scholarly journals Study and analysis of vaccination and immunization in Brazil today

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. e13891210889
Author(s):  
Giuliana Zardeto-Sabec ◽  
Caroline Tait ◽  
Guilherme Donadel ◽  
Mariana Dalmagro ◽  
Paulo Fernandes Marcusso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Single System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Unified Health System ◽  
Current State ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Internet Portals ◽  
Health Organization

According to the World Health Organization, researchers estimate that the spread of vaccines has allowed worldwide life expectancy to increase by 30 years in the past two centuries. Despite these advances, there are major challenges to be overcome to expand immunization coverage. Currently, the Unified Health System (SUS) offers a total of 19 vaccines that protect against more than 40 diseases free of charge. Therefore, the objective of the study was to study and analyze the current state of Brazilian vaccination in relation to infectious diseases eradicated in the country. For the development of the work, data from the Ministry of Health, published scientific articles in the Google academic, SCIELO and PubMed databases, epidemiological bulletins, as well as relevant studies and reports published on websites and internet portals through the descriptors, vaccination in Brazil, vaccination delay in Brazil, vaccines available in the single system were used (SUS). Through this work, it is concluded that the lack of information in a set of other factors generates the non-vaccination of the population, resulting in the return of previously eradicated diseases.

scholarly journals Morphological Characteristics, Classifications and Difficulties in the Use of Diagnostic Criteria for Serrated Lesions of the Large Intestine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar de Souza Bastos Junior ◽  
Vera Lucia Nunes Pannain ◽  
Adriana Caroli-Bottino
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Serrated Adenoma ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Serrated Lesions ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Introduction Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal neoplasm in the world, accounting for 15% of cancer-related deaths. This condition is related to different molecular pathways, among them the recently described serrated pathway, whose characteristic entities, serrated lesions, have undergone important changes in their names and diagnostic criteria in the past thirty years. The multiplicity of denominations and criteria over the last years may be responsible for the low interobserver concordance (IOC) described in the literature. Objectives The present study aims to describe the evolution in classification of serrated lesions, based on the last three publications of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the reproducibility of these criteria by pathologists, based on the evaluation of the IOC. Methods A search was conducted in the PubMed, ResearchGate and Portal Capes databases, with the following terms: sessile serrated lesion; serrated lesions; serrated adenoma; interobserver concordance; and reproducibility. Articles published since 1990 were researched. Results and Discussion The classification of serrated lesions in the past thirty years showed different denominations and diagnostic criteria. The reproducibility and IOC of these criteria in the literature, based on the kappa coefficient, varied in most studies, from very poor to moderate. Conclusions Interobserver concordance and the reproducibility of microscopic criteria may represent a limitation for the diagnosis and appropriate management of these lesions. It is necessary to investigate diagnostic tools to improve the performance of the pathologist's evaluation, for better concordance, and, consequently, adequate diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Measles Distribution Map according to Measles Immunization and Vitamin A Coverage

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Vika Gress Vio Dilita ◽  
Lucia Yovita Hendrati
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Measles Incidence

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Indonesia is one of the ten countries with the most significant number of measles cases in the world. Immunization coverage in Trenggalek Regency has reached the target of prevention of measles in the elimination stage, namely measles immunization coverage> 95%, the incidence of measles persists and increases in the last three years, from 2013 to 2015. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the trends between measles immunization status and the provision of vitamin A with the incidence of measles in Trenggalek Regency. Methods: This type of research is an observational study with a cross-sectional study design. The sample population is consist of 14 sub-districts in Trenggalek Regency. Data was taken from the health profile of Trenggalek Regency in 2013, 2014, and 2015. In this study, data processing were analysed by Health Mapper application version 4.3.0.0 with product version 4.03 to determine data descriptively. Results: Distribution of measles incidence with immunization coverage in Trenggalek Regency in 2013, 2014, and 2015 showed that measles incidence tended to increase followed with the decreasing number of measles immunization coverage each year. Ironically, the distribution of measles incidence with vitamin A administration in 2013, 2014, and 2015 showed the incidence of measles had increased because of the inconsistent amount of vitamin A administration. Conclusion: Measles incidence tends to occur in low immunization coverage areas and has decreased from the previous year. Giving vitamin A does not prevent the occurrence of measles, but serves to reduce compilation.

scholarly journals A recent update of the diagnostic methods for tuberculosis and their applicability in Indonesia: a narrative review

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-91
Author(s):  
Tri Nugraha Susilawati ◽  
Riska Larasati
Keyword(s):  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current State ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assays ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The World ◽  
Golden Standard ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Health Organization

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global problem, especially with the high prevalence of HIV-TB co-infection. Delayed diagnosis and continual transmission contribute to high mortality in Indonesia, which has the third highest incidence of TB in the world, after China and India. Therefore, early diagnosis is needed to reduce the number of cases and to administer therapy to prevent the transmission of bacteria. The diagnosis of TB remains a challenge in clinical practice due to poor sensitivity and the requirement of skilled staff in microscopic tests, the slow growth Mycobacterium in culture, and the low number of bacilli present in extrapulmonary TB. Despite being the golden standard for TB diagnosis, cultures require 2–8 weeks to grow. Other methods for diagnosing TB include interferon-gamma release assays and serologic tests such as the tuberculin skin test. Recently, the World Health Organization recommended the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for diagnosing TB. This review presents the current state of TB epidemiology and various methods for TB diagnosis. In particular, the paper provides an in-depth discussion about the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay that has been made available recently in selected tertiary hospitals in Indonesia.

scholarly journals The changing epidemiology worldwide ofMycobacterium ulcerans

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. O'Brien ◽  
I. Jeanne ◽  
K. Blasdell ◽  
M. Avumegah ◽  
E. Athan
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Mycobacterium Ulcerans ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Environmental Reservoir ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractMycobacterium ulceransis recognised as the third most common mycobacterial infection worldwide. It causes necrotising infections of skin and soft tissue and is classified as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, despite extensive research, the environmental reservoir of the organism and mode of transmission of the infection to humans remain unknown. This limits the ability to design and implement public health interventions to effectively and consistently prevent the spread and reduce the incidence of this disease. In recent years, the epidemiology of the disease has changed. In most endemic regions of the world, the number of cases reported to the WHO are reducing, with a 64% reduction in cases reported worldwide in the last 9 years. Conversely, in a smaller number of countries including Australia and Nigeria, reported cases are increasing at a rapid rate, new endemic areas continue to appear, and in Australia cases are becoming more severe. The reasons for this changing epidemiology are unknown. We review the epidemiology ofM. ulceransdisease worldwide, and document recent changes. We also outline and discuss the current state of knowledge on the ecology ofM. ulcerans, possible transmission mechanisms to humans and what may be enabling the spread ofM. ulceransinto new endemic areas.

Suicide and Attempted Suicide in Pakistan

Crisis ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 172-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murad Moosa Khan
Keyword(s):  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Mortality Statistics ◽  
Current State ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The World ◽  
Islamic Countries ◽  
Health Organization

Suicide and attempted suicide are understudied subjects in Pakistan, an Islamic country where they are considered criminal offenses. National suicide statistics are not compiled nor are suicide mortality statistics reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). Although there are strong religious sanctions against suicide, there are no clear principles against attempted suicide in Islam. Despite this, Pakistan, like many other Islamic countries, has punitive laws against attempted suicide. This has led to both suicide and attempted suicide being underdiagnosed and underreported. Data on suicide and attempted suicide are also difficult to obtain. This article gives an overview of the current state of suicide and attempted suicide in Pakistan, in the context of existing religious and legal factors, highlighting the main findings of the few studies carried out over the last 50 years. It is important that researchers in Islamic countries like Pakistan not be deterred by the apparent low rates of suicide in these countries, but conduct further research in this important yet neglected public-health problem.

scholarly journals Expanding Waistlines: A "Nutrition Transition" in China

Elements ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kitsy Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Medical Advances

As China's coffers have swelled over the past three decades, its citizens' waistlines have also expanded. Western goods and lifestyles habits are consistently being imported into the Asian giant, including the obesity epidemic. Chinese children are particularly susceptible and future generations face tremendous health risks despite medical advances. States and international bodies such as the World Health Organization are alarmed at the damage obesity is already producing. The price tag to treat the health problems associated with obesity and the rsulting loss in economic productivity is staggering. While this essay uses China as a case study to examine the causes of obesity and its consequences, social and economic health, the grim reality is that this pattern is occurring worldwide as countries develop and their people adopt Western "nutritional" norms.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Pandemic: Situation in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Francis Olawale Abulude ◽  
Akinyinka Akinnusotu ◽  
Samuel Dare Oluwagbayide ◽  
Usha Damodharan ◽  
Ifeoluwa Ayodeji Abulude
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Nigerian Government ◽  
Health Organization

COVID - 19 is an issue ravaging the whole world. Numerous deaths have been recorded particularly elderly individuals and the most vulnerable. In Nigeria, the case isn't extraordinary. The aim of the study was to quantify the number of cases reported in Nigeria. To this effect, the global literature cited in the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) website, the WHO COVID-19 database, other expert-referred scientific articles, and bibliographic databases were used. The results show that as at the sixteenth of May 2020, 288 new affirmed cases and 3 deaths were recorded in Nigeria. Till date, 5445 cases have been affirmed, 778 cases have been released and 171 deaths have been recorded in 34 states and the Federal Capital Territory, While Lagos State is for the most part influenced with 36 deaths in comparison with the cases revealed by the World Health Organization (4,425,485 cases affirmed, 89,269 new cases and 302,059 deaths). The death rate in Nigeria is about 0.05% of the global deaths. The explanation could be because of high temperature (> 30 oC), the intake of garlic, ginger, honey, and heated water by the individuals, and to stop the spread, the Nigerian government has implemented the utilization of nose cover, social distancing, and semi-lockdown of the towns and urban communities. Like HIV and Laser fever this pandemic will be an issue of the past when the adequate vaccine is made available.

scholarly journals Differences and Similarities between Coronaviruses: A Comparative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maad M. Mijwil ◽  
Ayser Shamil Alsaadi ◽  
Karan Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The Past ◽  
Preventive Vaccine ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Future Reference

Today, humans fight powerful and active viruses that never take hold and do not know defeat, named coronaviruses. These viruses have start in 2002 and continued to grow and have changed their chains dramatically until now. They are known for having many similar features in common, and there are also structural differences between them. The most important reason that has turned coronaviruses into a pandemic is that this disease is easily transmitted by droplets near infected people, which leads to the spread of this virus faster worldwide. The more details known about coronaviruses that have profoundly affected humanity in the past and present and the diseases they cause, the more benefit in help designing an immune response or preventive vaccine to these viruses in the near future. In this article, coronaviruses, how they have been started and spread, and what differences and similarities are between them will be briefly covered here. The information of this investigation is taken from articles and the world health organization and are reviewed here. The goal is to document this information for future reference.

scholarly journals Administration of Infrared Transillumination Method for Improving Diagnostic Outcomes of the Partial Nephrectomy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Young People ◽  
Kidney Cancer ◽  
Wilms Tumor ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Diagnostic Outcomes ◽  
Renal Malignancies

Over the past two decades, the incidence of the kidney cancer has increased by 2% worldwide. It will appear in the VI-VII decade of life (average age 60 years). Kidney cancer was previously considered to be an older person’s disease, however according to the world health organization 2017; the number of young people with kidney cancer has unfortunately increased. Most of renal malignancies are so called renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) [1]. As for kidney, sarcoma and Wilms tumor are much rear.

scholarly journals Evolution of COVID19 new cases in 16 countries and Scenarios for Brazil using metaphorical analysis of Board, Inverted Pyramid and Papyri

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Gomes da Silva
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Business Managers ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Inverted Pyramid ◽  
Unified Health System ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Metaphorical Analysis

Since the end of 2019, the world has become aware of a new virus that has emerged in China, which in February 2020 was called by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2019) as Coronavirus disease (COVID19). Due to its fast transmission, at 18:32 (GMT) on March 29, 2020, the world has officially accounted for about 710,950 new confirmed cases with 33,553 deaths and 150,734 recovered cases (Worldometers, 2020). The pandemic has become the newest challenge for several nations, especially the USA, Italy, China, Spain, Germany, Iran, for being the most affected, and since Brazil is a continental country with disabilities in its Unified Health System, it could be in the next two months among the five most affected. Thus, the main objective of the research is analyze the evolution of new cases of COVID19 in 16 countries to present short-term scenarios and recommendations for Brazil to face the pandemic. The research is applied, as its results and recommendations can be applied with adaptation by government authorities, business managers and citizens. The research is descriptive, with a qualitative and quantitative approach, based on bibliographic and documentary research, involving the study of articles, reports, manuals and other technical documents related to the subject. For the creation of scenarios, data collection focused on the number of new cases registered in 16 countries, including Brazil, as well as in the development of an approach using metaphorical analysis of the Board, the Inverted Pyramid and Papyri. The main conclusion is that even though no country is prepared to face epidemics and pandemics (NTI, JHU and EIU, 2019), among the 16 countries investigated, Thailand, Finland, Australia, South Korea, Denmark and Sweden are benchmarks that Brazil could study in order not to repeat the scenarios of China, USA, Italy and Spain. At the end, ten recommendations are made for future research and also to public and private managers.

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