scholarly journals Integration of Iron Coagulant, Copperas and Calcium Hydroxide for Low-Cost Groundwater Treatment in Kelantan, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2869-2876
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Drinking Water Standard

In Kelantan, more than 70 % of domestic water is supplied by groundwater sources. These water sources are commonly contaminated and do not meet the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard and the Malaysian Ministry of Health (MMOH). This research's main objective is to study the performance of iron-based coagulants Ferrous Sulphate on its optimum dosage, formulation, and concentration. Series of jar tests are conducted by adding and comparing five different copperas solution concentrations from 15 % to 0.6 % into the 500 mL beaker. The prepared copperas solutions are combined with lime (calcium hydroxide), and the performance of with (copperas plus) and without lime are compared. The results obtained show that copperas plus has a far better performance compared to copperas solution. The copperas plus results comply with the drinking water standard for pH value (6.5-8.5) and turbidity (below 5 NTU). Copperas and turbidity removal efficiency are between 89% and 99%, while copperas has a lower range of turbidity removal efficiency, 72.9 % and 97.7 %. Most of the results obtained do not comply with the drinking water standard of iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) over 0.3 and 0.1 mg/L, respectively. However, the potential of copperas and copperas plus to treat domestic drinking water could be improvised by further studying its dosing effect on heavy metal content.

scholarly journals TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC WATER USING CERAMIC FILTER FROM NATURAL CLAY AND FLY-ASH

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
NASIR SUBRIYER
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Natural Clay ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Zn Content

<p>The declining water quality in Sriwijaya University has been caused by the presence of heavy metal contents such as Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) in the treatment and distribution of water. A simple method is proposed in this work to minimize the heavy metal content in water by using filtration technology. This research was carried out using ceramic filter made of 77.5% natural clay, 20% fly ash, and 2.5% iron powder. The results showed an increase in the quality of raw water that is in accordance with the requirement of drinking water standard. The rejection percentage of TDS, Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) content in feed water tended to be high and met the regulation number 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010 for standards of drinking water in Indonesia.</p>

Fluoride removal from drinking water in Senegal: laboratory and pilot experimentation on bone char-based treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Sorlini ◽  
Daniela Palazzini ◽  
Carlo Collivignarelli
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Bone Char

In Senegal there are four regions where fluoride concentration in drinking water exceeds the World Health Organization guide value of 1.5 mg/L. This generates permanent damages to the teeth (dental fluorosis) and to the skeleton (skeletal fluorosis). A safe, efficient, simple and low-cost effective defluoridation technique is not available yet and needs to be developed in order to prevent the occurrence of fluorosis. This experimental research was carried out in order to define an appropriate technology for fluoride removal from groundwater in Senegal. Batch tests and filtration tests at laboratory and pilot scale were carried out using animal bone char as adsorbent material for fluoride removal. Possible influencing parameters, such as specific ions in Senegalese drinking water, were investigated and the best process conditions were defined for the application in Senegal. The results attest to the efficacy of bone char in removing fluoride from Senegalese water: at pilot scale the mean specific adsorption was 2.7 mg F−/g of bone char, corresponding to a total treated volume of 4,000 L and a filter life of nearly three months.

scholarly journals Arsenic in drinking water: not just a problem for Bangladesh

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. van Halem ◽  
S. A. Bakker ◽  
G. L. Amy ◽  
J. C. van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Arsenic In Groundwater ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Near Future ◽  
High Arsenic

Abstract. For more than a decade it has been known that shallow tube wells in Bangladesh are frequently contaminated with arsenic concentrations at a level that is harmful to human health. By now it is becoming clear that a disaster of an unheard magnitude is going on: the World Health Organization fears that in the near future 1 in every 10 adult deaths in Bangladesh will be caused by arsenic-related cancers. Other studies show that problems with arsenic in groundwater/drinking water occur in many more countries worldwide, such as in the USA and China. In Europe the focus on arsenic problems is confined to countries with high arsenic levels in their groundwater, such as Romania, Hungary and Italy. In most other European countries, the naturally occurring arsenic concentrations are lower than the drinking water standard of 10 μg L−1. However, from the literature review presented in this paper, it may also be concluded that using the European standard, health risks cannot be excluded. It is therefore recommended that the current arsenic standard be reconsidered.

scholarly journals Groundwater Quality Analysis of Domestic Water Sources from Hand Dug Wells In Gwallameji, Bauchi State

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufunmilayo I Ndububa ◽  
Abubakar U Ardo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Environmental Interventions ◽  
Dug Wells

Lack of access to safe and adequate domestic water supplies contributes to poverty levels through the economic costs of poor health and the high proportion of household expenditure on safe water supplies. Gwallameji, a community on the outskirts of Bauchi town has no access to municipal water supply from Bauchi town, groundwater water, mainly hand dug wells are used as domestic water sources. The quality of water available from these hand dug wells  in the community were determined by the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the water samples collected from domestic water points in the community. The results from the water samples were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) Standards for Drinking Water. High levels of Nitrate and Chromium above recommended levels from the standard were found in all water samples. Concentrations of Calcium highest value of 213mg/l and Magnesium a highest value of 22.02 mg/l at levels higher than recommended levels for drinking water were also obtained in all samples. It was recommended that restrictions on farming activities with use of fertilizers and location of latrines around domestic water sources should be enforced. Hand dug wells should be at a distance of at least 30m from soak away pits and pit latrines. Well lining and cover should be provided for all hand dug wells to reduce contamination of water from these sources. Increased and continued environmental interventions through public health education by community based health workers, awareness and sensitization campaigns should be carried out for improved household and community sanitation in the area.

scholarly journals Feasibility Studies on Treatment of Household Greywater Using Phytoremediation Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neetha Delphin Mary Kulandaiswamy ◽  
Muralimohan Nithyanandam
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Typha Angustifolia ◽  
Guideline Values

Abstract Recycling and reusing of wastewater acquired high priority among the research community to meet the ever-increasing demand for groundwater, and to tackle water scarcity in every country. In this scenario, a grey water treatment system is developed with a vertical flow wetland construction tank (VFWCT)with sand, gravel and silex as media combined with phytoremediation technology using plants like Cyperus rotundus, Canna indica, Typha angustifolia, Cyperus pangorei, and Phragmites australis. The assessment parameters like color, odor, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, free residual chlorine, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), chloride, Sulphate, Total Suspended Solids (TSS),oil & grease, Sulphide,Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrate Nitrogen, E.coli and Salmonella are used to substantiate the performance of proposed greywater treatment system. Simulation outcomes showed that most of the guideline values of the effluent are notably lower compared to the influent. The experimentation also focused on finding the best plant as Typha angustifolia for greywater treatment in the VFWCT. The plant’s rapid growth and the removal efficiency parameters of the plant with regard to the contaminants present in the greywater was highly notable. The removal efficiency was 56.56% and 50.25% for BOD5 and COD, the solids content TSS and TDS was 68% and 64.4%. The salt Cl− and Na+ removal efficiencies are 63.4% and 81.39% respectively. Majority of the parameters like pH value, Electrical conductivity, odor and TDS are higher than the groundwater aquifers, but falls within the world health organization safety limits.

Groundwater Treatment via Ozonation

2019 ◽  
pp. 200-225
Author(s):  
Nor Azliza Akbar ◽  
Zaidin Bin Matsin ◽  
Siti Fatihah Binti Ramli
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Inorganic Pollutant ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Health Organization

Groundwater is the source of drinking water that needs to be maintained from pollution. Groundwater pollution is a major problem caused by human activities that are invaluable to human health. When high levels of organic and inorganic substances do not exceed the standard of drinking water, various studies have been made by researchers to overcome the problem. Various alternatives such as in-situ and ex-situ treatment have been carried out to eliminate pollutants from groundwater. Among the treatment, ozone becomes a major alternative because of its effectiveness in treating raw water. Ozone treatment has several advantages such as disinfectants, oxidize of organic and inorganic pollutant, and remove taste and color from groundwater. The performance of ozonation process becomes better when combined with other treatments. Therefore, application of ozone can replace chlorine because of its good potential to improve quality of groundwater effluent and comply drinking water standard adopted by World Health Organization.

Fabrication of metal oxide - biopolymer nanocomposite for water defluoridation

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (36) ◽  
pp. 2109-2118
Author(s):  
Erick Mobegi ◽  
Mildred Nawiri ◽  
Dickson Andala
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Sorption Behaviour ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Defluoridation Of Water ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACTFluoride levels in drinking water exceeding 1.5 mg/L especially underground water can be detrimental to health. Various defluoridation technologies exist such as reverse osmosis, adsorption and ion exchange. However, adsorption has been preferred over the other due to its low cost and ease of operation. In this study, a novel adsorbent nanomaterial was prepared to remove fluoride from drinking water. The influence of different parameters such as pH, contact time, co-existing ions and dosage were investigated in order to understand the sorption behaviour of the adsorbent under varying conditions. The adsorption process best fitted with the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 62.5 mg/g. The adsorbent can be used under normal water pH=7. Anions and cations had no influence on the sorption capacity except for chlorides, carbonates and bicarbonates. The adsorbent reduced fluoride concentration from 10 ppm to approximately 1.5 ppm per 50 mg nanocomposite loading as recommended by World Health Organization. The synthesized nanocomposite can be used for defluoridation of water with high fluoride concentrations beyond recommended limit.

Inactivation of E. coli by copper and silver wire in the presence of synthetic sunlight for safe drinking water

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-583
Author(s):  
Graham McLaughlin ◽  
Vikramjit Bajwa ◽  
Mukund Shukla ◽  
Kevin Hall ◽  
Praveen Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Combination Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Bacterial Inactivation ◽  
Emerging Nations ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Pure Cu

Bacterially-contaminated water is a major health concern leading to infectious diseases in emerging nations. The use of copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) wire independently, and Cu wire in combination with synthetic sunlight (SySu), were investigated as a low-cost water treatment method. Water inoculated with 1,100 colony forming units/mL of Escherichia coli was treated with one of these four treatments: (1) 50 cm2/L surface area (SA) pure Cu wire; (2) 37.8 W/m2 SySu irradiation; (3) a 50 cm2/L SA pure Cu wire combined with the 37.8 W/m2 SySu irradiation; and (4) 5 cm2/L pure Ag wire. An improved rate of bacterial inactivation was achieved using the combined Cu-SySu treatment method compared to either treatment applied independently. When given independently, the Ag wire treatment was more effective than the Cu wire treatment. Cu and Ag content in the water, tested at the end of the experiment, remained far below the safety limits suggested by the World Health Organization. The Cu-SySu combination method has a great potential to be used as a low-cost, re-useable, low-maintenance method of choice for purification of contaminated drinking water.

scholarly journals Selective Adsorption of CR (VI) onto Amine-Modified Passion Fruit Peel Biosorbent

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 790
Author(s):  
Xiaolei Zhao ◽  
Junli Zheng ◽  
Shaohong You ◽  
Chongmin Liu ◽  
Linlin Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Selective Adsorption ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Adsorption Performance ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Ft Ir

This study aimed to prepare surface amino-riched passion fruit peel (DAPFP) by amination reaction with low-cost biomaterials and use it as a biosorbent to adsorb Cr (VI). The specific physicochemical and structural properties of DAPFP were characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, TG, Zeta, XPS, and FT-IR. The effects of pH value, initial concentration, adsorption time, coexisting ions, and temperature on the adsorption of Cr (VI) were systematically investigated. The results showed that within 90 min, DAPFP could reduce the concentration of Cr (VI) solution (1 mg/L−1) to an allowable safe level of drinking water (0.05 mg/L−1) specified by the World Health Organization. The adsorption process complies with pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption capacity of the prepared biosorbent could reach 675.65 mg/g−1. The results of thermodynamic studies confirmed that the adsorption process was a self-discharging heat process. DAPFP also showed good reusability; even after being used repeatedly five times, it still showed excellent adsorption performance. FT-IR and XPS analyses showed that electrostatic attraction and reduction were the main reasons for the adsorption. By virtue of its low cost and excellent adsorption performance, DAPFP has a potential practical application as an adsorbent in treating Cr (VI) containing wastewater.

scholarly journals Design of up-flow aerated filters for the removal of iron from groundwater

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 3233-3241
Author(s):  
T. Thinojah ◽  
B. Ketheesan ◽  
G. B. B. Herath
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Column Experiment ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Groundwater contains iron (Fe) that can be difficult to remove by singular physical–chemical methods. The aim of this presented study was to investigate the suitability of up-flow aerated filters as an upgrading step for the removal of total Fe from groundwater. Granular activated carbon (GAC) was applied as a pollutant carrier and compared with Bio-Pac media (BPM) by conducting a column test to treat synthetic groundwater (SGW). Initially two adsorption kinetic studies were done for GAC. The effect of influent Fe concentration, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and air supply to the system were investigated using a column experiment. The sorption result follows pseudo-second-order kinetics with an adsorption amount of 1.36 mg/g. The column experiment results show that around 99% and 70% Fe removal efficiency can be achieved for the best condition of 3 mg/L influent Fe concentration with seven hours HRT for GAC and BPM respectively. The air supply into the column did not show any improvement in Fe removal efficiency. The performance of GAC is found to be much better than that of BPM. All over, the new combined treatment method of aeration followed by filtration was demonstrated to be an effective technique for Fe removal from groundwater and also satisfied the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard for Fe concentration.

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