scholarly journals Relative Profitability of Maize Production under Different Farm Size Groups in Kishoregonj District of Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Uddin ◽  
MHA Rashid ◽  
S Akhter
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Average Standard Deviation ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Gross Margins ◽  
Relative Profitability

This study was conducted to estimate the relative profitability of Maize production under different farm size groups. Data were collected from randomly selected 74 maize growing farmers of which 25 were small, 32 were medium and 17 were large considering the scope and potentials of maize production at Kishoregonj district. To achieve the objectives of the study, descriptive statistical techniques such as sum, average, standard deviation etc, were used. The major findings of the study showed that per hectare average total costs were Tk. 30,147.54, Tk. 31,892.00 and Tk. 34,059.00 for small, medium and large farmers, respectively. Per hectare gross return from maize production were Tk. 61,730.00, Tk. 79,716.00 and Tk. 75,707.00 for small, medium and large farmers, respectively. Per hectare gross margins from maize production was estimated at Tk. 36,836.00, Tk. 53,096.00 and Tk. 46,871.00 for small, medium and large farmers, respectively. Per hectare average net returns of maize were estimated at Tk. 31,583.00, Tk. 47,823.00 and Tk. 41,648.00 for small, medium and large farmers, respectively. The findings of the study revealed that medium farmers earned higher profit than those of small and large farmers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v21i1-2.16781 Progress. Agric. 21(1 & 2): 247 - 252, 2010

scholarly journals Comparative Profitability Analysis of Broiler Farming Under Aftab Bahumukhi Farm Limited Supervision and Farmers’ Own Management

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 231-236
Author(s):  
S Akhter ◽  
MHA Rashid ◽  
H Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Average Total Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Profitability Analysis ◽  
Gross Margins

This study was conducted to estimate the comparative profitability of Aftab Bahumukhi Farm Limited (ABFL) supervised broiler farms and farmers’ own managed broiler farms. Data were collected from randomly selected 90 broiler farmers of which 45 were ABFL supervised farmers and 45 were own managed farmers. Descriptive statistical techniques were used to estimate cost and returns of broiler farming. The study revealed that on an average, total cost of raising broiler per batch per 1000 birds was estimated at Tk. 99,429.00 and Tk. 1,06,330.00 for ABFL supervised farms and farmers own managed farms respectively. The respective average variable costs and fixed costs per batch per 1000 birds were calculated at Tk. 96,218.00 and Tk. 1,02,926.00 respectively. These accounted for 96.77 percent and 96.80 percent of total costs respectably for ABFL supervised farms and independently managed farms. The estimated average gross return was Tk. 1,03,334.00 for ABFL supervised farms and Tk. 1,09,961.00 for independent farms respectively. The average gross margins per batch per farm for 1000 birds were at Tk. 7,470.00 and Tk. 7,035.00 for the ABFL supervised farms and for farmers own managed farms respectively and average net returns were estimated at Tk. 4,259.00 for ABFL supervised farms and Tk. 3,631.00 for farmers own managed farms respectively. From the statistical evidence it was found that profit earned by ABFL supervised broiler farms and own managed broiler farms were not significantly different.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v20i1-2.16875 Progress. Agric. 20(1 & 2): 231 – 236, 2009

Technology efficiency or allocation efficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong Cai ◽  
Tianyao Yan
Keyword(s):  
Farm Size ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Allocation Efficiency ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economies Of Size ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Efficiency Estimation

Purpose The emergence of mega-farms in middle-income countries like Brazil and Ukraine and the efforts to consolidate small farms into larger ones in China and elsewhere have suggested that new institutional arrangements and technology progress may increase the significant farm economies of size, and therefore challenging the classical inverse relationship (IR) between productivity and farm size. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a research to examine the existence of IR in China’s cereal production and further explore the possible mechanism. Design/methodology/approach Based on the panel data concerning farms from 31 provinces in China in 2009–2014, technology efficiency and allocation efficiency in cereal production were measured based on the Translog production function. Findings In China, an IR exists between wheat, rice and maize production after controlling the related variables. Further, the presence of this IR is due to allocation efficiency rather than technology efficiency. Results of technology efficiency show that there is no significant difference between different size groups; in other words, even the larger size groups enjoy a higher technology efficiency in rice production. Results of allocation efficiency demonstrate that, compared with the larger farms, smaller holders tend to invest more in factors which are beneficial in growing productivity. Hence, yields of small-size farms exceed those of large-size farms, which consequently leads to the IR. Practical implications The scale consolidation of cropland is harmless to the efficiency of factor utilization and, conversely, may contribute in improving the technology efficiency of specific crops (like rice). Based on the results of allocation efficiency estimation, the extent of misallocation in large scales is relatively less due to their less input of fertilizer and pesticide; thus, the size-improving policy of farmland may contribute to the ease of the non-point pollution in agriculture. Originality/value The existing discussions of the IR in the context of recent China mainly focus on the accurate verification of IRs. This paper steps forward from the perspective of technology efficiency and allocation efficiency and explores the exact resources of IR with up-to-date and representative data and hopes to find some new conclusions.

How long does it take to pay back rangeland improvement investments? A case study from Erzurum Province in Turkey

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdurrahman Kara ◽  
Sibel Kadıoğlu ◽  
S. Emre Dumlu ◽  
Erdal Aksakal ◽  
M. Merve Özgöz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Rangeland Condition ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Gross Margins

The aim of the study was to estimate the payback period of rangeland improvement investments made under the coordination of the Eastern Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute (EAARI) in the Eastern Anatolia region, Turkey. Farm data were collected from randomly selected rangeland-dependent dairy cattle farms through face-to-face interviews, which resulted in 99 completed questionnaires. Additionally, the data for rangeland improvement studies were obtained from the EAARI. The villages of study were selected from those for which rangeland condition had been determined previously. The data collected by structured questionnaires were for the 2004–05 production year. The farms were studied under three farm size groups of 0–12, 12.1–25 and 25+ ha. Gross margins were calculated for each studied farm. In the analysis of the data, stepwise regression, multiple linear regression and descriptive statistical methods were used. Of the 17 variables considered, only four variables entered to the log-linear livestock gross margin model. These were the type of building used by livestock in winter, cattle and sheep numbers and rangeland condition. Using estimates of the average values of the unit costs of rangeland improvement and additional incomes due to the improvements, it was estimated that on average each Turkish lira invested in rangeland improvement studies could be amortised in three grazing seasons.

scholarly journals An economic study on maize production in some selected areas of Swat District

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Ijaz Uddin ◽  
◽  
Salman Shah ◽  
Saeedullah Khan ◽  
Zulfiqar Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Technical Problem ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Damage Effect ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Maize Cultivation ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
The Government

Introduction. Maize production in Pakistan is reduced over the last decades. Many problems are creating in Tehsil Matta in maize production. Which are technical, marketing, and social problems. The technical problem includes the high cost of irrigation, lack of financial capital, lack of scientific knowledge of farmers, lack of quality seeds. Marketing problems include low cost of maize production, high cost of maize inputs. The social problem includes the damage of seeds of birds, the damage effect by insects, and theft in maize cob. Materials and Methods. The present study aims to find the socio-economic characteristics of maize producers and also estimate their profit function under different farm size groups of maize production. Five villages are selected from the Swat District. Namely, villages, Sakhra, Sambat, Bara Drushkhela, Chupriyal, and Beha. Primary data has been collected from 75 farmers. The simple random sampling has been followed, both statistical and tabulation analysis were applied in this study. The average area under maize cultivation was 64 % respondents are the owner and 36 % were least out of selected sample size. A simple average method was used for finding the results. Results and Discussion. The majority 77.33% respondents were literate and 22.67% were illiterate, the main source of seeds 94.67% own, 5.33% fellow farmers and 0 % were government provided. The majority of respondents i.e 33.33% respondent was facing the water problem, while 66.67 % of respondent were used the canal for irrigation. Finally, in each kanal total revenue was 35800 and per kanal total cost was 16360. The profit was R.s 19440. It is recommended that the government should provide these inputs and other related support lead to an increased significantly in maize production.

THE FINANCIAL RETURN OF CEREAL FARMING FOR SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
LALISA ALEMAYEHU DUGUMA ◽  
IKA DARNHOFER ◽  
HERBERT HAGER
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Central Highlands ◽  
The Rich

SUMMARYA study was conducted in Suba area, central highlands of Ethiopia, to assess the net return, land and labour productivity, and the return to scale of cereal farming practice. Seventy-five farmers belonging to three local wealth classes (poor, medium and rich) were randomly selected and interviewed about inputs and outputs related to cereal farming for the production year 2007/2008. Farm soil properties were investigated to check the variability in soil quality among the wealth classes. Benefit:cost ratio (BCR), net returns and annual profit were used to indicate the worthiness of the cereal farming activity. The return to scale was estimated by using the Cobb–Douglas production function. The results show that cereal farming is a rewarding practice, with the rich households gaining more profit than the poor. Farm size was the most important variable that affects the net return. There is an increasing return to scale. However, it is unlikely that farmers will have more land than they own at present because of the land shortage problem in the country caused by the increasing human population. Thus, attention should be given to minimizing the costs of production through proper regulation of domestic fertilizer costs and increasing labour productivity especially for the poor and medium households. The use of manure and compost as an additional fertilizer should also be promoted.

scholarly journals Examination of attitudes of secondary school 6th classstudents related to their attitudes towards maths in the frame of several variables

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1937
Author(s):  
Kerim Karabacak ◽  
Subhan Eksioglu ◽  
Nesibe Karakıs
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
T Test ◽  
Average Standard Deviation ◽  
Statistical Process ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Purposeful Sampling

This research, which is carried out in Kinik, İzmir, aims at determining the reasons of students’ attitude towards Maths. Sixth class students from Kinik town make up population of the research which has been carried out as the model of survey. The sample of the research has been determined by the method of “purposeful sampling”. It is constituted of 152 students at the sixth grade. Collected data has been transferred into SPSS and the statistical process such as, analysis of average, standard deviation, T-test and one way analysis of variance procedures have been realized. It has been identified that the students who gets higher grades at Maths have got better attitude towards Maths than the ones who got lower grades at Maths. It has been identified that there has been no relationship between the students’ attitude towards Maths and their families’ income, their parents’ educational status, their parents’ occupation and the teachers’ way of teaching.

scholarly journals Technical Efficiency and Small Scale Maize Producers in Mwanza Region: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukole Kongolo
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Analysis ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Frontier Analysis

This study measured technical efficiency and its determinants in maize production by small-scale producers in Mwanza region, using a stochastic frontier production function approach. A randomly selected sample of participants in the two districts was used. The Maximum Likelihood estimation procedure was followed to obtain the determinants of technical efficiency and technical efficiency levels of small-scale maize producers. The minimum and maximum values of technical efficiency were between 20% and 91%, indicating that the least practices of specific producer operates at a minimum level of 20%, while the best practice producers  operate  at 91% technical efficiency  level respectively. The summary results of the mean technical efficiency was 63%. The main determinants of technical efficiency were labour, farm size, producer’s experience, producer’s age, family size which were all positive and statistically significant. The findings suggest that the average efficiency of small-scale maize producers could be improved by 37% through better use of existing resources and technology. These findings highlight the need for action by government to assist small-scale maize producers improve efficiency.

scholarly journals Carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of commercial dog food in Brazil

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e5828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo de Aro Galera ◽  
Adibe Luiz Abdalla Filho ◽  
Luiza Santos Reis ◽  
Janaina Leite de Souza ◽  
Yeleine Almoza Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Average Standard Deviation ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Dry Food

Background Brazil is a low- to medium-income country and has the second largest pet food market in the world with 8% of world pet food consumption. The lowest-income social class spends around 17% of their domestic budget on pet food and other items related to pets. Consumers are frequently misled by advertising as there is no precise information about the main sources of protein, carbohydrates and fat in the labels, and the Brazilian pet food industry can legally claim that their products contain certain items like salmon or beef even if they use just a flavoring compound. Methods The stable isotope methodology compares the stable isotope ratios of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) between source and product. The 13C/12C ratio of a specific product (e.g., dog food) reveals the proportions of C4 (maize) and C3 (soybean, rice and wheat) plants in that product and the 15N/14N ratio reveals the proportion of the compounds derived from animals. With this isotopic data, we used MixSIAR, a Bayesian stable isotope-mixing model, to estimate the proportion of maize, grains, poultry and beef in dog food. Results The δ13C values of dry dog food ranged from −24.2‰ to −12.8‰, with an average (± standard-deviation) of −17.1‰ ± 2.8‰. The δ13C values of wet pet food ranged from −25.4‰ to −16.9‰, with an average (± standard-deviation) of −21.2‰ ± 2.4‰, which was significantly lower (p < 0.01). The δ15N values of the dry and wet food ranged from 1.7‰ to 4.2‰, and from 0.5‰ to 5.5‰, respectively. The average δ15N values of dry food (2.9‰ ± 0.5‰) was not higher than the wet food (2.6‰ ± 1.3‰) (p > 0.01). The output of the MixSIAR showed a low proportion of bovine products in dry dog food samples. On the other hand, poultry was obviously the dominant ingredient present in most of the samples. Maize was the second dominant ingredient. Wet and dry dog food showed similar isotopic analysis results. The only difference was a lower proportion of maize and higher proportion of grains in wet dog food. Discussion The main finding is that dog food in Brazil is mostly made of approximately 60% (ranging from 32% to 86%) animal-based and 40% (ranging from 14% to 67%) plant-based products. Poultry and maize are the main ingredients. Poultry is added as a by-product or meal, which avoids competition between dogs and humans for meat products, while they can compete for maize. On the other hand, a large proportion of plant-based products in dog food decreases the energy and environmental footprint, since plant-based food products tend to be less harmful compared to animal-based products. Labels can mislead consumers by showing pictures of items that are not necessarily part of the product composition and by not showing the detailed information on the proportion of each ingredient. This information would allow customers to make their own choices considering their pet’s nutrition, the competition between animals and humans for resources and environmental sustainability.

Expressing Uncertainty in Dental Age Estimation: A Comparison between Two Methods of Calculating the “Average” Standard Deviation

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1506-1509
Author(s):  
Derek Draft ◽  
Victoria S. Lucas ◽  
Fraser McDonald ◽  
Manoharan Andiappan ◽  
Graham Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
Dental Age ◽  
Dental Age Estimation ◽  
Average Standard Deviation

Determination of Inorganic Tin in Biological Samples by Hydride Generation-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Silica Gel Cleanup

1988 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-374
Author(s):  
Taizo Tsuda ◽  
Minoru Wada ◽  
Shigeru Aoki ◽  
Yoshihiro Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Hydride Generation ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Average Standard Deviation

Abstract A method is described for the determination of inorganic tin in biological samples by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS). A sample is extracted with ethyl acetate after addition of HC1 and NaCl. The concentrated extract is passed through a silica gel column. The column is washed with ethanol, water, and 0.2N HC1 successively, and then inorganic tin is eluted with 2N HC1 and measured by HG-AAS. Recoveries from fish muscle spiked with 0.1 ng/g Sn4+ are 78.9 ± 4.2% (average ± standard deviation, n = 5). The detection limit is 0.01 jug/g as Sn.

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