scholarly journals Management of gummosis in citrus with potassium phosphite

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e7199108992
Author(s):  
Dalilla Carvalho Rezende ◽  
Dayson Fernando Ribeiro Brandão ◽  
Simone Cristiane Brand ◽  
Silvia Blumer ◽  
Sérgio Florentino Pascholati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Total Phenols ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Resistance Induction ◽  
Potassium Phosphite ◽  
Root Tissues

This work aimed to evaluate the potassium phosphite-based commercial product, Phytogard®, as a complementary tool for the management of gummosis in citrus. Seedlings of tangerine ‘Sunki’ were sprayed at concentrations 0; 0.5; 2 and 5 mL L-1 of Phytogard® and subsequently inoculated with zoospores of Phytophthora nicotianae. The disease incidence was reduced by 84% in plants sprayed at the concentration 0.5 mL L-1 and the plants sprayed at concentrations of 2 and 5 mL L-1 showed zero disease incidence. There was increased an production of fresh matter of shoot and roots in plants sprayed and inoculated with the pathogen compared to unsprayed plants. Plants sprayed with Phytogard® and inoculated with the pathogen showed lower values for total phenols, enzyme activity for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase and for total protein content in root tissues compared to non-inoculated plants. There was higher activity of the enzyme β 1.3-glucanase in root tissues of plants inoculated with the pathogen that received the product at the concentration of 2 mL L-1. The results of this study showed that the potassium phosphite-based product Phytogard® has potential for the control of Phytophthora nicotianae in seedlings of tangerine ‘Sunki’. However, it is not possible to conclude that this control occurs through resistance induction.

scholarly journals Postharvest Quality of Cut Roses With the Application of Salicylic Acid

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
Sérgio Miguel Mazaro ◽  
Edson Bertoldo ◽  
Nean Locatelli Dalacosta ◽  
Fabiana Chiamulera Borsatti ◽  
Mycheli Preuss da Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Stem Curvature ◽  
Lower Stem

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of salicylic acid (SA) on the maintenance of quality and longevity of cut roses cv. Vega. Cut roses were kept in a vase solution of SA and water at concentrations of 0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mM. All treatments were kept at 8±2 oC for 96 hours, simulating storage in flower shops; the flowers were then evaluated regarding loss of fresh matter and leaf chlorophyll content and were transferred to beakers containing distilled water at 25±2 ºC for more 144 hours, simulating shelf life. At 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours from the beginning of the experiment, biochemical analyses of total proteins and the activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidases (PO) were performed. Visual analyses were performed (stem curvature, turgescence and petal darkening) every 48 hour intervals until the end of the experiment. The treatments with SA allowed the maintenance of post-harvest quality, reducing the loss of fresh matter mass, lower stem curvature, greater turgescence and less darkening of the petals. The results showed that the application of SA increased total protein contents and FAL, which characterizes the activation of plant defense mechanisms to the senescence process.

Resistance to downy mildew in pearl millet is associated with increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Geetha ◽  
K. N. Amruthesh ◽  
R. G. Sharathchandra ◽  
H. S. Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Enzyme Activation ◽  
Sclerospora Graminicola ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Downy Mildew Disease

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity was studied in pearl millet cultivars with different levels of resistance to the downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola, an important oomycete pathogen. PAL activity was elevated in resistant host cultivar and decreased in susceptible cultivars following downy mildew pathogen infection. The enzyme activation varied between cultivars and was correlated with the degree of resistance to downy mildew disease. The induction of PAL as a response to pathogen inoculation was further corroborated by a time-course study in seedlings and cultured cells of pearl millet. The level of PAL activity was highest at 1.5 h in cultured cells and 4 h in seedlings of resistant host cultivar after inoculation with Sclerospora graminicola. Further studies on PAL activity in different tissues of seedlings showed highest enzyme activity in the young growing region of the root of the resistant host cultivars. The accumulation of wall-bound phenolics and lignin was higher in the resistant cultivar seedlings as evidenced by phloroglucinol–HCl staining and p-coumaric acid assay. The temporal changes in lignin concentration and the concentration of soluble phenolics were greater in root tissues of resistant cultivars than in those of susceptible cultivars. Treatment of resistant seedlings with a PAL inhibitor, α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid, resulted in the enhancement of the enzyme activity, whereas in the presence of 1 mm trans-cinnamic acid the pathogen-induced PAL was completely inhibited. Treatment of pearl millet seedlings with exogenously applied PAL inhibitors induced downy mildew disease susceptibility in the resistant pearl millet cultivar, consistent with direct involvement of PAL in downy mildew resistance. Results are discussed with respect to the presumed importance of host phenolic compounds and lignin accumulation and its relation to PAL activation as a response to the pathogen infection.

scholarly journals The Effect of Cadmium on the Activity of Stress-Related Enzymes and the Ultrastructure of Pea Roots

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Głowacka ◽  
Anna Źróbek-Sokolnik ◽  
Adam Okorski ◽  
Janusz Najdzion
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Antioxidative Enzyme Activities ◽  
Related Enzyme ◽  
Pea Roots ◽  
Root Tissues

The analysis of the effects of cadmium (Cd) on plant cells is crucial to understand defense mechanisms and adaptation strategies of plants against Cd toxicity. In this study, we examined stress-related enzyme activities after one and seven days of Cd application and the ultrastructure of roots of Pisum sativum L. after seven days of Cd treatment (10, 50, 100, and 200 μM CdSO4). Our results showed that phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and the amount of Cd accumulated in the roots were significantly positively correlated with the Cd concentration used in our experiment. However, Cd caused a decrease of all studied antioxidative enzyme activities (i.e., catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX)). The analysis of the ultrastructure (TEM) showed various responses to Cd, depending on Cd concentrations. In general, lower Cd concentrations (50 and 100 μM CdSO4) mostly resulted in increased amounts of oil bodies, plastolysomes and the accumulation of starch granules in plastids. Meanwhile, roots treated with a higher concentration of Cd (200 μM CdSO4) additionally triggered protective responses such as an increased deposition of suberin lamellae in the endodermal cell walls. This indicates that Cd induces a complex defense response in root tissues.

scholarly journals Induction of chalcone synthase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase by salicylic acid and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in common bean

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ângela Diniz Campos ◽  
Alfredo Gui Ferreira ◽  
Magdolna Maria Vozári Hampe ◽  
Irajá Ferreira Antunes ◽  
Nely Brancão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
The Common ◽  
Two Stages

The activities of the enzymes chalcone synthase (CHS) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were measured in leaf extracts obtained from four cultivars of the common bean (AB 136, Rio Tibagi, Carioca and Macanudo). Two stages of plant development were examined: plantlets (V2) and the onset of blooming (R6). Initially, the plants were either treated with salicylic acid or inoculated with the delta race of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (inductive fungus) and after three days they were evaluated for enzyme activity. Afterwards, all plants were inoculated (challenged) with the virulent pathotype 33/95 of C. lindemuthianum except for the water control. Five days later, the activities of PAL and CHS were evaluated. There were significant changes in the activities of both enzymes three days after treatment with salicylic acid or inductive fungus when compared to the control. Five days after inoculation with with the virulent pathotype 33/95 of C. lindemuthianum CHS activity in the Macanudo was similar to control plants that were not treated with salicylic acid or the inductive fungus but inoculated with 33/95 C. lindemuthianum. The increase in enzyme activity after challenge with 33/95 C. lindemuthianum was greatest for the salicylic acid treatment in the cultivar AB 136, followed by Rio Tibagi and Carioca.

scholarly journals Zinc Induced Enzymatic Defense Mechanisms in Rhizoctonia Root Rot Infected Clusterbean Seedlings

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Wadhwa ◽  
Udai Narayan Joshi ◽  
Naresh Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Metabolism ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Tyrosine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Wet Weight

This investigation was planned to determine the effect of different concentrations of zinc (Zn) on biochemical constituents of clusterbean, which play an important role in disease resistance mechanisms. Clusterbean seedlings were grown with 0, 10, or 20 mg Zn kg−1 soil treatments in earthen pots filled with 700 g inoculated soil. Soil was inoculated by pretreatment with 250 mg (wet weight) of Rhizoctonia inoculums per pot. A similar set was maintained in uninoculated soil. Root rot incidence decreased to 41 and 27 per cent with 10 and 20 mg Zn kg−1 soil treatments, respectively, as compared to 68 percent at control. Antioxidative enzyme activity (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and tyrosine ammonia lyase) increased in inoculated seedlings and was increased further by 20 mg Zn kg−1 soil treatment. Antioxidative enzymes play an important role against fungal invasion, as peroxidase is involved in the formation of barrier via lignifications at the site of pathogen penetration. PAL and TAL play a key role in phenylpropanoid metabolism and could perform defense-related functions. Zn acts as a cofactor for these enzymes, so it can be concluded that Zn may be used as a soil-nutritive agent to increase resistance in plants against fungal diseases.

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, flavanone 3β-hydroxylase and flavonol synthase enzyme activity by a new in vitro assay method in berry fruits

2014 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 130-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gema Flores ◽  
Fernando De la Peña Moreno ◽  
Gracia Patricia Blanch ◽  
Maria Luisa Ruiz del Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
In Vitro Assay ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Flavonol Synthase ◽  
Berry Fruits

scholarly journals Effect of fundectomy, antrectomy and gastrectomy on pancreatic and brush border enzyme activity in rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 6031-2018
Author(s):  
MAŁGORZATA KAPICA ◽  
IWONA PUZIO
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Distal Jejunum

The aim of our study was to investigate the possible effects of the removal of different parts of the stomach (fundectomy, antrectomy, gastrectomy) on the total protein content and enzyme activity in the pancreas and the brush border of the intestinal mucosa. Twenty-four 2.5-month-old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sham-operated animals (SHO) and those subjected to gastrectomy (Gx), fundectomy (Fx), and antrectomy (ANT). After a six-week experiment, the rats were sacrificed, and blood was collected for further gastrin analysis in serum. Samples of the pancreas, duodenum, and jejunum (proximal part in 25% of length, middle part in 50% of length, and distal part in 75% of length) were collected to determine the total protein content and enzyme activity. The rats subjected to fundectomy, antrectomy and gastrectomy showed an increased total protein content and enzyme activity (amylase, trypsin) in pancreatic tissue. They exhibited an increase in the total protein content in the homogenates of the mucosa of the proximal, middle and distal jejunum, compared to the control, and a statistical increase in maltase activity. Compared with the control group, the rats subjected to Fx and ANT showed a decreased sucrase activity in the homogenates of the mucosa of the duodenum and of the proximal, middle and distal jejunum. In the gastrectomized rats, there was a statistically significant increase in the total protein content in the homogenates of the mucosa of the jejunum, compared to the control, while the activities of lactase and sucrase were decreased. There was a statistically significant increase in the gastrin level in all experimental groups (Fx, ANT, Gx). We suggest that surgical removal of a part of the stomach radically changes the level of hormones that determine many functions of the organism. Hormonal changes may have an impact on the pancreas and the activity of brush border enzymes. .

scholarly journals Pengaruh Waktu Inokulasi dan Jumlah Inokulum Terhadap Patogenisitas Phytophthora nicotianae pada Bibit Tembakau

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Nurul Hidayah ◽  
Titiek Yulianti
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Inoculum Density ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Black Shank ◽  
Plant Variety ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Screen House

<p>Waktu inokulasi yang tepat serta jumlah inokulum yang digunakan merupakan salah satu faktor yang me-nentukan keberhasilan inokulasi buatan yang lazim dilakukan dalam pengujian ketahanan suatu varietas ter-hadap patogen tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui waktu inokulasi dan jumlah inokulum Phytophthora nicotianae yang paling efektif untuk dapat menimbulkan gejala penyakit lanas pada bibit tembakau. Penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium dan rumah kasa Fitopatologi Balittas, Malang pada bulan Juli Oktober 2006. Metode penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari dua faktor, yaitu umur bibit saat inokulasi (faktor I), terdiri dari tiga tingkat yaitu: 1) bibit berumur 5 minggu setelah se-mai (mss), 2) bibit berumur 6 mss dan 3) bibit berumur 7 mss dan jumlah inokulum (faktor II), terdiri dari 4 tingkat yaitu: 1) tanpa inokulum (kontrol), 2) 1.3502.400 zoospora/bibit, 2) 2.7004.800 zoospora/bibit, dan 4) 5.4009.600 zoospora/bibit. Masing-masing kombinasi perlakuan diulang 3 kali. Pengamatan dilaku-kan pada masa inkubasi dan kejadian penyakit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masa inkubasi penyakit dipengaruhi oleh umur bibit saat inokulasi. Bibit yang lebih muda mempunyai masa inkubasi lebih cepat yak-ni 4,5 hari dibandingkan dengan bibit yang lebih tua. Kejadian penyakit tertinggi yaitu sebesar 56,9% terjadi pada saat bibit diinokulasi berumur 5 mss dengan jumlah inokulum 1.3502.400 zoospora/bibit.</p><p> </p><p>Suitable time of inoculation and inoculum density are factors to determine the success of artificial inoculation to evaluate of resistant level of plant variety to pathogen. The aim of this research was to study the appro-priate time of inoculation and inoculum density of Phytophthora nicotianae, the causal agent of black shank and damping off on tobacco seedling. The research was conducted in Phytopathology laboratory and screen house of IToFCRI Malang from July-October 2006. This research was arranged in complete randomized de-sign which consisted two factors and three replicates. The first factor was comprised of three times of ino-culation, and the second was the density of P. nicotianae inoculum. The parameters observed were incuba-tion period and disease incidence. The result showed that the incubation period was affected by the age of seedling when it was inoculated. The younger seedling was more susceptible than the older one. The high disease incidence (56.9%) was reached when the seedling five weeks old and inoculated by inoculum con-tained of 1,3502,400 zoospores/seedling.</p>

scholarly journals Bacteriome and Mycobiome in Nicotiana tabacum Fields Affected by Black Shank Disease

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyulong Chen ◽  
Baoyu He ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
Tomislav Cernava
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Biomarker Detection ◽  
Gene Fragment ◽  
Black Shank ◽  
Its1 Region ◽  
Correlation Studies ◽  
16S Gene ◽  
Previous Disease

Phytophthora nicotianae is a widespread cause of black shank disease of tobacco plants and causes substantial harvest losses in all major cultivation areas. The oomycete primarily affects plant roots and the stem, where it leads to a progressing decay of the diseased tissues. In this resource announcement, we provide two complementary datasets comprising 16S gene fragment amplicons (bacteriome) and ITS1 region amplicons (mycobiome) that were sequenced on an Illumina-based platform. Soil samples were obtained from disease-affected fields in Guizhou province (China) and include control samples from adhering fields without previous disease incidence. Both datasets were acquired at a high sequencing depth and accompanied by detailed metadata, which facilitate their implementation in comparative studies. The resource announcement provides a basis for disease-specific biomarker detection and correlation studies that include the microbiome.

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