scholarly journals Psychotic Symptoms after Long Term Using Diazepam and Alprazolam Medication; Depend Syndrome of Alprazolam

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Withdrawal Syndrome ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Alprazolam Withdrawal ◽  
The Brain

Alprazolam and Diazepam two most prescribed benzodiazepine in the Kosovo have been potential for addictive use. Both drugs are rapidly absorbed and enter the brain tissue rapidly, leading to reinforcement. Alprazolam has a short half – life that may lead to more withdrawal symptoms than Diazepam. In experimental conditions, they are among the most reinforcing benzodiazepines. Each causes a withdrawal syndrome, but Alprazolam withdrawal may be more severe and may occur after a shorter period of use. Adverse effects from their use are rare, yet negative consequences may be seen with some regularly. Alprazolam deserves special caution, because of its relative newness great popularity-reinforcing capabilities relatively sense withdrawal syndrome, and reports of addiction and negative consequences of use.

Developmental Timing of Stress Effects on the Brain

2018 ◽  
pp. 560-584
Author(s):  
Keira B. Leneman ◽  
Megan R. Gunnar
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Infancy And Early Childhood ◽  
The Brain

The physiological stress response integrates endocrine, autonomic, and neural structures and pathways to respond and adapt to an organism’s environment. This integration is dynamic throughout development, with certain periods of rapid change for each system. With the introduction of chronic stress, physiological responses that may be adaptive in the immediate context can have long-term consequences for physical and emotional health, influencing systems differently depending upon developmental status at the time of stress exposure. From the nonhuman literature, prenatal, infancy, and adolescence are developmental stages that seem especially sensitive to major stress exposures. Human studies are less conclusive. Although much work has been done on prenatal stress and certain stressors (e.g., deprivation) during infancy and early childhood, more work is needed that addresses the challenges of isolating periods of environmental insults as well as carefully considering how prior developmental and subsequent experiences moderate exposure to major stress conditions at different points in development. Information on the transition from childhood to adolescence is especially sparse. A more comprehensive understanding of these developmental processes will enable a more targeted approach to ameliorating negative consequences of stress with both prevention and intervention.

scholarly journals Normalizing the Abnormal: Do Antipsychotic Drugs Push the Cortex Into an Unsustainable Metabolic Envelope?

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico E Turkheimer ◽  
Pierluigi Selvaggi ◽  
Mitul A Mehta ◽  
Mattia Veronese ◽  
Fernando Zelaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Extrapyramidal Syndrome ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cardiac Disorders ◽  
Positive Symptoms Of Psychosis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Novel Model

Abstract The use of antipsychotic medication to manage psychosis, principally in those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, is well established. Antipsychotics are effective in normalizing positive symptoms of psychosis in the short term (delusions, hallucinations and disordered thought). Their long-term use is, however, associated with side effects, including several types of movement (extrapyramidal syndrome, dyskinesia, akathisia), metabolic and cardiac disorders. Furthermore, higher lifetime antipsychotic dose-years may be associated with poorer cognitive performance and blunted affect, although the mechanisms driving the latter associations are not well understood. In this article, we propose a novel model of the long-term effects of antipsychotic administration focusing on the changes in brain metabolic homeostasis induced by the medication. We propose here that the brain metabolic normalization, that occurs in parallel to the normalization of psychotic symptoms following antipsychotic treatment, may not ultimately be sustainable by the cerebral tissue of some patients; these patients may be characterized by already reduced oxidative metabolic capacity and this may push the brain into an unsustainable metabolic envelope resulting in tissue remodeling. To support this perspective, we will review the existing data on the brain metabolic trajectories of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia as indexed using available neuroimaging tools before and after use of medication. We will also consider data from pre-clinical studies to provide mechanistic support for our model.

scholarly journals Altered expression of DNA damage repair genes in the brain tissue of mice conceived by in vitro fertilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-153
Author(s):  
Minhao Hu ◽  
Yiyun Lou ◽  
Shuyuan Liu ◽  
Yuchan Mao ◽  
Fang Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Dna Damage Repair ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Repair Genes

Abstract Our previous study revealed a higher incidence of gene dynamic mutation in newborns conceived by IVF, highlighting that IVF may be disruptive to the DNA stability of IVF offspring. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The DNA damage repair system plays an essential role in gene dynamic mutation and neurodegenerative disease. To evaluate the long-term impact of IVF on DNA damage repair genes, we established an IVF mouse model and analyzed gene and protein expression levels of MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, MLH1, PMS2, OGG1, APEX1, XPA and RPA1 and also the amount of H2AX phosphorylation of serine 139 which is highly suggestive of DNA double-strand break (γH2AX expression level) in the brain tissue of IVF conceived mice and their DNA methylation status using quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting and pyrosequencing. Furthermore, we assessed the capacity of two specific non-physiological factors in IVF procedures during preimplantation development. The results demonstrated that the expression and methylation levels of some DNA damage repair genes in the brain tissue of IVF mice were significantly changed at 3 weeks, 10 weeks and 1.5 years of age, when compared with the in vivo control group. In support of mouse model findings, oxygen concentration of in vitro culture environment was shown to have the capacity to modulate gene expression and DNA methylation levels of some DNA damage repair genes. In summary, our study indicated that IVF could bring about long-term alterations of gene and protein expression and DNA methylation levels of some DNA damage repair genes in the brain tissue and these alterations might be resulted from the different oxygen concentration of culture environment, providing valuable perspectives to improve the safety and efficiency of IVF at early embryonic stage and also throughout different life stages.

scholarly journals A Case Report of Severe Delirium after Amantadine Withdrawal

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Marxreiter ◽  
Jürgen Winkler ◽  
Martin Uhl ◽  
Dominik Madžar
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Withdrawal Syndrome ◽  
Dopamine Agonists ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Comt Inhibitors ◽  
Mao B ◽  
Psychotropic Substance

Amantadine is frequently used in addition to dopaminergic substances like dopamine agonists or L-Dopa in advanced Parkinson disease (PD). However, adverse effects like hallucinations limit its use. PD patients developing severe psychotic symptoms upon treatment with either dopaminergic substances and/or amantadine need to stop intake of any psychotropic substance. Here, we report the case of a 71-year-old PD patient without previously known cognitive impairment. He presented with drug-induced psychotic symptoms due to changes in his therapeutic regimen (increase in COMT inhibitors, newly introduced MAO B inhibitors). Also, amantadine had been part of his long-term medication for more than 2 years. The severity of his psychotic symptoms required a L-Dopa monotherapy. After changing his medication, the patient developed severe delirium that resolved rapidly after i.v. amantadine infusion, suggesting an amantadine withdrawal syndrome. Amantadine withdrawal syndrome is a rare adverse event that may present even in PD patients without cognitive impairment. This case report highlights the need for a gradual withdrawal of amantadine even if acute and severe psychotic symptoms are present. Moreover, this is the first report of a cognitively unimpaired patient developing an amantadine withdrawal syndrome.

scholarly journals Steroid induced psychiatric adverse effects: an overview of risk factors, clinical features and management

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2365
Author(s):  
Anant Parasher ◽  
Jeplin Bez
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Steroid Therapy ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Duration Of Treatment

Corticosteroids have been in use since the past five decades as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs for the treatment of several pathologies such as asthma, allergy, rheumatoid arthritis, and dermatological disorders. Adverse effects include growth retardation in children, immunosuppression, hypertension, hyperglycemia, inhibition of wound repair, osteoporosis, metabolic disturbances, glaucoma, and cataracts. The psychiatric effects of steroids are due to the wide expression of Glucocorticoid Receptors in the brain, and their long-term modulation can lead to functional and anatomical alterations along with hippocampal dysfunction. In most cases, the psychiatric symptoms disappear on cessation of steroid therapy; others may require some form of therapeutic management. A search was conducted for clinically relevant articles from 1971 to 2016 by including the terms corticosteroids, mania, depression, psychosis and cognitive defects. About one-fifth of patients receiving high doses of corticosteroids develop psychiatric symptoms. These symptoms are observed to be dose-dependent and generally occur during the first few weeks of therapy. Lithium has a preventive as well as therapeutic role, while antipsychotics are reserved for high risk cases with predominant psychotic symptoms. Psychiatric effects of long term steroid therapy have become increasingly common nowadays due to long duration of treatment of many chronic respiratory and orthopedic illnesses. Reduction in the dose or complete discontinuation of steroid therapy has been proven beneficial in many patients. Among the therapeutic options, lithium has a definitive role, both in the prevention as well as treatment of psychiatric symptoms. Better co-ordination between the physician and psychiatrist can go a long way to improve the quality of life in these patients. 

scholarly journals “Neurocovid”: An Analysis of the Impact of Covid-19 on the Older Adults. Evolving Psychological and Neuropsychological Understanding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Palermo
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Frailty ◽  
Daily Routines ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

When SARS-CoV-2 began to spread, older adults experienced disproportionately greater adverse effects from the pandemic, including exacerbation of pre-existing physical and cognitive frailty conditions. More severe complications, higher mortality, and concerns about disruptions to their daily routines and access to care. Knowledge about the impact of COVID-19 on the brain is rapidly accumulating and this is reflected in the increasing use of the term “neurocovid”. Co-involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system had already been observed in SARS patients, but COVID-19 seems to invade it with greater affinity than other coronaviruses. This chapter provides an overview of the expanding understanding of the multiple ways in which COVID-19 affects the human brain, discuss the likelihood of long-term sequelae of neurocovid, and their implications for cognitive functions and behaviors in the elderly.

Bio-Degradable Glass for Neural Probe Application

2013 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 555-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Qi Lim ◽  
Kwan Ling Tan ◽  
Wei Guo Chen ◽  
Mink Yu Je ◽  
Tack Boon Yee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Brain Neuron ◽  
Tissue Movement ◽  
Neural Probe ◽  
The Brain

This work presents a bio-degradable glass probes and its biocompatibility assessment for neural applications. The probes can be implanted into different sites of the human brain for recording and stimulating purposes. Current existing neural probe address the probe stiffness requirement for the penetration of brain tissue. However, this requirement normally resulted in the rigidity of the probe which is non-compatible with the brain tissue movement for long term implantation. The brain neuron cells will be damaged by too rigid probe substrate. In order to address this issue, bio-degradable glass probes having sufficient stiffness for a smooth brain insertion as well as ability to degrade after implantation; leaving behind the flexible circuitry substrate was being explored. The biodegradability of the proposed probe was evaluated.

The Effects of Retesting on the Mechanical Properties of the Brain Tissue

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asghar Rezaei ◽  
Ghodrat Karami ◽  
Fardad Azarmi ◽  
Mehdi Salimi Jazi ◽  
Mariusz Ziejewski
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Stress Relaxation Test ◽  
Preparation Time ◽  
Relaxation Functions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Brain

This research is intended to examine the amount of changes that can happen in material characteristics after retesting. Stress relaxation test is conducted on the same samples of the swine brain tissue for several times in small and large deformations. The mechanical properties of the substance are calculated before and after retest and the constants of the tissue, as mechanical characteristics, are determined and compared. Short- and long-term moduli, relaxation times and relaxation functions are of those data that are calculated and compared to understand how much they decay after repeating the experiments. The results show that applying different tests on one sample slightly changes the mechanical properties of the tissue and, as a result, it is partly possible to perform more than one test on the same sample resulting in less sample preparation, time and effort.

scholarly journals A systematic review of neuroimaging and acute cannabis exposure in age-of-risk for psychosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lani Cupo ◽  
Eric Plitman ◽  
Elisa Guma ◽  
M. Mallar Chakravarty
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Symptom Dimensions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAcute exposure to cannabis has been associated with an array of cognitive alterations, increased risk for neuropsychiatric illness, and other neuropsychiatric sequelae including the emergence of acute psychotic symptoms. However, the brain alterations associating cannabis use and these behavioral and clinical phenotypes remains disputed. To this end, neuroimaging can be a powerful technique to non-invasively study the impact of cannabis exposure on brain structure and function in both humans and animal models. While chronic exposure studies provide insight into how use may be related to long-term outcomes, acute exposure may reveal interesting information regarding the immediate impact of use and abuse on brain circuits. Understanding these alterations could reveal the connection with symptom dimensions in neuropsychiatric disorders and, more specifically with psychosis. The purpose of the present review is to: 1) provide an update on the findings of pharmacological neuroimaging studies examining the effects of administered cannabinoids and 2) focus the discussion on studies that examine the sensitive window for the emergence of psychosis. Current literature indicates that cannabis exposure has varied effects on the brain, with the principal compounds in cannabis (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol) altering activity across different brain regions. Importantly, we also discovered critical gaps in the literature, particularly regarding sex-dependent responses and long-term effects of chronic exposure. Certain networks often characterized as dysregulated in psychosis, like the default mode network and limbic system, were also impacted by THC exposure, identifying areas of particular interest for future work investigating the potential relationship between the two.

Substance Use Disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 353-358
Author(s):  
Bhanuprakash Kolla ◽  
Sara E. Hocker
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Withdrawal Syndrome ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Amount Of Substance ◽  
Abrupt Cessation ◽  
Continued Use

Substance use disorders are chronic, relapsing illnesses that are associated with serious medical, economic, and social consequences. Substance use disorders are associated with loss of control over the amount of substance used, continued use despite negative consequences, preoccupation with use, and dysphoria during abstinence. In heavy and long-term users, abrupt cessation or reduction in substance use results in substance-specific withdrawal syndrome. Risk of substance use disorders is influenced by genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors.

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