scholarly journals Analysis of Carotenoid Composition in Oil Palm Fruits (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) from several Varieties: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1470-1479
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Carotenoid Composition ◽  
Palm Fruits ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Content Range ◽  
Β Carotene

Basically, oil palm has three types of fruit, namely the dura, pisifera, and tenera varieties. These three varieties have different characteristics, likewise with resulting Crude Palm Oil (CPO) levels. Generally, palm oil contains 500–700 ppm of carotenoid compounds, and the amount is equivalent to 15 times the carotenoids in carrots and 300 times in tomatoes. This is a study of information about the carotenoid composition of three varieties of oil palm fruit and applying the most superior analytical methods to obtain carotenoids from CPO. The purpose of this review is to examine the carotenoid composition of three varieties of oil palm fruit and carotenoid analysis methods presented for consideration as a reference. The method used in this review is the inclusion and exclusion criteria in literary search. The results showed that the carotenoid composition of the three varieties of oil palm in the presence of 11 types of carotene and the highest percentage composition was β-carotene with a content range of 54.39–56.02%. As for the development of new methods for carotenoid analysis from CPO, namely Raman and FT-NIR spectroscopy with the advantages of being environmentally friendly, not using solvents, and fast measurement compared to methods UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, UPLC, and HPLC.

scholarly journals Involvement of rural households in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruits postharvest activities in Ondo State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Dorcas Lola Alabi ◽  
Michael Famakinwa ◽  
Oluwakemi Esther Akinnawonu
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Palm Fruits

The study assessed the involvement of rural households in oil palm fruits post-harvest activities (PHAs) in Ondo State, Nigeria. Specifically, examined their perception towards involvement in oil palm fruits PHAs; identified oil palm fruit PHAs respondents were involved in; determined their level of involvement in those activities and identified constraints associated with their involvement. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 120 processors from selected 3 LGAs in Ondo State. Data were collected using structured interview schedule and summarized with percentages, means and standard deviations while correlation and chi-square analyses were used to draw inference on hypothesis. Results showed that the majority (63.3%) of the respondents had favourable perception towards involvement in oil palm fruits PHAs. The majority of the processors were mostly involved in marketing of palm oil (86.8%), storage of palm oil (80%) and packing of palm oil (60.8%). Also, more than half (61.7%) of the respondents had moderate level of involvement in oil palm fruit PHAs. Lack of modern processing unit (x̄ =2.96), inadequate access to credit facilities (x̄ =2.90), lack of adequate technology (x̄ =2.81) were the major constraints limiting respondents’ involvement in oil palm fruit PHAs. The result of correlation analysis showed that years of residence (r= -0.184), family size (r=0.200) and years of education (r=0.322) had significant relationship with respondents’ involvement in oil palm fruits PHAs. The study concluded that respondents had moderate involvement in oil palm fruits PHAs and recommended that the government at the grassroot should assist in providing modern processing and functional credit facilities.Keywords: Oil palm fruits, Postharvest activities, Involvement, Rural households

scholarly journals Influence of Fresh Palm Fruit Sterilization in the Production of Carotenoid-Rich Virgin Palm Oil

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2838
Author(s):  
Nik Suhaimi Mat Hassan ◽  
Md. Sohrab Hossain ◽  
Venugopal Balakrishnan ◽  
Mark Harris Zuknik ◽  
Muliadi Mustaner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Palm Fruits ◽  
Cold Pressed

Palm oil is known to be rich in carotenoids and other phytonutrients. However, the carotenoids and phytonutrients degrade due to high heat sterilization of oil palm fruits. The present study was conducted to produce carotenoid-rich virgin palm oil (VPO) using cold-press extraction. Herein, the influence of sterilization of oil palm fresh fruits in the production of cold-pressed VPO was determined with varying sterilization temperatures, times, and amounts of palm fruits in sterilization. The experimental sterilization conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the maximum VPO yield and minimum FFAs in cold-pressed VPO. The optimal sterilization experimental conditions of oil palm fruits were determined to be a sterilization temperature of 62 °C, a time of 90 min, and an amount of oil palm fruits of 8 kg. Under these experimental conditions, the maximum cold-pressed VPO yield and the minimal content of free fatty acids (FFAs) obtained were 27.94 wt.% and 1.32 wt.%, respectively. Several analytic methods were employed to determine cold-pressed VPO quality and fatty acids compositions and compared with the crude palm oil. It was found that cold-pressed VPO contains higher carotenoids (708 mg/g) and unsaturated fatty acids compared with the carotenoid (343 mg/g) and fatty acid compositions in CPO. The findings of the present study reveal that the sterilization temperature potentially influences the carotenoid and nutrient contents in VPO; therefore, the optimization of the sterilization conditions is crucial to producing carotenoid- and phytonutrient-rich VPO.

scholarly journals Design and development of a manually operated oil palm crusher

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
MR Islam ◽  
MA Awal ◽  
CK Mistry
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Palm Fruits

Palm growers in Bangladesh are currently facing problems to extract crude palm oil from FFB.  The traditional method of palm oil processing is time-consuming, laborious, hazardous, and inefficient resulting in the production of low-quality oil. Though mechanical processing is costly but produces good quality Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and the oil recovery rate is high. A low-cost mechanical (manually operated) oil palm crusher was designed and febricated in the workshop of the Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The crusher was designed by using Auto-Cad software. It was fabricated according to design parameters. It is fabricated by stainless steel (SS) shaft, stainless steel cylinder, mild steel (MS) hopper, (MS) hollow bars, MS pressure case cap & Bearing. It requires a very small rotating force. The cost of the crusher is only BDT 12000, which is within the buying capacity of the farmers of Bangladesh. Crusher was mounted on the table or bench. At first 500 gm fresh palm fruits were taken for experimentation. About 300 gm mesocarp and 200 gm oil palm kernel (nuts) were found from 500 gm oil palm fruits. Heating 300 gm mesocarp about 15 minutes and was weighted 280 gm mesocarp due to moisture loss. About 62 gm crude palm oil, 124 gm oil cake, 88 gm skum were collected from 280 gm mesocarp. The average m.c (wb) of fresh palm fruit was found 20.73%. The crushing capacity of the mesocarp of the crusher was o.84 kg/hr. The rotating speed of the screw was 26 rpm. Crude oil percentage was found 22.14%. The total time to extract 62 gm crude palm oil from 500 gm of fresh fruit was 1hr and 15 minutes. The weight of the crusher is 11 kg which is easy to operate by one man. The overall performance of the crusher was found quite satisfactory and could be useful for smallholder palm growers in Bangladesh. Progressive Agriculture 32 (1): 60-70, 2021

Sterilization of Oil Palm Fruits by Microwave Heating for Replacing Steam Treatment in Palm Oil Mill Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 1025-1026 ◽  
pp. 470-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayakorn Nokkaew ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Steam Treatment ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Palm Fruits ◽  
Mill Process

This research studies on the effects of microwave heating of oil palm fruits for the sterilization. The conventional uses steam heating for sterilization of oil palm fruit brunches. The sterilization is requires as a pretreatment to deactivate enzymes that increase the free fatty acid content (FFA) before oil extraction. The conventional treatment of sterilization produces the large amount of waste water from the palm oil mill process. So, microwave heating is used in this research for solving this problem and improving of crude palm oil quality. In experiment, the oil palm fruits were heated for 1-5 min after that oil was extracted by solvent extraction. Oil content (OC), Moisture content (MC), Deterioration Of Bleachability Index (DOBI), carotene content (CC) and FFA were investigated. The optimum condition was 850W for 2 min of heating time. The chemical properties were 84.14% of OC, 8.49% of MC in mesocarp, 2.36 of DOBI, 882.55 ppm of CC and 3.40% of FFA. Fronm the results of chemical properties indicated that microwave heating is good technique for sterilization of palm oil fruits when compared with steam treatment.

scholarly journals Fatty acid composition of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) fruits grown in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158
Author(s):  
MM Uddin ◽  
MS Yeasmin ◽  
MA Jalil ◽  
GMM Rana ◽  
ML Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Β Carotene

This study was undertaken to evaluate the fatty acid composition and other physicochemical properties of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruits grown in Bangladesh and compared these values with crude palm oil (CPO) imported from Malaysia. Ripe and fresh oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fruits were collected from different districts of Bangladesh and the crude oils were extracted by a screw press machine and was divided into three fractions: crude palm oil (CPO), degummed palm oil (DPO) and degummed bleached palm oil (DBPO). The percent yield, their physico-chemical characteristics, fatty acid composition, β-carotene, tocopherols and tocotrienols of the fractions were determined. Fatty acid composition and other physicochemical properties of Bangladeshi crude palm oil (CPO) were found to be more or less similar to the CPO imported from Malaysia. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(2), 153-158, 2020

scholarly journals APLIKASI LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN METODA BIOPORI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT (ELAEIS GUINEENSIS JACQ.) BELUM MENGHASILKAN

Jurnal Solum ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Demson Saputra Tambunan ◽  
Nelvia Nelvia ◽  
Al Ichsan Amri
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Immature Oil ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Agricultural Faculty ◽  
Liquid Wastes

The wider the area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia, the more palm oil mills will process more oil palm fruit bunches and produce waste one of them is liquid waste. The amount of liquid waste that is more and more if not treated properly will cause environmental pollution. The research aim to study the effect of liquid waste of oil palm factory (LWOPF) with biopori method to the growth of immature oil palm plant. The experiment was conducted in oil palm plantation of Agricultural Faculty of Riau University from May to July 2017. The experiment was arrange drandomized complete design consisting of 13 treatments (without LWOPF; 5; 7.5 and 10 liters LWOPFeachapplied in 1, 2, 3 and 4 biopore/plants), each repeated three times.The parameters observed were plant height, number of midrib, length of midrib, number of leaves, width and length of leaves. The results showed that the application ofLWOPF dose 7.5 liters applied in 4 biopore holes / plants increased addition the number of midrib and the leaves, the width and length of the leaves compared to without LWOPF and the highest than another treatment, but the addition of plant high increased at doses 7.5 liters in 3 biopore/plant and highest than another treatment.Key words : Liquid Wastes of Oil Palm Factory, Biopore Holes, Oil Palm Plants

scholarly journals Occurrence and Severity of Physiological Disorders of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. L.) in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Fred Bwayo Masika ◽  
Isaac Danso ◽  
Rossette Nangonzi ◽  
Otuba Moses Amugoli ◽  
Alex Asiimwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Smallholder Farmer ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Physiological Disorders ◽  
Adaptive Trials ◽  
Bunch Rot ◽  
Corporate Investors

In Africa, oil palm is grown in 25 countries supported by corporate investors. In Uganda, commercial oil palm cultivation began in 2005 in Bugala Islands. Seedlings were imported from countries with established breeding programs. These seedlings were grown in areas with different environmental conditions which have resulted in a number of physiological disorders. The aim of this research was to determine the major physiological disorders in oil palm fruit bunches in Uganda. The study was carried out in the adaptive trials in Kagadi, Bugiri, Buvuma and Masaka Districts and in the different smallholder farmer blocks in Kalangala District. Data was collected on bunch rot, bunch failure and uneven ripening. Sampling was carried out in oil palm plantations above five years of age. Three fields were selected from each unit and three units from each block by the help of the Agricultural Extension Officers (AEOs). Palms were randomly sampled and assessed for presence of bunch rot, bunch failure and uneven ripening symptoms. The incidence was expressed as a percentage of the total number of palms sampled while the severity of bunch rot disease was scored on a scale of 0-4. From the results, the differences in bunch rot and bunch failure in adaptive trials were statistically significant as well as across seasons (P < 0.05). Uneven ripening was not statistically significant and severity of bunch rot in the different farmer blocks in Kalangala was statistically significant (P = 0.03). Uneven ripening was high across smallholder farmer blocks in Kalangala and was statistically significant (P = 0.05) even across seasons (P < 0.05). These results are important for sensitization of farmers on management of oil palm disorders and essential for guiding policy makers and investors as the oil palm industrial sector is being developed in Uganda. This study calls for determination of water deficit at the various ecological zones and its relationship to physiological disorders as a guide for further oil palm estate development.

scholarly journals Flutuação Populacional de Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) em Plantios de Palma de Óleo em Roraima

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruy Guilherme Correia ◽  
Antonio Cesar Silva Lima ◽  
Antonio Carlos Centeno Cordeiro ◽  
Francisco Clemilto Da Silva Maciel ◽  
Walmer Bruno Rocha Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Population Fluctuation ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Rhynchophorus Palmarum ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis Jacq ◽  
Field Traps

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a flutuação populacional de Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) em plantios de Elaeis guineensis Jacq, em ecossistemas de savana e floresta no estado de Roraima. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida durante o período de janeiro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2012 nos campos experimentais da Embrapa Roraima: Monte Cristo e Caroebe, numa área de 2 hectares com a cultura da Palma de Óleo, em cada campo. Foram distribuídas armadilhas iscadas com roletes de cana-de-açúcar e feromônio de agregação para captura dos insetos no entorno dos plantios. Ocorreu flutuação de R. palmarum com picos populacionais nos meses de julho e agosto no ecossistema de savana e de abril a setembro no ambiente de floresta. A população de R. palmarum foi menor em meses de baixa precipitação pluviométrica nos dois ambientes avaliados com a Palma de Óleo em RoraimaPopulation Fluctuation of Rhynchophorus  palmarum  L.  (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Plantations of Oil Palm in RoraimaAbstract. This research aimed to evaluate the population fluctuation Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Elaeis guineensis Jacq plantations in forest and savanna ecosystems in the state of Roraima. The research was conducted during the period from January 2011 to February 2012 in the experimental field of Embrapa Roraima: Monte Cristo and Caroebe in an area of 2 hectares with culture Oil Palm in each field. Traps baited with rollers cane sugar and aggregation pheromone for capturing insects in the vicinity of the plantations were distributed. Fluctuation occurred R. palmarum with population peaks in the months of July and August in the savanna ecosystem and from April to September in the forest environment. The population of R. palmarum was lower in months of low rainfall in the two environments assessed with a palm-oil-in Roraima.

Making Oxalic Acid From Palm Oil Pelepah (Elaeis Guineensis) Through Nitric Acid Oxidation Reaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Ihwan Rahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Nitric Acid Concentration ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Cellulose Conversion ◽  
Acid Yield

Palm oil palm is one of the solid waste produced by oil palm plantations every harvest. Chemical analysis of palm oil palm oil pellets showed that there are components of cellulose, hemiscellulose, and lignin that show that palm oil pellets have the opportunity to be further processed into useful and economically valuable products. Palm waste contains cellulose by 34.89%, hemiscellulose by 27.14%, and lignin by 19.87%. The analysis conducted on raw materials includes the analysis of water content and cellulose levels of palm oil palm oil. 46.6% and cellulose levels of 29.2%. In this study quantitative analysis was conducted in the form of cellulose conversion and oxalic acid yield. The largest cellulose conversion was obtained at the use of 70% nitric acid concentration and 80 minutes reaction time of 58.56%.

Improved water footprint of oil palm products using eddy covariance measurements of evapotranspiration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris Herz ◽  
Ana Meijide ◽  
Christian Stiegler ◽  
Bunyod Holmatov ◽  
Alexander Knohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Palm Oil Biodiesel

<p>The global population growth and changes in human lifestyle and consumption patterns put immense pressure on the limited freshwater resources in the world. Aiming at sustainable use and equitable allocation of the water resources, it becomes crucial to know the water appropriation for the production of different commodities and consumer goods. These days, oil palm (<em>Elaeis guineensis</em>) is one of the highest-demanded crops around the globe since the oil of its fruits and kernel is widely used as biofuel and major ingredients in food and cosmetic industries. Given this massive demand, the areas under oil palm cultivation in the tropics have continuously been expanding in the last decades, particularly in Indonesia. With the oil palm boom, not only biodiversity loss, and carbon dioxide emissions from deforestation have been increasing, but also the consumptions of blue and green water resources are of concern. </p><p>In this ongoing research, the concept of water footprint (WF) is employed to quantify the green and blue water use of oil palm production in the Bajubang district, Batanghari regency, Jambi province, Sumatra, Indonesia. This is one of the first studies that uses field-measured data of evapotranspiration (ET) from oil palm plantations in different growth stages over seven years for the purpose of WF assessment, compared to the available literature where ET was estimated using modelling approaches. The multi-year measurements were conducted using the eddy covariance technique, which continuously measures water vapor (H<sub>2</sub>O) fluxes at the ecosystem level over the plantation. Based on these measurements, specifically, the WF assessment is performed on a product basis during the plantation life cycle, per area and time unit, for the oil palm fruit yield and oil palm derived products (palm oil, palm-oil biodiesel). Besides the crop water consumption at the plantation (i.e. ET) as the core element, other water consumptions in the products’ processing chain are included in the WF assessment. Preliminary results indicate a WF of 2440 m<sup>3</sup> t<sup>-1</sup> for palm oil and 65 m<sup>3</sup> GJ<sup>-1</sup> for palm-oil biodiesel. This is about 50% lower than the global average estimates. Local WF account of oil palm products has a critical contribution to product transparency while being useful for comparative purposes. Contrasting the WFs of products serving the same function (e.g., palm oil biodiesel, soybean biodiesel) is of essential importance, aiming at conscious product choices in a world of freshwater scarcity.</p><p>Keywords: water footprint, oil palm, palm oil, Indonesia, eddy covariance, evapotranspiration</p>

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