scholarly journals Genetic and epigenetic factors of caries

2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
O. Bilynskyi ◽  
◽  
Ye. Kostenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Genetic Component ◽  
Caries Prevalence ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Poor Oral Hygiene ◽  
Population Characteristic ◽  
Component Type ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Summary. The paper analyzes the literature on the causes of caries, including the most common epigenetic factors, such as poor oral hygiene, adequate or deficient nutrition, the nature of food, biogeochemical and territorial factors, the content of microelements of water and soil, the level of environmental pollution, etc., as well as considering the genetic component, type of blood group, the structure of the hard tissues of the tooth, including a set of genes responsible for the occurrence and development of carious pathology. It was found that in conditions of fluoride and iodine deficiency, environmental factors have a critical role in the formation of the population-characteristic pattern of changes in dental status associated with the prevalence and intensity of caries. However, variations in these indicators may be partly mediated by the influence of genetically associated factors. The results of the analysis allowed to identify opportunities for the formulation of several independent analytical approaches that would help establish the significance of the genetic component in the structure of caries prognosis in terms of interaction with environmental conditions, actually determining how certain environmental factors can influence changes in genetic predisposition to caries. It can be summarized, that all currently available studies of the role of heredity in the risk structure of caries pathology is divided into two broad categories: identification of specific localized changes in genotype and verification of combinations or sets of such changes that can determine caries risk. Key words: caries, caries intensity, caries prevalence, genetics, twins, epigenetics, environment, saliva pH.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of microRNAs and Long Non-Coding RNAs in Sjögren’s Syndrome

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 903
Author(s):  
Giada De Benedittis ◽  
Cinzia Ciccacci ◽  
Andrea Latini ◽  
Lucia Novelli ◽  
Giuseppe Novelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sjögren’S Syndrome ◽  
Genetic Predisposition ◽  
Sjögren's Syndrome ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Sjogren’S Syndrome ◽  
Sjogren's Syndrome ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Sjögren‘S Syndrome

Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease. It is considered a multifactorial pathology, in which underlying genetic predisposition, epigenetic mechanisms and environmental factors contribute to development. The epigenetic regulations represent a link between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Recent studies suggested a regulatory role for non-coding RNAs in critical biological and disease processes. Among non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in the post-transcriptional mRNA expression, forming a complex network of gene expression regulation. This review aims to give an overview of the latest studies that have investigated the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in the SS. We included papers that investigated the expression of non-coding RNAs on different tissues, in particular on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and salivary glands. However, regarding the involvement of non-coding RNAs genetic variability in SS susceptibility very few data are available. Further research could help to elucidate underlying pathogenic processes of SS and provide new opportunities for the development of targeted therapies.

N-Glycosylation of IgG and IgG-Like Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins: Why Is It Important and How Can We Control It?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia I. Majewska ◽  
Max L. Tejada ◽  
Michael J. Betenbaugh ◽  
Nitin Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Current State ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Nucleotide Sugars ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Advanced Glycosylation

Regulatory bodies worldwide consider N-glycosylation to be a critical quality attribute for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG-like therapeutics. This consideration is due to the importance of posttranslational modifications in determining the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties of biologics. Given its critical role in protein therapeutic production, we review N-glycosylation beginning with an overview of the myriad interactions of N-glycans with other biological factors. We examine the mechanism and drivers for N-glycosylation during biotherapeutic production and the several competing factors that impact glycan formation, including the abundance of precursor nucleotide sugars, transporters, glycosidases, glycosyltransferases, and process conditions. We explore the role of these factors with a focus on the analytical approaches used to characterize glycosylation and associated processes, followed by the current state of advanced glycosylation modeling techniques. This combination of disciplines allows for a deeper understanding of N-glycosylation and will lead to more rational glycan control.

Critical role of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of psoriasis

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 863-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinrong Zeng ◽  
Shuaihantian Luo ◽  
Yumeng Huang ◽  
Qianjin Lu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Critical Role

scholarly journals The Sex-Related Interplay between TME and Cancer: On the Critical Role of Estrogen, MicroRNAs and Autophagy

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3287
Author(s):  
Paola Matarrese ◽  
Gianfranco Mattia ◽  
Maria Teresa Pagano ◽  
Giada Pontecorvi ◽  
Elena Ortona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Gender Based

The interplay between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) has a fundamental role in tumor progression and response to therapy. The plethora of components constituting the TME, such as stroma, fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells, as well as macromolecules, e.g., hormones and cytokines, and epigenetic factors, such as microRNAs, can modulate the survival or death of cancer cells. Actually, the TME can stimulate the genetically regulated programs that the cell puts in place under stress: apoptosis or, of interest here, autophagy. However, the implication of autophagy in tumor growth appears still undefined. Autophagy mainly represents a cyto-protective mechanism that allows cell survival but, in certain circumstances, also leads to the blocking of cell cycle progression, possibly leading to cell death. Since significant sex/gender differences in the incidence, progression and response to cancer therapy have been widely described in the literature, in this review, we analyzed the roles played by key components of the TME, e.g., estrogen and microRNAs, on autophagy regulation from a sex/gender-based perspective. We focused our attention on four paradigmatic and different forms of cancers—colon cancer, melanoma, lymphoma, and lung cancer—concluding that sex-specific differences may exert a significant impact on TME/cancer interaction and, thus, tumor growth.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota: A Key Regulator in the Effects of Environmental Hazards on Modulates Insulin Resistance

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruixue Huang
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Environmental Hazards ◽  
Baseline Drift ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Drift Theory

Insulin resistance is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), type II diabetes (T2D), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Emerging evidence indicates that these disorders are typically characterized by alterations in the gut microbiota composition, diversity, and their metabolites. Currently, it is understood that environmental hazards including ionizing radiation, toxic heavy metals, pesticides, particle matter, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are capable of interacting with gut microbiota and have a non-beneficial health effect. Based on the current study, we propose the hypothesis of “gut microenvironment baseline drift”. According to this “baseline drift” theory, gut microbiota is a temporarily combined cluster of species sharing the same environmental stresses for a short period, which would change quickly under the influence of different environmental factors. This indicates that the microbial species in the gut do not have a long-term relationship; any split, division, or recombination may occur in different environments. Nonetheless, the “baseline drift” theory considers the critical role of the response of the whole gut microbiome. Undoubtedly, this hypothesis implies that the gut microbiota response is not merely a “cross junction” switch; in contrast, the human health or disease is a result of a rich palette of gut-microbiota-driven multiple-pathway responses. In summary, environmental factors, including hazardous and normal factors, are critical to the biological impact of the gut microbiota responses and the dual effect of the gut microbiota on the regulation of biological functions. Novel appreciation of the role of gut microbiota and environmental hazards in the insulin resistance would shed new light on insulin resistance and also promote the development of new research direction and new overcoming strategies for patients.

scholarly journals Critical Role of Gut Microbiota and Epigenetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Behçet’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Ma ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Guangbing Zheng ◽  
Guiqin Tan ◽  
Fangyu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Behçet’S Disease ◽  
Behcet’S Disease ◽  
Behçet's Disease ◽  
Epigenetic Modification ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Behcet's Disease

Behçet’s disease (BD) is a chronic refractory multisystem autoinflammatory disease, characterized by typical clinical features of non-specific vasculitis, oral and genital ulcers, uveitis, as well as skin lesions. The exact etiopathogenesis of BD remains unknown, existing studies have indicated that genetics and environmental factors contribute to the increased development of BD. Recently, several studies have shown that external environmental factors can affect the process of epigenetic modification, and abnormalities of epigenetic factors have been confirmed to be involved in the occurrence of BD. At the same time, abnormalities of gut microbiota (GM) in the body, have also been confirmed to participate in the pathogenesis of BD by regulating the balance of Th17/Tregs. This article reviews the pathogenesis of BD and summarizes numerous clinical studies, focusing on the mechanism of GM and epigenetic factors impacting on BD, and providing new ideas for further elucidating the pathogenesis of BD.

scholarly journals The Metallome of Lung Cancer and its Potential Use as Biomarker

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén Callejón-Leblic ◽  
Ana Arias-Borrego ◽  
Antonio Pereira-Vega ◽  
José Gómez-Ariza ◽  
Tamara García-Barrera
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Carcinogenic Process ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Carcinogenesis is a very complex process in which metals have been found to be critically involved. In this sense, a disturbed redox status and metal dyshomeostasis take place during the onset and progression of cancer, and it is well-known that trace elements participate in the activation or inhibition of enzymatic reactions and metalloproteins, in which they usually participate as cofactors. Until now, the role of metals in cancer have been studied as an effect, establishing that cancer onset and progression affects the disturbance of the natural chemical form of the essential elements in the metabolism. However, it has also been studied as a cause, giving insights related to the high exposure of metals giving a place to the carcinogenic process. On the other hand, the chemical species of the metal or metallobiomolecule is very important, since it finally affects the biological activity or the toxicological potential of the element and their mobility across different biological compartments. Moreover, the importance of metal homeostasis and metals interactions in biology has also been demonstrated, and the ratios between some elements were found to be different in cancer patients; however, the interplay of elements is rarely reported. This review focuses on the critical role of metals in lung cancer, which is one of the most insidious forms of cancer, with special attention to the analytical approaches and pitfalls to extract metals and their species from tissues and biofluids, determining the ratios of metals, obtaining classification profiles, and finally defining the metallome of lung cancer.

The Role of the SLP in Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening and Assessment

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Philofsky
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Notable Increase ◽  
Screening Assessment ◽  
Critical Components

AbstractRecent prevalence estimates for autism have been alarming as a function of the notable increase. Speech-language pathologists play a critical role in screening, assessment and intervention for children with autism. This article reviews signs that may be indicative of autism at different stages of language development, and discusses the importance of several psychometric properties—sensitivity and specificity—in utilizing screening measures for children with autism. Critical components of assessment for children with autism are reviewed. This article concludes with examples of intervention targets for children with ASD at various levels of language development.

A critical role of iNOS-derived Nitric Oxide (NO) and progesterone in implantation

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 115A-115A
Author(s):  
K CHWALISZ ◽  
E WINTERHAGER ◽  
T THIENEL ◽  
R GARFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Critical Role
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