation of new lobbying strategies. This is the cause of evolution of contemporary models of lobbying in the direction of grassroots lobbying which can take different forms: from mass protests to network and internet actions. This is now called cyberlobbying and can be applied to different forms of lobbying: political, economic and social.

New Legal Pluralism and Transnational Private Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-47
Author(s):  
Vanessa Mak
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
The State ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Private Regulation ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
The Eu

This chapter makes an analysis of the theoretical foundations of lawmaking in European private law. It shows that they can be traced to transnational and constitutional pluralist theories. The main question is in which respects legal pluralism should replace the monist, state-centred perspective on lawmaking that prevailed in Western Europe since the creation of the Westphalian nation state. It is argued that, even though the state remains the primary locus for lawmaking in private law in the EU, the rise of private regulation and the interaction between courts through judicial dialogues plead in favour of adopting a strong legal pluralist perspective. ‘Strong’ or ‘radical’ legal pluralism, other than monism or ‘ordered’ legal pluralism, holds that norms can co-exist without a formal hierarchy. Both a descriptive and a normative case are put forward in support of adopting this perspective.

Adaptation of the Russian Food Market to the Contemporary Geopolitical Challenges

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-114
Author(s):  
Ivan Ivolga
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Trade Integration ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Trade Sanctions ◽  
Food Market ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Domestic Food

Domestic markets of agricultural commodities are increasingly influenced by trade integration and liberalization. Current uncertain political and economic relations in the macro-region of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Eastern and Western Europe, international tensions around Russia-Ukraine problem, bilateral economic and trade sanctions between Russia and such global economic powers as the USA and the EU transform market patterns and affect agricultural production, rural development and food security in both the CIS and worldwide. The chapter aims to discover the expected influences of such trade restrictions on trade in agricultural commodities, to assess the degree of distortion and return effects on domestic food markets. Chapter specifically addresses possible effects of trade restrictions between the EU, the USA, and other countries from one side, and Russia from the other, particularly imposed ban on agricultural trade. It is concluded with the overview of the expected influences of trade tensions on Russia's domestic food market.

scholarly journals Various approaches to building of «European Defence» in France

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-136
Author(s):  
Vladimir Chernega ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Eu

The article considers the views existing in France on the prospects of the European Union becoming a «political power» and the appearance in it of its own military instrument. It is noted that, in the opinion of most French politicians, experts and journalists, the EU is still far from being a full-pledged political subject. Although political and military structures are formed in it, as a kind of «embrio» of quasi statehood, and a «neo-imperial» tendency already exists in it, basically the EU is an economic and «civilian» power which must fight for influence on the international arena only with the help of «soft power». The main reason of its weakness is its internal friability, disagreements between Members States over its future. In addition, the United States, which are not interested in a new global rival, are hampering the achievement of the self-sufficiency, especially in the military-political share. NATO, controlled by the USA, can only allow the creation of a «European pillar» under its umbrella. Eastern European countries are against military integration of the EU, because they are oriented not by Brussels, but by Washington in the security field. However, the rise of China and the election of the nationalist Donald Trump as a President of the United States strengthened the trend in the EU advocating its political independence and the creation of its own «European defence». The article analyzes the initiatives and actions of French President Emmanuel Macron who personifies this trend. It is stated that, with the help of Germany, he managed to achieve certain progress both in terms of general integration and in the field of «European defence». This allowed him to speak about the formation of a «European army». But the question of whether he will be able to go further remains open. Besides the obstacles to political and military integration, which did not disappear, the coronavirus pandemic introduces its «corrections». The newly discovered split in the EU into «South» and «North» called into question its already fragile construction.

Adaptation of the Russian Food Market to the Contemporary Geopolitical Challenges

2016 ◽  
pp. 185-211
Author(s):  
Ivan Ivolga
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Trade Integration ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Trade Sanctions ◽  
Food Market ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Domestic Food

Domestic markets of agricultural commodities are increasingly influenced by trade integration and liberalization. Current uncertain political and economic relations in the macro-region of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Eastern and Western Europe, international tensions around Russia-Ukraine problem, bilateral economic and trade sanctions between Russia and such global economic powers as the USA and the EU transform market patterns and affect agricultural production, rural development and food security in both the CIS and worldwide. The chapter aims to discover the expected influences of such trade restrictions on trade in agricultural commodities, to assess the degree of distortion and return effects on domestic food markets. Chapter specifically addresses possible effects of trade restrictions between the EU, the USA, and other countries from one side, and Russia from the other, particularly imposed ban on agricultural trade. It is concluded with the overview of the expected influences of trade tensions on Russia's domestic food market.

scholarly journals European Union: challenges and dilemmas

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 302-310
Author(s):  
A. Rusek
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Demographic Challenges ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Eu

In the last two decades, the EU trails behind the USA in both the rate of economic growth and the rate of growth of productivity. In addition, in the next 25 years, the EU will experience demographic challenges in the form of the rapidly ageing population and a substantial increase in the dependency ratio. To answer these challenges, the EU needs economic policies which will facilitate the utilization of new technologies. To do that and to alleviate the growing pressures on the European social and economic model, the significant economic reforms are necessary. The key to that is the EU-wide integration of the financial sector.  

scholarly journals Mass and uncontrolled immigration as a threat to the civil, legal and civilizational stability in Western European countries and Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
R. V. Yengibaryan
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
World Community ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Political Economic

Introduction. Following the collapse, or rather self-liquidation, of the Soviet Union-USSR world events began to develop at a kaleidoscopic speed. Europe, Russia and the United States ceased to be central actors in global politics. Huge civilization countries such as China, India and the African continent broke into global politics with ever-increasing power. The united bloc of Islamic countries began to make aggressive claims to the entire world community, and especially to the countries of Christian civilization. And the most important and unexpected thing is that the peoples, nations, communities everywhere began to return to their civilizational, religious and spiritual roots.Materials and methods. Various methods such as comparative law, systemic, logical analysis and other methods were used in writing this article.The results of the study. The attempt to globalize the world by the socio-political criterion “capitalism socialism” failed. The world community, or rather its political, economic and intellectual elite, was given a clear message: ideologies of all kinds communism, fascism, nationalism, socialism eventually undergo transformation, split into sub streams and practically disappear, but the world religions and civilizations remain.Discussion and conclusion. The world globalized spontaneously and naturally, with financial, economic, political and technological dimensions playing the major role. At the same time globalization laid the foundation of new contradictions among countries that enjoy different social, economic levels of development and belong to various civilizations. Moreover, the interests of civilizations living in different time dimensions began to clash, like Islam that lives in 1441 and other countries that have been living in the 21st century for the second decade. The ideology of multiculturalism both in Western Europe and in the USA turned out to be unrealizable in practice, just like the communist ideology that has sunk into oblivion.

scholarly journals Paradoxo e implicações na criação da nova Agência Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural: um passo para trás? / Paradox and Implications for the Creation of the New National Agency for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension: a Step Back

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-311
Author(s):  
Pedro Henrique Ferreira Menezes Aguiar
Keyword(s):  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
National Agency ◽  
New Production ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Political Economic

ABSTRACTThe bill to create the National Agency for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ANATER) was approved on August 7, 2013, unanimously in the Agriculture Committee, Livestock, Supply and Rural Development of the House of Representatives. In order to extend the reach to new technologies by farmers across the country. This paper aims to summarize and critique through historical bias of the extension the creation of new ANATER through evaluation of their objectives, way of operating, administrative and future prospects for its operations. The creation of the new agency refers to the history of agricultural extension in the country. The extension goes far beyond the implementation of new production techniques and increased income and profit for the families of the field, it reaches levels structure political, economic, social and philosophical, and therefore liable to suffer various interferences and modifications, They can be either the local socio-cultural level and at the national levels. The creation of a national agency directly interferes in these variables, and should be evaluated local and individual characteristics of each region so that we can optimize and adapt correctly the extension and its sharesRESUMOO projeto de lei para a criação da Agência Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (ANATER) foi aprovado no dia 7 de agosto de 2013, por unanimidade na Comissão de Agricultura, Pecuária, Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento Rural da Câmara dos Deputados. Com o objetivo de ampliar o alcance a novas tecnologias pelos produtores rurais de todo o país. Este trabalho visa sintetizar e criticar através de viés histórico da extensão rural a criação da nova ANATER por meio de avaliação dos seus objetivos, forma de atuação, organização administrativa e perspectivas futuras à sua atuação. A criação da nova agência remete ao histórico da extensão rural no país. A extensão rural vai muito além da implementação de novas técnicas de produção e aumento de renda e lucro para as famílias do campo, ela atinge níveis de estrutura política, econômica, social e filosóficas, sendo, portanto passível de sofrer variadas interferências e modificações, que podem ser tanto a nível sócio-cultural local como em níveis nacional. A criação de uma agência nacional interfere diretamente nessas variáveis, e deve ser avaliada as características locais e individuais de cada região para que se possa otimizar e adaptar de maneira correta a extensão rural e suas ações.

The Degree of SMEs Digitalization in the Context of the European Digital United Market

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-76
Author(s):  
Iulia Cristina Iuga
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Electronic Marketing ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Eu

The purpose of this study is to evaluate, based on official statistical data, Romania's situation on SME marketing adaptation to the digital economy compared to 25 other European countries. The chapter will consist of three parts: Part 1, “Digital Economy”; Part 2, “Marketing of SMEs in the Context of the Digital Age”; Part 3, “The Analysis of the Degree of Digitisation of SMEs and the Creation of Favourable Conditions for this Process in the EU: Application - Hellwig's Classic Taxonomic Method.” The situation created by the COVID-19 pandemic will also be included. The author presents the main aspects of SME marketing and the new characteristics and trends of their marketing in the 'digital age'. This paper aims at the following objectives: 1) to show how the economy is influenced by new technologies and 2) to highlight Romania's position among other European countries in the application of electronic marketing techniques among SMEs.

scholarly journals Socio-economic conditions of “Biographical culture`s” formation in the USA during XX-XXI centuries

2018 ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Artem Kosheliev
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Creation ◽  
American Society ◽  
Political Economic

The article discusses the social and economic prerequisites for the formation of a “biographical culture” in the United States during the XX – beginning XXI centuries. Under the term “biographical culture”, the author understands the process of creating biographical narratives. Also, this term includes social-economic conditions in which biographical narratives influence the creation of the image of a certain personality in the collective consciousness. Using the comparative method, the study analyzes the socio-economic systems of the two states, within which were formed various “biographical cultures”. The article defines three criteria for the development of the state and society, which directly affect the creation of this culture. The first criterion is the presence or absence of a free market in the state. The second criterion is the existence of censorship in the state. The third criterion is the degree of development of the infrastructure for the distribution of biographical works and the level of its state`s dependence. The analysis based on the thesis that active and passive societies exist in different countries. Their development depends on the political, economic and ideological conditions. Based on the study, the author concluded that US society is classified as active. This means that it can produce and distribute biographical works independently without pressure from the state. Accordingly, the images of personalities created in biographical works in the USA reflect the preferences and value orientations of American society. Social values, which are reflected in the way of creating the image of a biography`s hero, develop and transform organically, but not under the pressure of a state machine.

scholarly journals EU and NATO, Need For a Coherent Partnership

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Gjana
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Self ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Military Capability ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Eu

The United States and its European allies share a common commitment to global order, moderated by the quest of global justice. So long as the Soviet Union stationed its armies across central Europe, the overriding common interest of maintaining the security and freedom of Western Europe held the Atlantic Alliance together. Underneath this, however, interests (and perceptions of interests) had diverged from the 1960s onwards, as American security concerns focused more on Southeast Asia and the Persian Gulf, while European governments explored the possibilities of détente within their own region. Since 1990, different geopolitical positions have driven US and European interests apart. Different trends in energy dependence - and different understandings of climate change - have also shaped distinctive interests. Different levels of military capability in the projection of force have interacted with divergent understandings of the process of political, social and economic development, of the roots of terrorist movements and the pathology of aggressive state regimes. Widespread resistance within the USA to accepting the legitimacy of international law and of global institutions, rooted in the belief in the exceptional character of the U.S. Constitution and the self-evident morality of American policy, as well as in the self-evident supremacy of U.S. military power, has also widened the gap in interests and understandings across the Atlantic. In recent years, the most fundamental challenge to management of the EU-NATO relationship has been the combination of a United States drifting toward unilat¬eralism and European concentration on creating an "autonomous" defence policy. Such natural but ominous tendencies could feed on one another, creating cir¬cumstances that could lead the transatlantic bargain from one crisis to another. This article deals with the EU-NATO relations and their views regarding the security and the partnership in general.

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