scholarly journals Ethical Issues of Organ Transplantation in Islam

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
M Mostafa Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Proxy Consent ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Scientists and clinicians must become familiar with the factors that affect the emotional, physical, and spiritual health of their patients that are outside the ken of the traditionally dominant value systems. Although many researchers have addressed the cultural and ethnical factors, very few have considered the impact of religion. Islam, as the largest and fastestgrowing religion in the world, has adherents throughout the world, presents a complete moral, ethical, and medical framework, while it sometimes concurs conflicts with the conventional and secular ethical framework. This paper introduces to the Islamic principles of ethics in organ transplantation involving human subject to address issues of religion and religious ethics. Historical reflections are discussed as to why Muslim thinkers were late to consider contemporary medical issues such as organ donation. Islam respects life and values need of the living over the dead, thus allowing organ donation to be considered in certain circumstances. The sources of Islamic law are discussed in brief to see how the parameters of organ transplantation are derived. The Islamic perception, both Shiite and Sunni, is examined in relation to organ donation and its various sources. The advantages and disadvantages of brain dead and cadaveric donation are reviewed with technical and ethical considerations. The Islamic concept of brain death, informed and proxy consent are also discussed. The concept of rewarded donation as a way to alleviate the shortage of organs available for transplantation is assessed.    doi: 10.3329/taj.v21i1.3230 TAJ 2008; 21(1): 97-103

Ethical issues in Kidney Transplantation and “An” Islamic perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
Mohammad Yousuf Rathor ◽  
Azarisman SM Shah ◽  
Nur Raziana Bt Rozi ◽  
Che Rosle Draman ◽  
Wan Ahmad Syahril
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Living Kidney Donor

Kidney transplantation (KT) is currently the most realistic treatment option for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as it enables them to live longer and provides better quality of life post-transplantation. Before the 1960s, all these patients would die as there was no treatment available. It is the commonest solid organ transplantation carried out in the world at the moment. Organs are harvested from living or cadaveric donors, with living kidney donor organs generally functioning better and for longer periods of time compared to the latter. Issues surrounding organ transplantation in general and kidney transplantation in particular, are fraught with ethical dilemmas due to the shortage of organs, the logistics behind the acquisition of organs, use of living donors including minors and the black market that has sprouted thereof. Entwined in this quagmire are the legal, social and psychological consequences for the individuals involved and the society at large. It is further compounded by religious concerns, which have a significant influence on the society’s acceptance of the practice of organ donation. The practice of organ transplantation is generally accepted by most Islamic scholars as it is concordant to the objectives of Islamic Law (maqasid al Sharī’ah) which prioritize the preservation of human life. However, resistances do arise from some jurists and even physicians of the same Islamic faith despite a fatwas decreeing that organ and tissue transplantations are permissible in Islam under certain conditions. The take-up of organ-donation is still largely poor especially among Muslims. This article therefore hopes to explore the various moral and ethical issues surrounding KT as well as the Islamic viewpoints emanating from it. We hope that this knowledge and understanding will benefit both health-care personnel and the public in general. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(2) 2021 p.241-249

Living Organ Donation Role of Ethics for Improved Clinical Practice

2018 ◽  
pp. 242-259
Author(s):  
Pierpaolo Di Cocco
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Live Donor ◽  
Live Donation

Solid organ transplantation represents one of the most important achievements in history of medicine. Over the last decades, the increasing number of transplants has not been of the same extent of the number of patients in the waiting lists. Live donation has been implemented in order to reduce the gap between supply and demand. From an ethical standpoint, the donation process from a live donor seems to violate the traditional first rule of medicine—primum non nocere because inevitably exposes healthy persons to a risk in order to benefit another person. In the chapter will be presented the crucial role of ethics and specific ethical issues in the different forms of live donation, such as financial incentives for living donation, reimbursement in unrelated live donation, minor sibling-to-sibling organ donation. The ethical aspects of live donor organ transplantation are continuously evolving; in order to make this strategy more beneficial and lifesaving, everyone involved in the process should make every possible effort with in mind the best interests of the patients.

The Impact of Social Media on Children

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Tuncay Dilci ◽  
Anıl Kadir Eranıl
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training

This chapter examines the impacts of social media on children. Advantages and disadvantages of social media are always available. Positive aspects of social media include allowing children to be brought up as multicultural individuals, enabling education and training environments to design for purposes, using as the main or supplementary source of education, a great power in creating and sharing information. Its negative aspects include leading to a reduction of their academic, social, and cognitive skills in the early periods when children were exposed to the social media, causing the children to develop obesity, mostly bringing up as consumption-centered individuals, perceive the world as a screenshot, and have low critical, creative, and reflective thinking skills. Therefore, one of the most important tasks undertaken to reduce or eliminate the negative effects is to raise and educate media-literate individuals.

scholarly journals A Study on the Impact and Potential of Cryptocurrency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aviral Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
World Market ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Virtual Currency ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Cryptocurrency is an innovative decentralized virtual currency concept. It has emerged as a new type of investment vehicle in the world, much like gold. The current research was carried out to investigate the impact of cryptocurrency on the world market and its future potential in relation to its rising prominence among investors and traders alike. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was based on the interviews of individuals trading in cryptocurrencies and data collected from magazines, websites, electronic newspapers, and research articles. The collected data sets were analyzed by a data analysis model created by me. Results: Only Cryptocurrencies with decentralized systems are trusted by investors for the fact that they can't be controlled by a single entity. Some countries have legalized crypto while some have banned them. Overall, a majority of the world still has yet to comment on the legality of Bitcoin. The cryptocurrency market is highly volatile as it is based on a simple supply and demand strategy. Bitcoin mining generates 35.95 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions and 12,000 tons of electronic waste a year. The applications of this system promise free, fast transactions, a guarantee of privacy, and a traceable supply-chain framework. Conclusion: The findings indicated that cryptocurrency has a swiftly rising user base. With its fair share of advantages and disadvantages, it is a global phenomenon. Given the correlation between investors and asset flow, its future looks promising. It is necessary to promote this next chapter in the evolution of digital assets.

Organ Donation and Transplantation

2013 ◽  
pp. 511-528
Author(s):  
Sherifa Al-Dossary ◽  
Norah Al-Dulaijan ◽  
Shaha Al-Mansour ◽  
Shrooq Al-Zahrani ◽  
Manahil Al-Fridan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
Donation Process ◽  
The World ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Different Parts

Organ transplantation is the best and often times the only opportunity for patients with end-stage organ disease to survive. In 1985, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was one of the few Arab countries to have started an organ donation program. The program was later expanded and renamed the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation (SCOT) in 1994. This chapter reviews the literature around organ donation and transplantation and introduces the different types of consent and registries available from different parts of the world as a solution for enhancing the process of donation and increasing organ donation rates. It also explores the organ donation process, the role of the SCOT program, and the social and public factors that influence organ donation in Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Informed consent for functional MRI research on comatose patients following severe brain injury: balancing the social benefits of research against patient autonomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommaso Bruni ◽  
Mackenzie Graham ◽  
Loretta Norton ◽  
Teneille Gofton ◽  
Adrian M Owen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Proxy Consent ◽  
Severe Brain Injury ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The Impact

Functional MRI shows promise as a candidate prognostication method in acutely comatose patients following severe brain injury. However, further research is needed before this technique becomes appropriate for clinical practice. Drawing on a clinical case, we investigate the process of obtaining informed consent for this kind of research and identify four ethical issues. After describing each issue, we propose potential solutions which would make a patient’s participation in research compatible with her rights and interests. First, we defend the need for traditional proxy consent against two alternative approaches. Second, we examine the impact of the intensive care unit environment on the informed consent process. Third, we discuss the therapeutic misconception and its potential influence on informed consent. Finally, we deal with issues of timing in recruiting participants and related factors which may affect the risks of participation.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Impact on Public Health, Environment, Human Psychology, Global Socioeconomy, and Education

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Youssef Miyah ◽  
Mohammed Benjelloun ◽  
Sanae Lairini ◽  
Anissa Lahrichi
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Psychology ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

The end of the year 2019 was marked by the introduction of a third highly pathogenic coronavirus, after SARS-CoV (2003) and MERS-CoV (2012), in the human population which was officially declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Indeed, the pandemic of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 19) has evolved at an unprecedented rate: after its emergence in Wuhan, the capital of the province of Hubei of the People's Republic of China, in December 2019, the total number of confirmed cases did not cease growing very quickly in the world. In this manuscript, we have provided an overview of the impact of COVID-19 on health, and we have proposed different nutrients suitable for infected patients to boost their immune systems. On the other hand, we have described the advantages and disadvantages of COVID-19 on the environment including the quality of water, air, waste management, and energy consumption, as well as the impact of this pandemic on human psychology, the educational system, and the global economy. In addition, we have tried to come up with some solutions to counter the negative repercussions of the pandemic.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of USA and Chinese entrepreneurship: experience for Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
A. M. Myrzakhmetova ◽  
A. E. Mukhametzhan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
The Impact

Вusinesses are the backbone of the national economy and play an important role for the effective functioning of the economy of any country in the world. The authors studied the experience of the United States and China, in which small and medium-sized businesses have been successfully developing for a long time, both during periods of economic growth and during periods of economic recession.The purpose of the article is to study the features and conduct a comparative analysis of the organization of entrepreneurial activity in the United States and China, and, based on the experience of these countries, develop proposals for the effective development of entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan. The authors analyzed the dynamics and factors of the development of small and medium-sized businesses, the advantages and disadvantages of entrepreneurial activity in the United States and China, and identified the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurial activity in these countries and in Kazakhstan. In the course of the study, various methods of scientific knowledge were used: data collection and processing, economic, comparative and statistical analysis, generalization, synthesis, induction, deduction. We collected and processed fresh quantitative data on the state and dynamics of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the United States and China in the period from 2011 to 2021.Small and medium business is an integral and important part of the economic development of all countries of the world, the experience of countries such as the United States and China can be useful and interesting for the Kazakh economy. Entrepreneurship performs a number of important socio-economic functions for the country: providing employment, creating a competitive environment, supporting and introducing innovations, reducing social inequality, attracting natural, human, material and technical resources into the production and commercial process, stimulating economic growth and improving the well-being of people.The authors, based on a study of the experience of entrepreneurial activities of two large leading countries of the world economy, have developed proposals that will contribute to the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Corporate Social Responsibility ‐ Is it a Viable Tool for Development?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Nartowski
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
The Political ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Broad Term ◽  
The World ◽  
Corporate Social

The topic of CSR, or Corporate Social Responsibility, continues to grow in todays political, economical, and social spheres. Despite the fact that CSR is an immense driver for development projects around the world, there is little academic work that evaluates the effects of CSR and makes a judgment on this issue. Firstly, this study will define and organize the broad term of CSR as its meanings range from natural preservation projects to human resource benefits. Through the organization of the term CSR into various categories, one can better understand the complexities and ethical issues surrounding this avenue of funding. Secondly, this study will evaluate the effects of major CSR projects around the world. By examining the political, economical, and social advantages and disadvantages of some of the worlds largest CSR funded projects, a verdict will be made on this issue.

7. Organ transplantation

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-133
Author(s):  
Jo Samanta ◽  
Ash Samanta
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Human Tissue ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Artificial Organs ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Presumed Consent ◽  
Tissue Act ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Human Tissue Act

This chapter deals with statutory provisions governing human tissue and organ transplantation, with particular reference to the Human Tissue Act 2004. It first considers the position at common law with regards to property in the human body, followed by a discussion of appropriate consent given by potential donors prior to their death or by deceased donors. It also considers the change in law to presumed consent under the Organ Donation (Deemed Consent) Act 2019. Organ donation from living persons and ethical issues surrounding organ transplantation are then explored. The chapter concludes by looking at alternative sources of organs, including xenotransplantation and artificial organs. Relevant court cases are cited, where appropriate.

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