scholarly journals FORMATION AND ACTIVITY OF MILITARY AVIATION IN THE UKRAINIAN ARMY (1918–1920): A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 196-210
Author(s):  
Sergyi GUBSKYI
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Key Words ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The West ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Military Aviation

The article deals with the issues of formation, organizational structure, activities of aviation units of the West Ukrainian National, Hetmanate and the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1920) in memoir literature and scientific historiographic studies of the 20s of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. In these writings of Ukrainian diaspora and domestic authors, the emphasis is on the role of aviation of Ukrainian independent state formations in protecting their sovereignty, territorial integrity and economic interests. A new direction in the study of historiography on this subject is the work devoted to the biographies of Ukrainian aviators of that period. Further scientific developments in this direction will serve as a thorough study of various aspects of the Ukrainian statehood of the first half of the twentieth century. Key words: aviation, Western Ukrainian People's Republic, Hetmanate, Ukrainian People's Republic, memoirs, historiography, independence, flights, military operations, aviators, Poland, bolsheviks, planes, army, Ukrainian scientists.

Levantine Art in the “Orientalizing” Period

2019 ◽  
pp. 369-383
Author(s):  
Marian H. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The West ◽  
False Dichotomy ◽  
First Millennium

The “Orientalizing period” represents a scholarly designation used to describe the eighth and seventh centuries bce when regions in Greece, Italy, and farther west witnessed a flourishing of arts and cultures attributed to contact with cultural areas to the east—in particular that of the Phoenicians. This chapter surveys Orientalizing as an intellectual and historiographic concept and reconsiders the role of purportedly Phoenician arts within the existing scholarly narratives. The Orientalizing period should be understood as a construct of nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholarship that was structured around a false dichotomy between the Orient (the East) and the West. The designation “Phoenician” has a similarly complex historiographic past rooted in ancient Greek stereotyping that has profoundly shaped modern scholarly interpretations. This chapter argues that the luxury arts most often credited as agents of Orientalization—most prominent among them being carved ivories, decorated metal bowls, and engraved tridacna shells—cannot be exclusively associated with a Phoenician cultural origin, thus calling into question the primacy of the Phoenicians in Orientalizing processes. Each of these types of objects appears to have a much broader production sphere than is indicated by the attribute as Phoenician. In addition, the notion of unidirectional influences flowing from east to west is challenged, and instead concepts of connectivity and networking are proposed as more useful frameworks for approaching the problem of cultural relations during the early part of the first millennium bce.

The Palestinian Debate

Worldview ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 7-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry W. Roeder ◽  
Franklin C. Marcus ◽  
Henry S. Sizer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The West ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
West Bank And Gaza ◽  
Palestinian Question

People seeking a settlement of the Palestinian question have focused on several options during the past few years. These proposals cover a wide range of choices from annexation by Israel of the West Bank and Gaza, to a Palestinian semiautonomy in the same territories, to some kind of union with Jordan. However, the only viable proposal is an arrangement that satisfies the population most directly involved; i.e., the Palestinians. And they will be satisfied with nothing less than true independence from both Israel and Jordan for the territories occupied by Israel since 1967. Just as other “peoples” have done before them, the Palestinians today are struggling for one thing above all else: the powerful idea of “self-determination” or “sovereignty.” In the twentieth century that means an independent state.

Are the BRICS a Viable Alternative to the West? A Succinct Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Calderón-Zaks
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Global South ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
The West ◽  
The People

Abstract In this article I briefly examine the perceived role of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—also known as the BRICS—as an alternative to the West in the Global South. Their patterns of development must be placed in the context of the West’s development prior to and during the twentieth century. In fact, the burden of “development” remains on the shoulders of the people on the peripheries of the Americas and Africa.

scholarly journals Newest Historiographic Studies of the Ukrainian Icon-Painting of The Last Judgment

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
А. К. Григорак
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Key Words ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Last Judgment ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
The Stranger

The analysis of features of iconography, stylistics, coloring and manner of execution of compositions of the Last Judgment is devoted to many scientific works. Despite this, the issue of the peculiarities of symbolism and source potential of the Stranger Judgment icons remains inexhaustible. The article is devoted to the analysis of the latest scientific research of the XXI century. Dedicated to the Ukrainian iconography of the Last Judgment. The main achievements and discoveries in the Work of Researchers are described for the development of the research of the Contemporary Issues in the historical and artistic key words. The potential of Ukrainian iconography research is also determined in the article. Studying the historiographical aspect of the research of Ukrainian icons, the specificity of approaches and areas of analysis of iconographic samples as historical sources by historians and art historians of the XXI century is traced. Historiography of the plot of the Last Judgment of the modern age is presented by the works of several authors: Ivan Himki, Lilya Berezhnoy, Marty Fedak, Lyudmila Milyaeva, etc. Analyzing this topic, we should mention that the literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries more focuses on aesthetic, especially on the artistic meaning of icons. Actually, the iconography of this period is formed -first as a branch of history and archeology, and from the end of the nineteenth century, as a branch of art studies. Studies of the twentieth century have some disadvantages caused by the influence of the Soviet period, in which there was no place for the icon just as a spiritual sanctuary, as sources of religious outlook of society. Particularly, this was due to the Marxist-Leninist “methodology”, that is, the approach to the icon as a painting, without taking into account its symbolic significance. With the restoration of Ukraine’s political independence at the end of the ХХ century the anti-religious propaganda was stopped and the community began to return to the spiritual origins, one of which is Christianity, including its components to which icons also belong to the Orthodox tradition. And precisely because of the great importance of the Ukrainian icon painting of the Last Judgment, there are scientific works of the 21st century that make it possible to look at the icon with completely different approach.

scholarly journals Strategic Hypocrisy: The British Imperial Scripting of Tibet's Geopolitical Identity

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dibyesh Anand
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
The West ◽  
Significant Aspect ◽  
Western Idea ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
British Imperialist

The protests in and around Tibet in 2008 show that Tibet's status within China remains unsettled. The West is not an outsider to the Tibet question, which is defined primarily in terms of the debate over the status of Tibet vis-à-vis China. Tibet's modern geopolitical identity has been scripted by British imperialism. The changing dynamics of British imperial interests in India affected the emergence of Tibet as a (non)modern geopolitical entity. The most significant aspect of the British imperialist policy practiced in the first half of the twentieth century was the formula of “Chinese suzerainty/Tibetan autonomy.” This strategic hypocrisy, while nurturing an ambiguity in Tibet's status, culminated in the victory of a Western idea of sovereignty. It was China, not Tibet, that found the sovereignty talk most useful. The paper emphasizes the world-constructing role of contesting representations and challenges the divide between the political and the cultural, the imperial and the imaginative.

The Politics of Interpretation: Understanding Biblical History in Palestinian Rural Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-20
Author(s):  
Elizabeth S. Marteijn
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Rural Culture ◽  
The West ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Biblical History ◽  
Cultural Belonging

This article investigates the role of the biblical story in the Palestinian context of cultural and political change. It explores how Palestinian Christians have depicted modern-day Palestinian rural culture as being a continuation of biblical culture. The article explores two different ways of understanding the bible to which this continuation thinking applies: first, when the bible is being read through the eyes of the Palestinian rural community (or ‘the Bible through peasant eyes’, as New Testament scholar Kenneth E. Bailey put it) and secondly, through the eyes of the politically oppressed. To illustrate this, the small Palestinian Christian village of Taybeh in the West Bank serves as a case study. In the post-1967 context, it became important for the inhabitants to portray their village as going back historically to the Ophrah and Ephraim of the bible, thus reimagining their identity as being essentially biblical. This insertion of contemporary Palestinian history into biblical history, and vice versa, is for the inhabitants of Taybeh a way to give scriptural sanction against Zionist constructions and a way to express their theological and cultural belonging to the land. This article demonstrates how their view both relates to and stands in conflict with Western understandings of biblical history, featuring the work of nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century travellers, missionaries and ethnographers from Europe.

Economic and Political Expansion: The Case of Oudh

1975 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
East India Company ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
The West ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Defensive Reaction ◽  
Mughal Empire ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Early Phases

Historians of the early phases of British conquest in India have until recent years given comparatively little attention to the economic elements in British expansion. Historians of the late nineteenth or early twentieth century generally portrayed conquest as a largely defensive reaction to French rivalry or to the instability created by the collapse of the Mughal empire. The commercial functions of the East India Company were largely ignored; if they were mentioned at all it was only to point out that the Directors of the Company believed that costly wars and conquests were incompatible with successful trade and therefore took a jaundiced view of the supposed ambitions of Warren Hastings and Wellesley. Wellesley. In 1948, however, in his John Company at Work, Professor Holden Furber both revealed a much more complex pattern of British economic interests in India, including an extremely vigorous private sector operating in the interstices of the Company's monopoly, and suggested a number of links between ‘economic contact between India and the west’ and the rise of British ‘imperialism’. More recently, historians have begun to examine such links in detail in studies of specific parts of India. The extent to which the British had entrenched themselves in the economic life of Bengal long before Plassey, was noted by Dr Bhattacharya in his The East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, a book which prompts questions about the extent to which Siraj-ud-daula or Mir Kasim were victims of British economic success.

scholarly journals Rola Iranu, Iraku i Syrii w polityce białoruskiej

Politeja ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (53) ◽  
pp. 109-126
Author(s):  
Eugeniusz Mironowicz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Defense Cooperation ◽  
Volume Of Trade

The Role of Iran, Iraq and Syria in the Policy of the BelarusianRelations between Belarus and Iran, Iraq and Syria after 1998 took on the nature of political alliance. The factor connecting Belarus with these countries was their isolation by the West because of the policy of internal or foreign. Sanctions or restrictions imposed on these countries on the initiative or with the participation of the United States created an additional platform for Minsk agreements with Tehran, Baghdad and Damascus. Anti‑Americanism four countries has become a common feature of their foreign policy and defense cooperation. Closeness of political relations was accompanied by a desire to establish a broad economic cooperation between the four countries. At the beginning of 21st century it grew by leaps and bounds each year, the volume of trade between Belarus and Iran, Iraq and Syria. Level exchanges with Iran and Syria, however, quickly reached a level corresponding to the potential capabilities of the parties and far removed from the expectations of leaders. Any dealings with Iraq were interrupted as a result of the occupation of that country by the United States and the coalition.

Faces of the Dead

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-106
Author(s):  
John Parker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Spirit World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Dead

This chapter reviews the most visible material manifestation of funerary culture on the Gold Coast and in its forest hinterland before the twentieth century: commemorative terracotta sculptures of the dead. The chapter notes that the Akan and their neighbours were parsimonious when it came to artistic engagement with the dead. Unlike in many societies, from ancient Egypt to medieval Christian Europe and on to modern Mexico, death in Ghana has not left a powerful visual residue. Even within West Africa, the Akan region is notable for the absence of art that served to mediate with ancestors and the spirit world: in contrast to cultural zones to the west, north and east, it had, for example, no masking tradition. The chapter looks at the role of the terracottas within the wider Akan funerary complex. It focuses on the evocative sculptures, but the aim, in the spirit of Sir Thomas Browne's reflections on ancient British burial urns, is that they illuminate something of that broader history of death.

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