scholarly journals THE SEMANTIC CHANGES IN THE VOCABULARY(ON THE BASIS OF THE RUSSIAN AND AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGES)

HOMEROS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Sevinj MAHARRAMOVA
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Concrete Part ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Modern Russian

The article deals with the analysis of the semantic changes in the vocabularies of the Russian and Azerbaijani languages caused by the influence of the different factors. Semantic archaisms are systematized according their belonging to the concrete part of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs) and given in the appropriate tables. The reasons of the semantic changes during the historical development of the language are explained. Some Russian semantic archaisms are still used in the other Slavic languages (Ukrainian, Polish, Serbian). The historical excursus is carried out in the article, as necessary. So though the meanings of the Russian and Azerbaijani words considered in the article are archaic they are preserved in the structure of the modern words and might be relevant to the specific fields. They are used as terms in the different fields of science, they are preserved in the dialects, folklore. They are also important components of idioms, proverbs, sayings as they are relics of the past retained in the modern Russian and Azerbaijani languages. They have their own characteristics that makes them unique lexical items. Research of such semantic changes caused by the different factors is very interesting and significance both from the linguistic and historical standpoints.

scholarly journals The ʿUbāda B. al-Ṣāmit Tradition at the Crossroads of Methodology

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 137-235
Author(s):  
Pavel Pavlovitch
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Degree Of Acceptance ◽  
The Relationship

During the past few decades Western studies of the origin of Islam have made considerable advances in assessing sources which have long been considered a repository of exegetic, legal and historical material about the first centuries of Islam. Growing scepticism towards the Islamic foundation narratives and the traditional accounts of Islamic history undermined the notion that, unlike other religions, Islam “was born in the full light of history” and “its roots are on the surface” (A. Renan). The study of the first centuries of Islam has thus become the focus of clashing methodologies, often yielding conflicting accounts on how, when and where Islam emerged. While studying Muslim traditions (ḥadīths), Western Islamicists expressed varying opinions about reliability of lines of narrative transmission (isnāds), which, according to the traditional Muslim view, control the authenticity of the information included in the substantive part of the tradition (matn). One pole of the spectrum is represented by scholars who reject the link between the isnād and the matn. For them, the isnād is a fictitious authentication device that does not give any information about the historical development of the narrative. These scholars prefer to study the relationship between topically affiliated narratives, whence they derive information about the chronological development of the concepts conveyed by these narratives (literary analysis). The other part of the spectrum varies in the degree of acceptance of the isnāds. Nevertheless, these scholars generally agree that, provided certain methodological stipulations are met, a considerable part of the transmission line is authentic and correctly represents the ways through which the traditions were transmitted. With certain qualifications, the method of scholars who accept the isnād may be described as isnād-cum-matn analysis. In this article, I study the famous ʿUbāda tradition dealing with the punishment for adultery and fornication (zinā). First, I follow the historical development of the tradition by means of literary analysis. Then I apply to the same tradition the principles of isnād-cum-matn analysis. Although different in their treatment of the ḥadīth material, the two approaches are shown as capable of yielding results that are not mutually exclusive.

scholarly journals Evaluating popular online English-Chinese dictionaries in China by applying Lew and Szarowska’s (2017) evaluation framework

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilin Liu ◽  
Yaochen Deng ◽  
Shiyan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multiword Expressions ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Lexical Items

Abstract By applying Lew and Szarowska’s (2017) evaluation framework and methodology (with a few methodological enhancements made), this study evaluated six popular online English-Chinese dictionaries in China and produced some useful findings. First, Lew and Szarowska’s framework and methodology proved very successful in this study, demonstrating their viability in evaluating online bilingual dictionaries, although a few aspects where enhancements could be made were also identified. Second, the results of the evaluation of the six dictionaries in comparison with those from Lew and Szarowska (2017) suggest that while online dictionaries in the past few years seemed to have made improvements in some areas (e.g. increased coverage of lexical items including neologisms, technical words, and multiword expressions), they appeared to have shown little improvement with problems in some other areas (e.g. inadequate provision of usage, English variety, and part of speech labels and some inappropriate example sentences). Suggestions for addressing the existing problems are provided and implications for future research are discussed.

Wide Gap Braze Repair Using Vertically Laminated Repair Scheme

2008 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Nagy ◽  
Xiao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermetallic Compounds ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Braze Alloy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laminated Structure ◽  
Considerable Saving ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Gap

Repair of after-service gas turbine hot section superalloy components provides considerable saving in life-cycle cost of engines. Whereas a number of methods have been used in the past to repair these superalloy components, wide gap brazing technology has provided a practical alternative to repair difficult-to-weld alloys with substantial damages. In this paper, the historical development of wide gap repair technologies is reviewed first. Subsequently, the recent development in utilizing a vertically laminated structure to repair a large and deep gap (up to 16 mm) in one brazing cycle will be discussed. The microstructure resulted from this repair scheme will be evaluated and compared with conventional wide gap braze with slurry and that of the Liburdi powder metallurgy (LPM™) process. It is observed that in conventional wide gap brazing with premixed slurry, the presence of intermetallic compounds can be effectively reduced by reducing the ratio of braze alloy to gap filler, which, however, also contributes to the increased occurrence of macroscopic voids in the wide gap joint. The LPM™ method, on the other hand, can achieve a macroscopically void-free repair of gap (up to 6 mm) and minimize the formation of intermetallics. By using a vertically laminated repair scheme it is shown that the process is able to repair a deeper gap (up to 16 mm) with no macroscopic defects and reduced intermetallic compounds.

Wide Gap Braze Repair Using Vertically Laminated Repair Scheme

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Nagy ◽  
Xiao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermetallic Compounds ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Braze Alloy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laminated Structure ◽  
Considerable Saving ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Gap

Repair of after-service gas turbine hot section superalloy components provides considerable saving in life-cycle cost of engines. Whereas a number of methods have been used in the past to repair these superalloy components, wide gap brazing technology has provided a practical alternative to repair difficult-to-weld alloys with substantial damages. In this paper, the historical development of wide gap repair technologies is reviewed first. Subsequently, the recent development in utilizing vertically laminated structure to repair large and deep gap (up to 16 mm) in one brazing cycle will be discussed. The microstructure resulted from this repair scheme will be evaluated and compared to conventional wide gap braze with slurry and that of LPM™ process. It is observed that in conventional wide gap brazing with premixed slurry, the presence of intermetallic compounds can be effectively reduced by reducing the ratio of braze alloy to gap filler which however, also contributes to the increased occurrence of macroscopic voids in the wide gap joint. The LPM™ method, on the other hand, can achieve a macroscopically void-free repair of gap (up to 6 mm) and minimize the formation of intermetallics. By using a vertically laminated repair scheme it is shown that the process is able to repair a deeper gap (up to 16 mm) with no macroscopic defects and reduced intermetallic compounds.

scholarly journals Future iused to denote habitual actions in the vernacular of the Sirinic Zupa in the northern Sar Mountains

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-88
Author(s):  
Bojana Veljovic ◽  
Radivoje Mladenovic
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Frequency Unit

This paper analyzes the use of Future I to denote habitual actions in the vernacular of Sirinic. The analysis shows that Future I is a high-frequency unit when it refers to effects of what happened in the past as a custom, habit or part of a sequence. The use of Future with this meaning developed as its secondary trait, but this form was eventually suppressed from other domains of use and it was narrowed down to denoting a habitual action. The basic syntactic and semantic features of this future form with this time reference are its reference to a repeated action or a succession of events and its ability to denote the timeline of the effects of the action and its reference to wishes and commands more clearly. Furthermore, a future referring to the past is stylistically marked and thus appears as an expressive unit within the system, which is why it is typical of emotional discourse. In the Shtokavian area, Future I for habitual actions is only known in the Sirinic vernacular and in a few neighboring ones concentrated around the Sar Mountains. On the other hand, this unit is also frequent in Macedonian and Bulgarian and in some non-Slavic languages spoken in the Balkans, which is why the authors also investigate the presence of this feature in those languages.

scholarly journals What does being a noun or a verb mean?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Koenig ◽  
Karin Michelson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Semantic Relation ◽  
Indigenous Languages ◽  
The Other ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Status ◽  
Lexical Items

The indigenous languages of North America have played a critical role in discussions of the universality of part-of-speech distinctions. In this paper, we show that Oneida does not include a grammatical distinction between nouns and verbs. Rather, Oneida inflecting lexical items are subject to two cross-cutting semantic classifications, one that concerns the sort of entities they describe, the other the sort of semantic relation they include in their content. Labels such as ‘noun' and ‘verb' can still be used for cross-linguistic comparison, as the semantic partition of lexical items corresponds to canonical nouns and verbs according to morphologists and some typologists. But the meta-grammatical status of these labels is quite distinct from the status of corresponding labels in Indo-European languages like English.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Applications of Through-Focus Dark Field Image Shifts to Phase Identification

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
Prakash Rao
Keyword(s):  
Dark Field Image ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dark Field Electron ◽  
Recent Extension

Image shifts in out-of-focus dark field images have been used in the past to determine, for example, epitaxial relationships in thin films. A recent extension of the use of dark field image shifts has been to out-of-focus images in conjunction with stereoviewing to produce an artificial stereo image effect. The technique, called through-focus dark field electron microscopy or 2-1/2D microscopy, basically involves obtaining two beam-tilted dark field images such that one is slightly over-focus and the other slightly under-focus, followed by examination of the two images through a conventional stereoviewer. The elevation differences so produced are usually unrelated to object positions in the thin foil and no specimen tilting is required.In order to produce this artificial stereo effect for the purpose of phase separation and identification, it is first necessary to select a region of the diffraction pattern containing more than just one discrete spot, with the objective aperture.

‘Newness which never perishes’? Schoenberg’s ambivalent reception of Haydn

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 215-224
Author(s):  
Alexander Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Musical Style ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
Music Tradition

This paper explores Arnold Schoenberg’s curious ambivalence towards Haydn. Schoenberg recognized Haydn as an important figure in the German serious music tradition, but never closely examined or clearly articulated Haydn’s influence and import on his own musical style and ethos, as he did with many other major composers. This paper argues that Schoenberg failed to explicitly recognize Haydn as a major influence because he saw Haydn as he saw himself, namely as a somewhat ungainly, paradoxical figure, with one foot in the past and one in the future. In his voluminous writings on music, Haydn is mentioned by Schoenberg far less frequently than Bach, Mozart, or Beethoven, and his music appears rarely as examples in Schoenberg’s theoretical texts. When Schoenberg does talk about Haydn’s music, he invokes — with tacit negativity — its accessibility, counterpoising it with more recondite music, such as Beethoven’s, or his own. On the other hand, Schoenberg also praises Haydn for his complex, irregular phrasing and harmonic exploration. Haydn thus appears in Schoenberg’s writings as a figure invested with ambivalence: a key member of the First Viennese triumvirate, but at the same time he is curiously phantasmal, and is accorded a peripheral place in Schoenberg’s version of the canon and his own musical genealogy.

Economic Performance and Public Finance in Kenya, 1960-2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kempe Ronald Hope
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Emerging Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Government Investment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Private Savings ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Real Growth

Countries with positive per capita real growth are characterised by positive national savings—including government savings, increases in government investment, and strong increases in private savings and investment. On the other hand, countries with negative per capita real growth tend to be characterised by declines in savings and investment. During the past several decades, Kenya’s emerging economy has undergone many changes and economic performance has been epitomised by periods of stability, decline, or unevenness. This article discusses and analyses the record of economic performance and public finance in Kenya during the period 1960‒2010, as well as policies and other factors that have influenced that record in this emerging economy. 

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