scholarly journals Enquête sur la provenance et les pérégrinations de deux livres d’Heures enluminés du XVe siècle conservés aux Archives des jésuites au Canada

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-72
Author(s):  
Johanne Biron
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
New France ◽  
Books Of Hours ◽  
Devotional Practices ◽  
Edward Jones ◽  
Jesuit Missionaries ◽  
Xviie Siecle

Les Relations et le Journal des jésuites attestèrent la présence de livres d’Heures en Nouvelle-France au XVIIe siècle. À la même époque, les hospitalières de l’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec réclamaient des livres d’Heures auprès de leurs bienfaiteurs européens, perpétuant certaines pratiques de dévotion héritées du Moyen-Âge et de la Renaissance. Deux livres d’Heures du XVe siècle sont conservés aux Archives des jésuites au Canada. Cette enquête vise à retracer les routes que purent emprunter les deux manuscrits avant d’entrer dans les Archives du Collège Sainte-Marie fondées en 1844 par le père Félix Martin. À la fin du XIXe et au début XXe siècle, les deux livres furent mis en valeur par le père Arthur Edward Jones, dans le cadre d’expositions consacrées aux manuscrits des premiers missionnaires jésuites en Amérique du Nord. Cette enquête vise aussi à prendre la mesure de l’intérêt que ces Heures suscitèrent chez les bibliophiles jésuites et laïcs. The Jesuit Relations and the Journal des jésuites attest to the presence of Books of Hours in New France during the seventeenth century. At the same time, the Hospitallers of the Hôtel-Dieu in Quebec were demanding Books of Hours from their European benefactors, thus continuing certain devotional practices inherited from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Two Books of Hours from the fifteenth century are preserved at the Archive of the Jesuits in Canada. This inquiry is aimed at retracing the routes that the two manuscripts had taken before arriving at the Archive of the Collège Sainte-Marie, which was founded in 1844 by Father Felix Martin. At the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, the two books were given pride of place by Father Arthur Edward Jones at the centre of expositions devoted to manuscripts of the first Jesuit missionaries in North America. This investigation is additionally aimed at assessing the interest taken in these Hours among Jesuit bibliophiles and the laity.

scholarly journals “Seeing These Good Souls Adore God in the Midst of the Woods”

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-300
Author(s):  
Muriel Clair
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
New France ◽  
Hunting Season ◽  
Subarctic Region ◽  
Kinship Networks ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Jesuit Missionaries

Up to 1647, Jesuit missionaries in New France attempting to evangelize nomadic Algonquians of North America’s subarctic region were unable to follow these peoples, as they wished, in their seasonal hunts. The mission sources, especially the early Jesuit Relations, indicate that it was Algonquian neophytes of the Jesuit mission villages of Sillery and La Conception who themselves attracted other natives to Christianity. A veritable Native American apostolate was thus in existence by the 1640s, based in part on the complex kinship networks of the nomads. Thus it appears that during that decade, the Jesuits of New France adopted a new strategy of evangelization, based partly on the kinship networks of the nomads, which allowed for the natives’ greater autonomy in communicating and embracing Catholicism. A difficulty faced by the Jesuit editors of the Relations was how to concede to the culture of the nomads without offending their devout, European readers of the era of the “great confinement,” upon whom the missionaries depended for financial support. One way the Jesuits favorably portrayed nomadic neophytes—who were often unaccompanied by a missionary in their travels—was by underscoring the importance during hunting season of memory-based and material aids for Catholic prayer (Christian calendars, icons, rosaries, crucifixes, oratories in the woods, etc.). Thus, in the Jesuit literature, the gradual harmonization between Native American mobility and the Catholic liturgy was the key feature of the missionaries’ adaptation to the aboriginal context of the 1640s—a defining period for the Jesuit apostolate in North America through the rest of the seventeenth century.

The Stigmata in Medieval and Early Modern Europe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Muessig
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Introductory Overview ◽  
Devotional Practices ◽  
The Face ◽  
Biblical Commentaries

Francis of Assisi’s reported reception of the stigmata on Mount La Verna in 1224 is often considered to be the first account of an individual receiving the five wounds of Christ. The thirteenth-century appearance of this miracle, however, is not as unexpected as it first seems. Interpretations of Galatians 6:17—I bear the stigmata of the Lord Jesus Christ in my body—had been circulating in biblical commentaries since late antiquity. These works explained stigmata as wounds that martyrs received, like the apostle Paul, in their attempt to spread Christianity in the face of resistance. By the seventh century, stigmata were described as marks of Christ that priests received invisibly at their ordination. In the eleventh century, monks and nuns were perceived as bearing the stigmata in so far as they lived a life of renunciation out of love for Christ. By the later Middle Ages holy women like Catherine of Siena (d. 1380) were more frequently described as having stigmata than their male counterparts. With the religious upheavals of the sixteenth century, the way stigmata were defined reflected the diverse perceptions of Christianity held by Catholics and Protestants. This study traces the birth and evolution of religious stigmata as expressed in theological discussions and devotional practices in Western Europe from the early Middle Ages to the early seventeenth century. It also contains an introductory overview of the historiography of religious stigmata beginning in the second half of the seventeenth century to its treatment and assessment in the twenty-first century.

Why This Time and Place?

Born to Write ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Neil Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
The Revolution

From about the late fifteenth century onwards, literature and learning acquired increased importance for the social position of noble and elite-commoner families in France. One reason is the expansion and rise to prominence of the royal office-holder milieu, which had no exact equivalent in, say, England, where the aristocracy was much smaller than the French nobility and where there was no equivalent of the French system of venality of office. In France, family literature often helped extend across the generations a relationship between two families—that of the literary producer and that of the monarch. From the late Middle Ages, the conditions for family literature were made more favourable by broad social shifts. Although this study focuses mainly on the period from the late fifteenth to the mid-seventeenth century, it is likely that the production of works from within families of literary producers thrived especially up to the Revolution.

scholarly journals Jean de Brébeuf and the Wendat Voices of Seventeenth-Century New France

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 97-126
Author(s):  
Carolyn Podruchny ◽  
Kathryn Magee Labelle
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
New France ◽  
Xviie Siecle

Les relations des Jésuites, datant du XVIIe siècle, sont habitées par les voix des autochtones que les Jésuites ont tenté de convertir au catholicisme. Ces voix peuvent révéler beaucoup de l’histoire des autochtones et de leur rencontre avec les européens, une fois que l’on saisit la nature du point de vue jésuite. Cet article explore la dualité de la vision du jésuite Jean de Brébeuf dans ses relations de 1635 et 1636, au sujet des hurons Wendat de Nouvelle France. Ses écrits révèlent son approche scientifique comme ethnographe, ainsi que sa nature mystique profondément engagée dans sa vocation missionnaire. Dans ses descriptions de la politique, de la religion et de la cosmologie wendate, on constate la difficulté qu’a Jean de Brébeuf à considérer les Wendats comme un peuple intelligent, et le fait qu’il les considère comme des êtres dégénérés qu’il faut sauver.

scholarly journals Les reliures des livres d’Heures manuscrits de l’Université McGill et la reliure gothique d’origine du McGill, MS 101

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-214
Author(s):  
Geneviève Samson
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Books Of Hours ◽  
Autonomous Element

Une reliure sert avant tout à protéger l’ouvrage qu’elle recouvre. Elle doit aussi être considérée comme un élément autonome qui a son esthétique, ses techniques et son histoire propres. Cet article présentera d’abord, de manière générale, les reliures des neuf livres d’Heures manuscrits conservés à McGill, dont certaines sont d’origine et d’autres furent restaurées entre le XVIIe et la fin du XXe siècle. En second lieu, la remarquable reliure originale du manuscrit McGill, MS 101 sera décrite en détail. Cette reliure est la plus représentative du corpus au pour son vocabulaire stylistique de la reliure de la deuxième moitié du XVe siècle avec ses ais, ses fermoirs en laiton torsadé et son cuir décoré à froid de fers dit monastiques. L’analyse codicologique de ces livres d’Heures contribue à l’archéologie du livre médiéval et s’inscrit dans une perspective de mise en valeur de la reliure ancienne en Occident entreprise par de grandes bibliothèques européennes. A book’s binding, above all else, serves to protect the work inside. It must also be considered as an autonomous element that has its own aesthetic, techniques, and history. This article will present, in a general way, the bindings of nine Books of Hours preserved at McGill, some of which are original and others that were restored between the seventeenth century and the end of the twentieth. Secondly, the remarkable original binding of manuscript McGill, MS 101 will be described in detail. This binding is the most representative of the corpus when considering the stylistic vocabulary of book bindings during the second half of the fifteenth century with its panels, braided brass fasteners, and leather which was decorated freehand with a monastic design. The codicological analysis of these Books of Hours contributes to the archeology of the medieval book and follows a perspective of the development of ancient book binding in the West undertaken by great European libraries.

Introduction: The Ottoman Empire and its Frontiers

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. S. PEACOCK
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

Stretching across Europe, Asia and Africa for half a millennium bridging the end of the Middle Ages and the early twentieth century, the Ottoman Empire was one of the major forces that forged the modern world. The chapters in this book focus on four key themes: frontier fortifications, the administration of the frontier, frontier society and relations between rulers and ruled, and the economy of the frontier. Through snapshots of aspects of Ottoman frontier policies in such diverse times and places as fifteenth-century Anatolia, seventeenth-century Hungary, nineteenth-century Iraq or twentieth-century Jordan, the book provides a richer picture than hitherto available of how this complex empire coped with the challenge of administering and defending disparate territories in an age of comparatively primitive communications. By way of introduction, this chapter seeks to provide an overview of these four themes in the history of Ottoman frontiers.

Vegetius'S ‘De Re Militari’: The Triumph of Mediocrity

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 247-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney Anglo
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
De Re ◽  
Men 1 ◽  
Military Institutions ◽  
The Many ◽  
Modern Warfare ◽  
The Middle Ages

Throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Vegetius was regarded as the most authoritative writer on Roman military institutions in particular and upon war in general. His appeal was both historical and practical; his anti-mercenary fervour impressed Italian humanists in the fifteenth century,- his aphoristic wisdom was incorporated by Machiavelli into his own work and was, in turn, further disseminated by the many military writers who fell wider Machiavelli's spell. Nevertheless, Vegetius's reputation was increasingly under threat. The accumulation and publication of materials relating to modern warfare and to technologies unknown to the ancients was developing apace, and even writers who believed that classical military institutions remained relevant to modern warfare now had at their disposal a range of ancient authors largely unknown in the Middle Ages. Scholars were becoming simultaneously more aware of Vegetius's shortcomings and more sophisticated in their handling of historical sources. Yet, despite this, Vegetius enjoyed hisgreatest (though short-lived) triumph early in the seventeenth century when he was translated, paraphrased and illustrated by Johann von Wallhausen as an indispensable source forall practical military men.1

scholarly journals A Muslim Holy Man to Convert Christians in a Transottoman Setting: Approaches to Sarı Saltuk from the Late Middle Ages to the Present

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 57-78
Author(s):  
Stefan Rohdewald
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Near East ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Holy Man

Interpretations of texts on Sarı Saltuk may serve as a central example of the entanglement of Muslim and Christian contexts in (south-)eastern Europe and the Near East. Analyzing the fifteenth-century Saltuk-nâme and reports by Evliya Çelebi from the seventeenth century, a wide extension of the area concerned, as far as Poland-Lithuania, Muscovy and Sweden, can be observed. With the change of the contents of reports from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, an increasing interest in Christians participating in the veneration of sites connected to Sarı Saltuk can be remarked. Yet descriptions of a veneration of Sarı S altuk in a non-Muslim setting r emain firmly embedded in Christian contexts, complicating a transreligious interpretation of them. In today’s Turkish perspective, though, Sarı Saltuk is no longer contextualized in a manner encompassing Russia and Poland, too, but much more in a context focusing on and affirming national Turkish Anatolian or nationalized post-Ottoman contents in the Balkans.

Deploying Amazons

2018 ◽  
pp. 80-102
Author(s):  
Gina M. Martino
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
New England ◽  
Role Models ◽  
New France ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Women Warriors ◽  
Cotton Mather ◽  
Jesuit Missionaries ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 3 explores the relationship between women’s war making in the northeastern borderlands and propaganda. It argues that political and religious leaders used accounts of women’s martial activities to improve morale and influence policy at local, colonial, and imperial levels. Images of Amazons and other mythical and historical women warriors often appeared in this propaganda, establishing a precedent for women’s actions in North America and adding excitement and familiar literary figures that resonated with readers. In New France, Jesuit missionaries used the figure of the Amazon to positively portray Native female combatants as well as brave nuns who traveled to Canada. They also used their published reports, the Jesuit Relations, to urge wealthy French women to be brave like Canada’s Amazon-nuns and donate to the mission. In New England, officials held up women who made war (such as Hannah Dustan) as positive, Christian role models when morale was low, and writers such as the Rev. Cotton Mather sent accounts of women’s war making to England in attempts to shape imperial policy.

“Ravishing Odors of Paradise”: Jesuits, Olfaction, and Seventeenth-Century North America

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW KETTLER
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
New France ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
Cultural Accommodation ◽  
Pays D'en Haut

In seventeenth-century North America, efforts at cultural accommodation through similarities in olfactory inclusive spiritual sensoriums helped to create cross-cultural concordance between Jesuit Fathers and Native Americans in New France, the St. Lawrence Valley, and the Pays d'en Haut. Jesuits engaged Native Americans towards Catholic conversion by using scentful tactics and sensory rhetoric. Jesuits increased their own respect for the olfactory during their North American encounters due to a siege mentality born of the Counter-Reformation and from a forcefully influential Native American respect for multisensory forms of environmental and spiritual literacy which included a heightened reverence for odors.

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