scholarly journals Comparison between Public and Private Pay Structures in Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
N Sultana ◽  
PC Modak
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Basic Salary ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Structured Questionnaire ◽  
Monthly Salary

A survey was carried out during the period from July to December 2002 to see comparison between public and private pay structures in Bangladesh. To evaluate the public pay structure 120 respondents of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) were interviewed through semi-structured questionnaire. The respondents were categorized in 8 different categories. Information of their monthly salary, income tax etc. were checked against their pay-bills and income tax information as supplier by the employer. The secondary data on also collected personally by researcher himselves Pay-structure of different organizations, National pay scales and Price indices. It was found that almost all employees including teachers and officers are facing constraints to maintain their families with income from their job. About 65.5% of their expenditure is getting from their salaries. More than 36% of the employees (including teachers and officers) failed to manage their family expenditure with income from job and extra job. National Pay scale 1997 reduced sufficiently the disparity between the highest and the lowest salary to 10:1 whereas in 1991 the ratio was 11.11:1. In private sectors like Pubali Bank Limited (PBL), Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBL) and Uttara Bank Limited (UBL) the disparity between the highest and the lowest salary were found 21.1:1, 25.29:1 and 26:1 respectively. But disparity in NPS does not ensure the equity, fairness and justice to the civil servants or employees because salaries were not sufficient to cover the cost of as well as livelihood. The maximum salary one can draw is TK.23800 when a person is in the highest grade according to NPS 1997. On the other hand, in private organizations one can draw the highest amount of TK. 90500 which is more than 3.80 times of the highest amount drawn as per NPS 1997. House rent of private sectors varies from 65.4% to 104% (including house maintenance) where as in public sectors it varies from 40% to 55% of basic salary. Consequently, the living conditions of the service holders of lower income groups have been drastically reducing. The minimum salary ratio is to be suggested between the highest and the lowest position should be 5:1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14631 J. Sci. Foundation, 8(1&2): 89-96, June-December 2010

scholarly journals Public relations practitioners’ perception of new media influence on promotion of mutual understanding between organisation and strategic publics in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S1) ◽  
pp. 506-528
Author(s):  
Harvey G.O. Igben ◽  
Michael E. Ilaya
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Technological Determinism ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Public Relations Practitioners ◽  
The Public ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Fundamental Goal

New media is a trending innovation and its influence in the promotion of mutual understanding between organizations and strategic publics is a more contemporary issue. This study evaluates the perception of public relations practitioners on the incorporation of new media into the process of promoting good relationships between organizations and strategic publics in Nigeria. The fundamental goal is to examine if public relations practitioners find new media helpful in carrying out public relations activities in their organizations. This study is hinged on Technological determinism theory.  Findings show that public relations practitioners of both public and private organizations do perceive the adoption of new media technologies in the performance of their function for the promotion of mutual understanding as supportive to quick and interactive approaches to dissemination of information from organizations to strategic stakeholders and the public. The study recommends that more public relations practitioners of organizations especially public organizations should be encouraged to use new media in course of executing their professional assignments.

scholarly journals Automating security infrastructures: Practices, imaginaries, politics

2020 ◽  
pp. 096701062093351
Author(s):  
Nathaniel O’Grady
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Emergency Communication ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Critical Security Studies ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Automated Technology ◽  
Security Infrastructure

This article contributes to emergent debates in critical security studies that consider the processes and effects that arise where new forms of automated technology begin to guide security practices. It does so through research into public Wi-Fi infrastructure that has started to appear across the globe and its mobilization as a device for warning the public about emergencies. I focus specifically on an iteration of this infrastructure developing in New York called LinkNYC. According to the infrastructure’s operators, the processes that underpin emergency communication have gradually become ‘automated’ to accelerate LinkNYC’s deployment during crises. The article pursues three lines of inquiry to explore the automation of security infrastructure, in turn making three correspondent original contributions to wider debates. First, it unpacks the real-time analytics and platform-based data-sharing techniques cultivated to automate emergency communication. Here, I expand understanding of the new forms of automation now integrated into technologies harnessed for security and their practical effects. These forms of automation, I demonstrate secondly, are situated by those governing into wider imaginaries concerning the transformative promise automation bears. I argue that the proliferation of these imaginaries play a crucial role in justifying and dictating the enrolment of new devices into security. Third, it explores how automation affords private companies the opportunity to exercise discretionary decisionmaking that changes how and when infrastructure should operate during emergencies. Developing this argument, I add new dimensions to debates regarding the political ramifications associated with automation by claiming that automation redistributes authority across the public and private organizations that increasingly coordinate in bringing new technologies to bear in the security domain.

scholarly journals Solving the Asymmetry Multi-Objective Optimization Problem in PPPs under LPVR Mechanism by Bi-Level Programing

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1667
Author(s):  
Feiran Liu ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Xuedong Yan
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Multi Objective Optimization ◽  
Pareto Solutions ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
The Cost

Optimizing the cost and benefit allocation among multiple players in a public-private partnership (PPP) project is recognized to be a multi-objective optimization problem (MOP). When the least present value of revenue (LPVR) mechanism is adopted in the competitive procurement of PPPs, the MOP presents asymmetry in objective levels, control variables and action orders. This paper characterizes this asymmetrical MOP in Stackelberg theory and builds a bi-level programing model to solve it in order to support the decision-making activities of both the public and private sectors in negotiation. An intuitive algorithm based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III (NSGA III) framework is designed to generate Pareto solutions that allow decision-makers to choose optimal strategies from their own criteria. The effectiveness of the model and algorithm is validated via a real case of a highway PPP project. The results reveal that the PPP project will be financially infeasible without the transfer of certain amounts of exterior benefits into supplementary income for the private sector. Besides, the strategy of transferring minimum exterior benefits is more beneficial to the public sector than to users.

scholarly journals HOUSING CRISIS IN ALGERIA: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djafri Riyadh ◽  
Mariana Mohamed Osman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Private Housing

The provision of good quality housing remains a major problem facing policymakers in developing countries, with Algeria being no exception. The Algerian policy focuses on ensuring the provision of housing to low-income households who cannot house themselves adequately. This article presents an overview of the Algerian housing policies focusing on the issues encountered by governments since independence in 1962. This entails presenting the history of Algerian housing policy, including colonial, after independence and new Algeria. This will not be completed without reviewing the different national housing plans and policies introduced by the Algerian government, focusing on the housing achievements and deficits. Using qualitative analysis of secondary data through narrative and inductive approaches, this research argues that a significant change in how these programmes are currently structured is urgent. Thus, there is a need to find a new approach to finance the construction of public and private housing units and reduce dependence on the Public Treasury.

scholarly journals Correlation Analysis of the Halal Certification Process and Perceptions of the Cost of Halal Certification with the Intentions of Food and Beverage SMEs Actors

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-308
Author(s):  
Sugeng Santoso ◽  
Selma Alfarisah ◽  
Ari Ana Fatmawati ◽  
Rian Ubaidillah
Keyword(s):  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Certification Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
The Cost

As one of the countries with the largest Muslim population in the world (87.18%), Indonesia has the potential to become the center of the world's halal industry. Halal certification can increase the competitiveness of MSME products, especially related to product guarantees to provide comfort, security, safety, and certainty of the availability of halal products for the public in consuming and using the product. The purpose of this study is to analyze the problems and solutions for food and beverage SMEs (Ekraf) related to the Halal Certification Process and Perceptions of Halal Certification Costs with the Actor's Intention to obtain a halal certificate. The research method uses qualitative and quantitative approaches by using primary and secondary data. The qualitative approach was carried out through FGD, webinars and participant observation with key informants and supporting informants. The quantitative approach is carried out by distributing questionnaires to 100 business actors and then processing the Pearson Product Moment correlation data. The results of the study show (i) the halal certification process (by assisting) has a very strong correlation with the perpetrator's intention and is significant, (ii) the perception of the cost of halal certification (with the cost of halal certification that gets subsidized) has a strong correlation with the perpetrator's intention and is significant, ( iii) The Halal Certification Process has a strong correlation with the perpetrators' perceived Halal Certification Costs and is significant, (iv) The Halal certification process and the perceived cost of Halal certification with the perpetrator's intention are very strong and significant. The halal certification process and the perception of the cost of halal certification, both individually and jointly, are correlated with the intentions of food and beverage creative economy actors (MSMEs). In order to achieve this goal, the synergy between central and regional stakeholders and related parties is needed.

scholarly journals Educação a Distância (EaD): Processos de Mediação e Uso das Tecnologias em uma Abordagem Transdisciplinar

EAD em FOCO ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Da Costa Britto Pereira Lima ◽  
Lívia Soares de Lima Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Education In Brazil

A utilização da EaD como forma de democratizar o ensino superior no Brasil tem sido discutida por pesquisadores afetos aos mais diversos temas educacionais. Trazemos neste estudo uma breve retomada histórica, demonstrando que os primeiros cursos de ensino superior no Brasil não se destinavam às consideradas classes subalternas. Esse processo histórico fez com que o ensino superior se tornasse algo quase restrito às classes dominantes. Apresentamos a EaD e sua legislação a fim de introduzir também a criação e implementação do Sistema Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UAB), política com vistas à democratização do acesso ao ensino superior. Elencamos alguns autores contrários ao uso da EaD como forma de democratizar o ensino no Brasil. Embora em direções diferentes, os autores contrários ao uso da EaD caminham quase sempre num mesmo viés. Um dos principais argumentos trazidos no bojo de suas argumentações contrárias é de que a EaD estaria servindo apenas aos interesses mercantilistas? preconizados pela reestruturação do aparelho do Estado, operacionalizado principalmente na década de 1990. Tais autores desconsideram os avanços obtidos por meio da EaD, a despeito dos percalços e/ou dificuldades enfrentadas em tal modalidade. Sendo assim, trazemos autores favoráveis à implementação da EaD como política de popularização do ensino, a fim de demonstrar como ela tem sido importante no processo histórico de democratizar o ensino superior em nosso país, ampliando suas vagas, avançando na questão do acesso e, ainda, interiorizando as IES públicas e privadas em praticamente todo o território nacional.Palavras-chave: EaD; Ensino a distância no Brasil; Democratização do ensino superior.The EaD in Brazil and the Process of Democratization of Access to Higher Education: Possible DialoguesAbstractThe use of E-learning as a way to democratize higher education in Brazil has been discussed by researchers concerned about the most diverse educational themes. We bring in this study a brief historic overview showing that the first higher education courses in Brazil were not destined to the classes considered subaltern. This historical process has made higher education to become something almost restricted to the dominant classes. We present E-learning and its legislation in order to introduce also the creation and implementation of Open University System of Brazil (UAB), with aiming the access to higher education democratization. We also mention some authors opposed to use of E-learning as a way to democratize the education in Brazil. Although in different directions, authors opposed to use of E-learning follow the same bias almost always. One of the main arguments is that E-learning was only serving the "mercantilist" interests recommended by the State reconstruction process which took place mainly in the 90s. Such authors disregard the advances obtained by education through E-learning, despite the difficulties faced in such modality. Therefore, we bring authors in favor of E-learning as education democratization policy implementation in order to demonstrate how E-learning has been important in the historical process higher education democratization in our country, increasing their number of vacancies, improving the issue of access and interiorizing the public and private Institutions of Higher Education in almost all the national territory.Keywords: E-learning; Distance education in Brazil; Higher education; Democratization.

The Effects of Utilizing Social Media Tools During Crisis from Public Relations Practitioners' Views in the UAE

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-38
Author(s):  
Hamza Saad Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Public Relations Practitioners ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Gulf Countries ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
Social Media Tools

Despite growing interest in social media over the last few years all over the world, there is a lack of empirical studies on the extent to which PR practitioners in the UAE are using social media tools, and in particular, during crisis. Consequently, this study is designed to bridge this gap in research. The study aims to bring to attention the dynamics of using social media among public PR practitioners during crisis in one of the Gulf countries -countries that have different economic, social and political contexts. The current study is considered one of the pioneer studies in the public relations' field in the UAE which aims to investigate how public relations practitioners are using social media tools in crisis. It also explores public relations practitioners' perceptions and attitudes towards using social media during crisis. A random sample of 160 PR practitioners was selected from different public and private organizations in the UAE. The results indicated that PR practitioners are active and heavy social media users in their organizations during crisis. Furthermore, the study confirmed that the most commonly used communication strategies were compensation, corrective action and justification. Additionally, the study suggested that the organization's websites and Twitter were the most effective social media tools used during a crisis.

POD variant comparisons

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Kelsey Billups, MS ◽  
Robert Bott, MS ◽  
Joseph Cacciatore, MS ◽  
Braiden Frantz, MS ◽  
J. Eric Dietz, PhD, PE
Keyword(s):  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
Resource Requirements ◽  
Standing Up ◽  
Outdoor Space ◽  
Space Requirements ◽  
Excellent Tool ◽  
Correct Design

Points of distribution, also known as points of dispensing (POD), are a means for public and private organizations to assist their communities in times of crisis. There are two principal categories of PODs, open and closed, but all PODs differ in design, properties, and application. This study investigates two POD variations: drive-through and supervisor, which have their own unique requirements for being stood up, run, and shut down, as well as differing requirements for planning, staffing, and logistics. There are also similarities in the requirements that each POD category share which lead to certain efficiencies in planning for POD standup, execution, and shutdown. The primary findings of this paper are that planners cannot rely on one POD design and its properties to accommodate every situation, and each POD design has its own strengths and weaknesses. These are related to staffing, security, space requirements, and material logistics needs. Flexibility should be exercised when choosing the correct design, and implementing the proper strategy is key to standing up and executing a POD that will best serve a community. Every situation is different and factors such as population, available infrastructure, resource requirements, and individual skill of the POD staff all influence the design of a POD. Planners should consider resources such as available volunteers, trained personnel (medical and security), and buildings or outdoor space available to run a POD. With proper planning, a POD is an excellent tool to effectively and efficiently serve the public.

Flexibility of Work in the Public and Private Sector in Slovenia

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Kozjek
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Internal Mobility ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Discussions about flexibility of organizations in the field of work are more frequent in the recent years, mostly as a result of the economic recession. Structural changes and globalization have had a severe effect on both, organizations and employees. Therefore, organizations must remain flexible to respond to unexpected changes to the area of demand, as well as adjust to new technologies and other influences. Organizations implement various measures to increase their flexibility of work and timing of work and internal mobility of employees or in the field of wages and labor costs. The article presents results of the research which examined whether there are differences in the flexibility of organizations in the field of work between employees in the public and private sectors in Slovenia. The results showed that private organizations enabled internal, numerical, functional and locational flexibility more often than public organizations. The most flexible among public organizations are public agencies and institutions.

Four policies to reduce HIV transmission through unsterile health care

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 717-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gisselquist ◽  
Eric Friedman ◽  
John J Potterat ◽  
Stephen F Minkin ◽  
Stuart Brody
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Bloodborne Pathogens ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Zero Tolerance Policy ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Health Care Practices

Residents of many developing countries face risks for themselves and their families to contract HIV and other bloodborne pathogens during unsterile health care. Helping people to understand and reduce these risks enlists their assistance to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic. To reduce HIV transmission through health care, we recommend four policies that international, foreign, and local public and private organizations can adopt and begin to implement even with little or no additional funds: (1) Educate the public about risks to contract HIV through unsterile health care. (2) Promote transparent practices for injections and other procedures that allow patients to see and know that care is safe (e.g., taking a new auto-disable syringe out of a sealed package and taking injecta from a single-dose vial). (3) Promote safe health care practices equally for clients and staff. (4) Establish a zero-tolerance policy for iatrogenic HIV infections, with publicly reported monitoring and investigations.

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